环境
虚拟机：VMware 10
Linux版本：CentOS-6.5-x86_64
客户端：Xshell4
FTP：Xftp4
jdk8
hadoop-3.1.1
apache-hive-3.1.1
一、执行计划
核心思想：把Hive SQL当做Mapreduce程序去优化
以下SQL不会转为Mapreduce来执行
-select仅查询本表字段
-where仅对本表字段做条件过滤
Explain 显示执行计划：EXPLAIN [EXTENDED] query
hive> explain select count(*) from psn2; OK Explain STAGE DEPENDENCIES: Stage-1 is a root stage Stage-0 depends on stages: Stage-1 STAGE PLANS: Stage: Stage-1 Map Reduce Map Operator Tree: TableScan alias: psn2 Statistics: Num rows: 2 Data size: 7440 Basic stats: COMPLETE Column stats: NONE Select Operator Statistics: Num rows: 2 Data size: 7440 Basic stats: COMPLETE Column stats: NONE Group By Operator aggregations: count() mode: hash outputColumnNames: _col0 Statistics: Num rows: 1 Data size: 8 Basic stats: COMPLETE Column stats: NONE Reduce Output Operator sort order: Statistics: Num rows: 1 Data size: 8 Basic stats: COMPLETE Column stats: NONE value expressions: _col0 (type: bigint) Execution mode: vectorized Reduce Operator Tree: Group By Operator aggregations: count(VALUE._col0) mode: mergepartial outputColumnNames: _col0 Statistics: Num rows: 1 Data size: 8 Basic stats: COMPLETE Column stats: NONE File Output Operator compressed: false Statistics: Num rows: 1 Data size: 8 Basic stats: COMPLETE Column stats: NONE table: input format: org.apache.hadoop.mapred.SequenceFileInputFormat output format: org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.io.HiveSequenceFileOutputFormat serde: org.apache.hadoop.hive.serde2.lazy.LazySimpleSerDe Stage: Stage-0 Fetch Operator limit: -1 Processor Tree: ListSink Time taken: 2.7 seconds, Fetched: 43 row(s) hive>
hive> explain extended select count(*) from psn2; OK Explain STAGE DEPENDENCIES: Stage-1 is a root stage Stage-0 depends on stages: Stage-1 STAGE PLANS: Stage: Stage-1 Map Reduce Map Operator Tree: TableScan alias: psn2 Statistics: Num rows: 2 Data size: 7440 Basic stats: COMPLETE Column stats: NONE GatherStats: false Select Operator Statistics: Num rows: 2 Data size: 7440 Basic stats: COMPLETE Column stats: NONE Group By Operator aggregations: count() mode: hash outputColumnNames: _col0 Statistics: Num rows: 1 Data size: 8 Basic stats: COMPLETE Column stats: NONE Reduce Output Operator null sort order: sort order: Statistics: Num rows: 1 Data size: 8 Basic stats: COMPLETE Column stats: NONE tag: -1 value expressions: _col0 (type: bigint) auto parallelism: false Execution mode: vectorized Path -> Alias: hdfs://PCS102:9820/root/hive_remote/warehouse/psn2/age=10 [psn2] hdfs://PCS102:9820/root/hive_remote/warehouse/psn2/age=20 [psn2] Path -> Partition: hdfs://PCS102:9820/root/hive_remote/warehouse/psn2/age=10 Partition base file name: age=10 input format: org.apache.hadoop.mapred.TextInputFormat output format: org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.io.HiveIgnoreKeyTextOutputFormat partition values: age 10 properties: bucket_count -1 collection.delim - column.name.delimiter , columns id,name,likes,address columns.comments columns.types int:string:array<string>:map<string,string> field.delim , file.inputformat org.apache.hadoop.mapred.TextInputFormat