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  • [转][译] 分分钟学会一门语言之 Python 篇

    Python was created by Guido Van Rossum in the early 90's. It is now one of the most popular
    languages in existence. I fell in love with Python for its syntactic clarity. It's basically
    executable pseudocode.

    Python 是 90 年代初由 Guido Van Rossum 创立的。它是当前最流行的程序语言之一。它那纯净的语法令我一见倾心,它简直就是可以运行的伪码。

    Feedback would be highly appreciated! You can reach me at @louiedinh or louiedinh [at] [google's email service]

    非常欢迎您提交反馈!您可以通过 @louiedinh 联系到我,也可以发邮件到 louiedinh 开头的 Google Email 账号。

    Note: This article applies to Python 2.7 specifically, but should be applicable
    to Python 2.x. Look for another tour of Python 3 soon!

    请注意:本文以 Python 2.7 为基准,但也应该适用于所有 2.X 版本。记得继续学习未来的 Python 3 哦!

    # Single line comments start with a hash.
    # 单行注释由一个井号开头。
    """ Multiline strings can be written
        using three "'s, and are often used
        as comments
        三个双引号(或单引号)之间可以写多行字符串,
        通常用来写注释。
    """
    
    ####################################################
    ## 1. Primitive Datatypes and Operators
    ## 1. 基本数据类型和操作符
    ####################################################
    
    # You have numbers
    # 数字就是数字
    3 #=> 3
    
    # Math is what you would expect
    # 四则运算也是你所期望的那样
    1 + 1 #=> 2
    8 - 1 #=> 7
    10 * 2 #=> 20
    35 / 5 #=> 7
    
    # Division is a bit tricky. It is integer division and floors the results
    # automatically.
    # 除法有一点棘手。
    # 对于整数除法来说,计算结果会自动取整。
    5 / 2 #=> 2
    
    # To fix division we need to learn about floats.
    # 为了修正除法的问题,我们需要先学习浮点数。
    2.0     # This is a float
    2.0     # 这是一个浮点数
    11.0 / 4.0 #=> 2.75 ahhh...much better
    11.0 / 4.0 #=> 2.75 啊……这样就好多了
    
    # Enforce precedence with parentheses
    # 使用小括号来强制计算的优先顺序
    (1 + 3) * 2 #=> 8
    
    # Boolean values are primitives
    # 布尔值也是基本数据类型
    True
    False
    
    # negate with not
    # 使用 not 来取反
    not True #=> False
    not False #=> True
    
    # Equality is ==
    # 等式判断用 ==
    1 == 1 #=> True
    2 == 1 #=> False
    
    # Inequality is !=
    # 不等式判断是用 !=
    1 != 1 #=> False
    2 != 1 #=> True
    
    # More comparisons
    # 还有更多的比较运算
    1 < 10 #=> True
    1 > 10 #=> False
    2 <= 2 #=> True
    2 >= 2 #=> True
    
    # Comparisons can be chained!
    # 居然可以把比较运算串连起来!
    1 < 2 < 3 #=> True
    2 < 3 < 2 #=> False
    
    # Strings are created with " or '
    # 使用 " 或 ' 来创建字符串
    "This is a string."
    'This is also a string.'
    
    # Strings can be added too!
    # 字符串也可以相加!
    "Hello " + "world!" #=> "Hello world!"
    
    # A string can be treated like a list of characters
    # 一个字符串可以视为一个字符的列表
    # (译注:后面会讲到“列表”。)
    "This is a string"[0] #=> 'T'
    
    # % can be used to format strings, like this:
    # % 可以用来格式化字符串,就像这样:
    "%s can be %s" % ("strings", "interpolated")
    
    # A newer way to format strings is the format method.
    # This method is the preferred way
    # 后来又有一种格式化字符串的新方法:format 方法。
    # 我们推荐使用这个方法。
    "{0} can be {1}".format("strings", "formatted")
    
    # You can use keywords if you don't want to count.
    # 如果你不喜欢数数的话,可以使用关键字(变量)。
    "{name} wants to eat {food}".format(name="Bob", food="lasagna")
    
    # None is an object
    # None 是一个对象
    None #=> None
    
    # Don't use the equality `==` symbol to compare objects to None
    # Use `is` instead
    # 不要使用相等符号 `==` 来把对象和 None 进行比较,
    # 而要用 `is`。
    "etc" is None #=> False
    None is None  #=> True
    