file.outputformat org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.io.HiveIgnoreKeyTextOutputFormat line.delim location hdfs://PCS102:9820/root/hive_remote/warehouse/psn2/age=10 mapkey.delim : name default.psn2 numFiles 1 numRows 0 partition_columns age partition_columns.types int rawDataSize 0 serialization.ddl struct psn2 { i32 id, string name, list<string> likes, map<string,string> address} serialization.format , serialization.lib org.apache.hadoop.hive.serde2.lazy.LazySimpleSerDe totalSize 372 transient_lastDdlTime 1548986286 serde: org.apache.hadoop.hive.serde2.lazy.LazySimpleSerDe input format: org.apache.hadoop.mapred.TextInputFormat output format: org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.io.HiveIgnoreKeyTextOutputFormat properties: bucket_count -1 bucketing_version 2 collection.delim - column.name.delimiter , columns id,name,likes,address columns.comments columns.types int:string:array<string>:map<string,string> field.delim , file.inputformat org.apache.hadoop.mapred.TextInputFormat file.outputformat org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.io.HiveIgnoreKeyTextOutputFormat line.delim location hdfs://PCS102:9820/root/hive_remote/warehouse/psn2 mapkey.delim : name default.psn2 partition_columns age partition_columns.types int serialization.ddl struct psn2 { i32 id, string name, list<string> likes, map<string,string> address} serialization.format , serialization.lib org.apache.hadoop.hive.serde2.lazy.LazySimpleSerDe transient_lastDdlTime 1548915997 serde: org.apache.hadoop.hive.serde2.lazy.LazySimpleSerDe name: default.psn2 name: default.psn2 hdfs://PCS102:9820/root/hive_remote/warehouse/psn2/age=20 Partition base file name: age=20 input format: org.apache.hadoop.mapred.TextInputFormat output format: org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.io.HiveIgnoreKeyTextOutputFormat partition values: age 20 properties: bucket_count -1 collection.delim - column.name.delimiter , columns id,name,likes,address columns.comments columns.types int:string:array<string>:map<string,string> field.delim , file.inputformat org.apache.hadoop.mapred.TextInputFormat file.outputformat org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.io.HiveIgnoreKeyTextOutputFormat line.delim location hdfs://PCS102:9820/root/hive_remote/warehouse/psn2/age=20 mapkey.delim : name default.psn2 numFiles 1 numRows 0 partition_columns age partition_columns.types int rawDataSize 0 serialization.ddl struct psn2 { i32 id, string name, list<string> likes, map<string,string> address} serialization.format , serialization.lib org.apache.hadoop.hive.serde2.lazy.LazySimpleSerDe totalSize 372 transient_lastDdlTime 1548986540 serde: org.apache.hadoop.hive.serde2.lazy.LazySimpleSerDe input format: org.apache.hadoop.mapred.TextInputFormat output format: org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.io.HiveIgnoreKeyTextOutputFormat properties: bucket_count -1 bucketing_version 2 collection.delim - column.name.delimiter , columns id,name,likes,address columns.comments columns.types int:string:array<string>:map<string,string> field.delim , file.inputformat org.apache.hadoop.mapred.TextInputFormat file.outputformat org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.io.HiveIgnoreKeyTextOutputFormat line.delim location hdfs://PCS102:9820/root/hive_remote/warehouse/psn2 mapkey.delim : name default.psn2 partition_columns age partition_columns.types int serialization.ddl struct psn2 { i32 id, string name, list<string> likes, map<string,string> address} serialization.format , serialization.lib org.apache.hadoop.hive.serde2.lazy.LazySimpleSerDe transient_lastDdlTime 1548915997 serde: org.apache.hadoop.hive.serde2.lazy.LazySimpleSerDe name: default.psn2 name: default.psn2 Truncated Path -> Alias: /psn2/age=10 [psn2] /psn2/age=20 [psn2] Needs Tagging: false Reduce Operator Tree: Group By Operator aggregations: count(VALUE._col0) mode: mergepartial outputColumnNames: _col0 Statistics: Num rows: 1 Data size: 8 Basic stats: COMPLETE Column stats: NONE File Output Operator compressed: false GlobalTableId: 0 directory: hdfs://PCS102:9820/tmp/hive/root/6f8ff71f-87bd-4d46-9f9a-516708d65459/hive_2019-02-19_10-58-42_159_2637812497308639143-1/-mr-10001/.hive-staging_hive_2019-02-19_10-58-42_159_2637812497308639143-1/-ext-10002 NumFilesPerFileSink: 1 Statistics: Num rows: 1 Data size: 8 Basic stats: COMPLETE Column stats: NONE Stats Publishing Key Prefix: hdfs://PCS102:9820/tmp/hive/root/6f8ff71f-87bd-4d46-9f9a-516708d65459/hive_2019-02-19_10-58-42_159_2637812497308639143-1/-mr-10001/.hive-staging_hive_2019-02-19_10-58-42_159_2637812497308639143-1/-ext-10002/ table: input format: org.apache.hadoop.mapred.SequenceFileInputFormat output format: org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.io.HiveSequenceFileOutputFormat properties: columns _col0 columns.types bigint escape.delim hive.serialization.extend.additional.nesting.levels true serialization.escape.crlf true serialization.format 1 serialization.lib org.apache.hadoop.hive.serde2.lazy.LazySimpleSerDe serde: org.apache.hadoop.hive.serde2.lazy.LazySimpleSerDe TotalFiles: 1 GatherStats: false MultiFileSpray: false Stage: Stage-0 Fetch Operator limit: -1 Processor Tree: ListSink Time taken: 0.142 seconds, Fetched: 192 row(s) hive>
二、运行模式
(1)分为 本地模式 和 集群模式
(2)开启本地模式（对于数据量少的表情况）：
set hive.exec.mode.local.auto=true;
注意：
hive.exec.mode.local.auto.inputbytes.max默认值为128M
表示加载文件的最大值，若大于该配置仍会以集群方式来运行！
hive> set hive.exec.mode.local.auto=true; hive> select count(*) from psn21; Automatically selecting local only mode for query Query ID = root_20190219144810_0bafff9e-1c40-45f6-b687-60c5d13c9f0c Total jobs = 1 Launching Job 1 out of 1 Number of reduce tasks determined at compile time: 1 In order to change the average load for a reducer (in bytes): set hive.exec.reducers.bytes.per.reducer=<number> In order to limit the maximum number of reducers: set hive.exec.reducers.max=<number> In order to set a constant number of reducers: set mapreduce.job.reduces=<number> Job running in-process (local Hadoop) 2019-02-19 14:48:11,839 Stage-1 map = 100%, reduce = 100% Ended Job = job_local1827024396_0002 MapReduce Jobs Launched: Stage-Stage-1: HDFS Read: 4702 HDFS Write: 623 SUCCESS Total MapReduce CPU Time Spent: 0 msec OK _c0 6 Time taken: 1.376 seconds, Fetched: 1 row(s) hive> set hive.exec.mode.local.auto=false; hive> select count(*) from psn21; Query ID = root_20190219144841_6fd11106-5db1-4335-8b0b-884697b558df Total jobs = 1 Launching Job 1 out of 1 Number of reduce tasks determined at compile time: 1 In order to change the average load for a reducer (in bytes): set hive.exec.reducers.bytes.per.reducer=<number> In order to limit the maximum number of reducers: set hive.exec.reducers.max=<number> In order to set a constant number of reducers: set mapreduce.job.reduces=<number> Starting Job = job_1548397153910_0013, Tracking URL = http://PCS102:8088/proxy/application_1548397153910_0013/ Kill Command = /usr/local/hadoop-3.1.1/bin/mapred job -kill job_1548397153910_0013 Hadoop job information for Stage-1: number of mappers: 1; number of reducers: 1 2019-02-19 14:48:49,046 Stage-1 map = 0%, reduce = 0% 2019-02-19 14:48:54,210 Stage-1 map = 100%, reduce = 0%, Cumulative CPU 2.87 sec 2019-02-19 14:48:59,328 Stage-1 map = 100%, reduce = 100%, Cumulative CPU 6.28 sec MapReduce Total cumulative CPU time: 6 seconds 280 msec Ended Job = job_1548397153910_0013 MapReduce Jobs Launched: Stage-Stage-1: Map: 1 Reduce: 1 Cumulative CPU: 6.28 sec HDFS Read: 13976 HDFS Write: 101 SUCCESS Total MapReduce CPU Time Spent: 6 seconds 280 msec OK _c0 6 Time taken: 18.923 seconds, Fetched: 1 row(s) hive>
三、并行计算
通过设置以下参数开启并行模式（需要关闭本地模式）：
set hive.exec.parallel=true;
另：hive.exec.parallel.thread.number:一次SQL计算中允许并行执行的job个数的最大值
hive> set hive.exec.parallel; hive.exec.parallel=false hive> select t1.cnt1,t2.cnt2 from > (select count(id) cnt1 from psn21) t1, > (select count(name) cnt2 from psn21)t2; Warning: Map Join MAPJOIN[27][bigTable=?] in task 'Stage-4:MAPRED' is a cross product Warning: Map Join MAPJOIN[34][bigTable=?] in task 'Stage-5:MAPRED' is a cross product Warning: Shuffle Join JOIN[14][tables = [$hdt$_0, $hdt$_1]] in Stage 'Stage-2:MAPRED' is a cross product Query ID = root_20190219145608_b4f3d4e9-b858-41be-9ddc-6eccff0ec9d9 Total jobs = 5 Launching Job 1 out of 5 Number of reduce tasks determined at compile time: 1 In order to change the average load for a reducer (in bytes): set hive.exec.reducers.bytes.per.reducer=<number> In order to limit the maximum number of reducers: set hive.exec.reducers.max=<number> In order to set a constant number of reducers: set mapreduce.job.reduces=<number> Starting Job = job_1548397153910_0014, Tracking URL = http://PCS102:8088/proxy/application_1548397153910_0014/ Kill Command = /usr/local/hadoop-3.1.1/bin/mapred job -kill job_1548397153910_0014 Hadoop job information for Stage-1: number of mappers: 1; number of reducers: 1 2019-02-19 14:56:15,027 Stage-1 map = 0%, reduce = 0% 2019-02-19 14:56:20,148 Stage-1 map = 100%, reduce = 0%, Cumulative CPU 2.85 sec 2019-02-19 14:56:25,277 Stage-1 map = 100%, reduce = 100%, Cumulative CPU 6.04 sec MapReduce Total cumulative CPU time: 6 seconds 40 msec Ended Job = job_1548397153910_0014 Launching Job 2 out of 5 Number of reduce tasks determined at compile time: 1 In order to change the average load for a reducer (in bytes): set hive.exec.reducers.bytes.per.reducer=<number> In order to limit the maximum number of reducers: set hive.exec.reducers.max=<number> In order to set a constant number of reducers: set mapreduce.job.reduces=<number> Starting Job = job_1548397153910_0015, Tracking URL = http://PCS102:8088/proxy/application_1548397153910_0015/ Kill Command = /usr/local/hadoop-3.1.1/bin/mapred job -kill job_1548397153910_0015 Hadoop job information for Stage-3: number of mappers: 1; number of reducers: 1 2019-02-19 14:56:37,661 Stage-3 map = 0%, reduce = 0% 2019-02-19 14:56:42,786 Stage-3 map = 100%, reduce = 0%, Cumulative CPU 2.8 sec 2019-02-19 14:56:46,875 Stage-3 map = 100%, reduce = 100%, Cumulative CPU 5.92 sec MapReduce Total cumulative CPU time: 5 seconds 920 msec Ended Job = job_1548397153910_0015 Stage-7 is selected by condition resolver. Stage-8 is filtered out by condition resolver. Stage-2 is filtered out by condition resolver. SLF4J: Found binding in [jar:file:/usr/local/apache-hive-3.1.1-bin/lib/log4j-slf4j-impl-2.10.0.jar!/org/slf4j/impl/StaticLoggerBinder.class] SLF4J: Actual binding is of type [org.apache.logging.slf4j.Log4jLoggerFactory] 2019-02-19 14:56:55 Starting to launch local task to process map join; maximum memory = 239075328 2019-02-19 14:56:56 Dump the side-table for tag: 1 with group count: 1 into file: file:/tmp/root/6f8ff71f-87bd-4d46-9f9a-516708d65459/hive_2019-02-19_14-56-08_997_6748376838876035123-1/-local-10006/HashTable-Stage-4/MapJoin-mapfile01--.hashtable2019-02-19 14:56:56 Uploaded 1 File to: file:/tmp/root/6f8ff71f-87bd-4d46-9f9a-516708d65459/hive_2019-02-19_14-56-08_997_6748376838876035123-1/-local-10006/HashTable-Stage-4/MapJoin-mapfile01--.hashtable (278 bytes) Execution completed successfully MapredLocal task succeeded Launching Job 4 out of 5 Number of reduce tasks is set to 0 since there's no reduce operator Starting Job = job_1548397153910_0016, Tracking URL = http://PCS102:8088/proxy/application_1548397153910_0016/ Kill Command = /usr/local/hadoop-3.1.1/bin/mapred job -kill job_1548397153910_0016 Hadoop job information for Stage-4: number of mappers: 1; number of reducers: 0 2019-02-19 14:57:02,370 Stage-4 map = 0%, reduce = 0% 2019-02-19 14:57:07,478 Stage-4 map = 100%, reduce = 0%, Cumulative CPU 3.07 sec MapReduce Total cumulative CPU time: 3 seconds 70 msec Ended Job = job_1548397153910_0016 MapReduce Jobs Launched: Stage-Stage-1: Map: 1 Reduce: 1 Cumulative CPU: 6.04 sec HDFS Read: 13637 HDFS Write: 114 SUCCESS Stage-Stage-3: Map: 1 Reduce: 1 Cumulative CPU: 5.92 sec HDFS Read: 13641 HDFS Write: 114 SUCCESS Stage-Stage-4: Map: 1 Cumulative CPU: 3.07 sec HDFS Read: 6091 HDFS Write: 103 SUCCESS Total MapReduce CPU Time Spent: 15 seconds 30 msec OK t1.cnt1 t2.cnt2 6 6 Time taken: 59.527 seconds, Fetched: 1 row(s) hive> set hive.exec.parallel=true; hive> (select count(name) cnt2 from psn21)t2; FAILED: ParseException line 1:36 extraneous input 't2' expecting EOF near '<EOF>' hive> select t1.cnt1,t2.cnt2 from > (select count(id) cnt1 from psn21) t1, > (select count(name) cnt2 from psn21)t2; Warning: Map Join MAPJOIN[27][bigTable=?] in task 'Stage-4:MAPRED' is a cross product Warning: Map Join MAPJOIN[34][bigTable=?] in task 'Stage-5:MAPRED' is a cross product Warning: Shuffle Join JOIN[14][tables = [$hdt$_0, $hdt$_1]] in Stage 'Stage-2:MAPRED' is a cross product Query ID = root_20190219145918_2f98437b-7070-41a4-905b-4c6a3a160d46 Total jobs = 5 Launching Job 1 out of 5 Launching Job 2 out of 5 Number of reduce tasks determined at compile time: 1 In order to change the average load for a reducer (in bytes): set hive.exec.reducers.bytes.per.reducer=<number> In order to limit the maximum number of reducers: set hive.exec.reducers.max=<number> In order to set a constant number of reducers: set mapreduce.job.reduces=<number> Number of reduce tasks determined at compile time: 1 In order to change the average load for a reducer (in bytes): set hive.exec.reducers.bytes.per.reducer=<number> In order to limit the maximum number of reducers: set hive.exec.reducers.max=<number> In order to set a constant number of reducers: set mapreduce.job.reduces=<number> Starting Job = job_1548397153910_0018, Tracking URL = http://PCS102:8088/proxy/application_1548397153910_0018/ Kill Command = /usr/local/hadoop-3.1.1/bin/mapred job -kill job_1548397153910_0018 Starting Job = job_1548397153910_0017, Tracking URL = http://PCS102:8088/proxy/application_1548397153910_0017/ Kill Command = /usr/local/hadoop-3.1.1/bin/mapred job -kill job_1548397153910_0017 Hadoop job information for Stage-3: number of mappers: 1; number of reducers: 1 2019-02-19 14:59:25,322 Stage-3 map = 0%, reduce = 0% 2019-02-19 14:59:29,510 Stage-3 map = 100%, reduce = 0%, Cumulative CPU 3.0 sec 2019-02-19 14:59:34,612 Stage-3 map = 100%, reduce = 100%, Cumulative CPU 6.25 sec MapReduce Total cumulative CPU time: 6 seconds 250 msec Ended Job = job_1548397153910_0018 Hadoop job information for Stage-1: number of mappers: 1; number of reducers: 1 2019-02-19 14:59:46,581 Stage-1 map = 0%, reduce = 0% 2019-02-19 14:59:51,687 Stage-1 map = 100%, reduce = 0%, Cumulative CPU 2.74 sec 2019-02-19 14:59:56,796 Stage-1 map = 100%, reduce = 100%, Cumulative CPU 5.9 sec MapReduce Total cumulative CPU time: 5 seconds 900 msec Ended Job = job_1548397153910_0017 Stage-7 is selected by condition resolver. Stage-8 is filtered out by condition resolver. Stage-2 is filtered out by condition resolver. SLF4J: Found binding in [jar:file:/usr/local/apache-hive-3.1.1-bin/lib/log4j-slf4j-impl-2.10.0.jar!/org/slf4j/impl/StaticLoggerBinder.class]SLF4J: Actual binding is of type [org.apache.logging.slf4j.Log4jLoggerFactory] 2019-02-19 15:00:07 Dump the side-table for tag: 1 with group count: 1 into file: file:/tmp/root/6f8ff71f-87bd-4d46-9f9a-516708d65459/hive_2019-02-19_14-59-18_586_8660726948780795909-1/-local-10006/HashTable-Stage-4/MapJoin-mapfile21--.hashtable2019-02-19 15:00:07 Uploaded 1 File to: file:/tmp/root/6f8ff71f-87bd-4d46-9f9a-516708d65459/hive_2019-02-19_14-59-18_586_8660726948780795909-1/-local-10006/HashTable-Stage-4/MapJoin-mapfile21--.hashtable (278 bytes) Execution completed successfully MapredLocal task succeeded Launching Job 4 out of 5 Number of reduce tasks is set to 0 since there's no reduce operator Starting Job = job_1548397153910_0019, Tracking URL = http://PCS102:8088/proxy/application_1548397153910_0019/ Kill Command = /usr/local/hadoop-3.1.1/bin/mapred job -kill job_1548397153910_0019 Hadoop job information for Stage-4: number of mappers: 1; number of reducers: 0 2019-02-19 15:00:16,324 Stage-4 map = 0%, reduce = 0% 2019-02-19 15:00:20,426 Stage-4 map = 100%, reduce = 0%, Cumulative CPU 2.95 sec MapReduce Total cumulative CPU time: 2 seconds 950 msec Ended Job = job_1548397153910_0019 MapReduce Jobs Launched: Stage-Stage-3: Map: 1 Reduce: 1 Cumulative CPU: 6.25 sec HDFS Read: 13641 HDFS Write: 114 SUCCESS Stage-Stage-1: Map: 1 Reduce: 1 Cumulative CPU: 5.9 sec HDFS Read: 13637 HDFS Write: 114 SUCCESS Stage-Stage-4: Map: 1 Cumulative CPU: 2.95 sec HDFS Read: 6091 HDFS Write: 103 SUCCESS Total MapReduce CPU Time Spent: 15 seconds 100 msec OK t1.cnt1 t2.cnt2 6 6 Time taken: 64.206 seconds, Fetched: 1 row(s) hive>
四、严格模式
通过设置以下参数开启严格模式：
set hive.mapred.mode=strict;
（默认为：nonstrict非严格模式）
查询限制：
1、对于分区表，必须添加where对于分区字段的条件过滤；
hive> set hive.mapred.mode=nonstrict; hive> select * from psn22; OK psn22.id psn22.name psn22.likes psn22.address psn22.age psn22.sex 1 小明1 ["lol","book","movie"] {"beijing":"shangxuetang","shanghai":"pudong"} 18 boy 2 小明2 ["lol","book","movie"] {"beijing":"shangxuetang","shanghai":"pudong"} 20 man 5 小明5 ["lol","book","movie"] {"beijing":"shangxuetang","shanghai":"pudong"} 21 boy 3 小明3 ["lol","book","movie"] {"beijing":"shangxuetang","shanghai":"pudong"} 21 boy 6 小明6 ["lol","book","movie"] {"beijing":"shangxuetang","shanghai":"pudong"} 21 man 4 小明4 ["lol","book","movie"] {"beijing":"shangxuetang","shanghai":"pudong"} 21 man Time taken: 0.186 seconds, Fetched: 6 row(s) hive> set hive.mapred.mode=strict; hive> select * from psn22; FAILED: SemanticException [Error 10056]: Queries against partitioned tables without a partition filter are disabled for safety reasons. If you know what you are doing, please set hive.strict.checks.no.partition.filter to false and make sure that hive.mapred.mode is not set to 'strict' to proceed. Note that you may get errors or incorrect results if you make a mistake while using some of the unsafe features. No partition predicate for Alias "psn22" Table "psn22" hive> select * from psn22 where age=18 and sex='boy'; OK psn22.id psn22.name psn22.likes psn22.address psn22.age psn22.sex 1 小明1 ["lol","book","movie"] {"beijing":"shangxuetang","shanghai":"pudong"} 18 boy Time taken: 0.282 seconds, Fetched: 1 row(s) hive>
2、order by语句必须包含limit输出限制
hive> set hive.mapred.mode=strict; hive> select * from psn21 order by id; FAILED: SemanticException 1:29 Order by-s without limit are disabled for safety reasons. If you know what you are doing, please set hive.strict.checks.orderby.no.limit to false and make sure that hive.mapred.mode is not set to 'strict' to proceed. Note that you may get errors or incorrect results if you make a mistake while using some of the unsafe features.. Error encountered near token 'id' hive> select * from psn21 order by id limit 2; Automatically selecting local only mode for query Query ID = root_20190219143842_b465a76f-a890-4bdc-aa76-b713c3ea13c0 Total jobs = 1 Launching Job 1 out of 1 Number of reduce tasks determined at compile time: 1 In order to change the average load for a reducer (in bytes): set hive.exec.reducers.bytes.per.reducer=<number> In order to limit the maximum number of reducers: set hive.exec.reducers.max=<number> In order to set a constant number of reducers: set mapreduce.job.reduces=<number> Job running in-process (local Hadoop) 2019-02-19 14:38:43,896 Stage-1 map = 100%, reduce = 100% Ended Job = job_local1585589360_0001 MapReduce Jobs Launched: Stage-Stage-1: HDFS Read: 1696 HDFS Write: 261 SUCCESS Total MapReduce CPU Time Spent: 0 msec OK psn21.id psn21.name psn21.age psn21.sex psn21.likes psn21.address 1 小明1 18 boy ["lol","book","movie"] {"beijing":"shangxuetang","shanghai":"pudong"} 2 小明2 20 man ["lol","book","movie"] {"beijing":"shangxuetang","shanghai":"pudong"} Time taken: 1.89 seconds, Fetched: 2 row(s) hive>
3、限制执行笛卡尔积的查询。
五、Hive排序
-Order By - 对于查询结果做全排序，只允许有一个reduce处理
（当数据量较大时，应慎用。严格模式下，必须结合limit来使用）
-Sort By - 对于单个reduce的数据进行排序
-Distribute By - 分区排序，经常和Sort By结合使用
-Cluster By - 相当于 Sort By + Distribute By
（Cluster By不能通过asc、desc的方式指定排序规则；
可通过 distribute by column sort by column asc|desc 的方式）
六、Hive Join（去掉MapReduce中的shuffle）
Join计算时，将小表（驱动表）放在join的左边
Map Join：在Map端完成Join
两种实现方式：
1、SQL方式，在SQL语句中添加MapJoin标记（mapjoin hint）
语法：
SELECT /*+ MAPJOIN(smallTable) */ smallTable.key, bigTable.value
FROM smallTable JOIN bigTable ON smallTable.key = bigTable.key;
2、开启自动的MapJoin
通过修改以下配置启用自动的mapjoin：
set hive.auto.convert.join = true;
（该参数为true时，Hive自动对左边的表统计量，如果是小表就加入内存，即对小表使用Map join）
相关配置参数：
hive.mapjoin.smalltable.filesize;
（大表小表判断的阈值，如果表的大小小于该值则会被加载到内存中运行）
hive.ignore.mapjoin.hint；
（默认值：true；是否忽略mapjoin hint 即mapjoin标记）
hive.auto.convert.join.noconditionaltask;
（默认值：true；将普通的join转化为普通的mapjoin时，是否将多个mapjoin转化为一个mapjoin）
hive.auto.convert.join.noconditionaltask.size;
（将多个mapjoin转化为一个mapjoin时，其表的最大值）
七、Map-Side聚合（相当于MapReduce中的combine聚合）
通过设置以下参数开启在Map端的聚合：
set hive.map.aggr=true;
相关配置参数：
hive.groupby.mapaggr.checkinterval：
map端group by执行聚合时处理的多少行数据（默认：100000）
hive.map.aggr.hash.min.reduction：
进行聚合的最小比例（预先对100000条数据做聚合，若聚合之后的数据量/100000的值大于该配置0.5，则不会聚合）
hive.map.aggr.hash.percentmemory：
map端聚合使用的内存的最大值
hive.map.aggr.hash.force.flush.memory.threshold：
map端做聚合操作是hash表的最大可用内容，大于该值则会触发flush
hive.groupby.skewindata
是否对GroupBy产生的数据倾斜做优化，默认为false
八、控制Hive中Map以及Reduce的数量
Map数量相关的参数
mapred.max.split.size
一个split的最大值，即每个map处理文件的最大值
mapred.min.split.size.per.node
一个节点上split的最小值
mapred.min.split.size.per.rack
一个机架上split的最小值
Reduce数量相关的参数：
mapred.reduce.tasks
强制指定reduce任务的数量
hive.exec.reducers.bytes.per.reducer
每个reduce任务处理的数据量
hive.exec.reducers.max
每个任务最大的reduce数
九、Hive - JVM重用
适用场景：
1、小文件个数过多
2、task个数过多
通过 set mapred.job.reuse.jvm.num.tasks=n; 来设置（n为task插槽个数）
缺点：设置开启之后，task插槽会一直占用资源，不论是否有task运行，
直到所有的task即整个job全部执行完成时，才会释放所有的task插槽资源！