    # The 'is' operator tests for object identity. This isn't
    # very useful when dealing with primitive values, but is
    # very useful when dealing with objects.
    # 这个 `is` 操作符用于比较两个对象的标识。
    # (译注:对象一旦建立,其标识就不会改变,可以认为它就是对象的内存地址。)
    # 在处理基本数据类型时基本用不上,
    # 但它在处理对象时很有用。
    
    # None, 0, and empty strings/lists all evaluate to False.
    # All other values are True
    # None、0 以及空字符串和空列表都等于 False,
    # 除此以外的所有值都等于 True。
    0 == False  #=> True
    "" == False #=> True
    
    
    ####################################################
    ## 2. Variables and Collections
    ## 2. 变量和集合
    ####################################################
    
    # Printing is pretty easy
    # 打印输出很简单
    print "I'm Python. Nice to meet you!"
    
    
    # No need to declare variables before assigning to them.
    # 在赋值给变量之前不需要声明
    some_var = 5    # Convention is to use lower_case_with_underscores
                    # 变量名的约定是使用下划线分隔的小写单词
    some_var #=> 5
    
    # Accessing a previously unassigned variable is an exception.
    # See Control Flow to learn more about exception handling.
    # 访问一个未赋值的变量会产生一个异常。
    # 进一步了解异常处理,可参见下一节《控制流》。
    some_other_var  # Raises a name error
                    # 会抛出一个名称错误
    
    # if can be used as an expression
    # if 可以作为表达式来使用
    "yahoo!" if 3 > 2 else 2 #=> "yahoo!"
    
    # Lists store sequences
    # 列表用于存储序列
    li = []
    # You can start with a prefilled list
    # 我们先尝试一个预先填充好的列表
    other_li = [4, 5, 6]
    
    # Add stuff to the end of a list with append
    # 使用 append 方法把元素添加到列表的尾部
    li.append(1)    #li is now [1]
                    #li 现在是 [1]
    li.append(2)    #li is now [1, 2]
                    #li 现在是 [1, 2]
    li.append(4)    #li is now [1, 2, 4]
                    #li 现在是 [1, 2, 4]
    li.append(3)    #li is now [1, 2, 4, 3]
                    #li 现在是 [1, 2, 4, 3]
    # Remove from the end with pop
    # 使用 pop 来移除最后一个元素
    li.pop()        #=> 3 and li is now [1, 2, 4]
                    #=> 3,然后 li 现在是 [1, 2, 4]
    # Let's put it back
    # 我们再把它放回去
    li.append(3)    # li is now [1, 2, 4, 3] again.
                    # li 现在又是 [1, 2, 4, 3] 了
    
    # Access a list like you would any array
    # 像访问其它语言的数组那样访问列表
    li[0] #=> 1
    # Look at the last element
    # 查询最后一个元素
    li[-1] #=> 3
    
    # Looking out of bounds is an IndexError
    # 越界查询会产生一个索引错误
    li[4] # Raises an IndexError
          # 抛出一个索引错误
    
    # You can look at ranges with slice syntax.
    # (It's a closed/open range for you mathy types.)
    # 你可以使用切片语法来查询列表的一个范围。
    # (这个范围相当于数学中的左闭右开区间。)
    li[1:3] #=> [2, 4]
    # Omit the beginning
    # 省略开头
    li[2:] #=> [4, 3]
    # Omit the end
    # 省略结尾
    li[:3] #=> [1, 2, 4]
    
    # Remove arbitrary elements from a list with del
    # 使用 del 来删除列表中的任意元素
    del li[2] # li is now [1, 2, 3]
              # li 现在是 [1, 2, 3]
    
    # You can add lists
    # 可以把列表相加
    li + other_li #=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] - Note: li and other_li is left alone
                  #=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] - 请留意 li 和 other_li 并不会被修改
    
    # Concatenate lists with extend
    # 使用 extend 来合并列表
    li.extend(other_li) # Now li is [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
                        # 现在 li 是 [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
    
    # Check for existence in a list with in
    # 用 in 来检查是否存在于某个列表中
    1 in li #=> True
    
    # Examine the length with len
    # 用 len 来检测列表的长度
    len(li) #=> 6
    
    
    # Tuples are like lists but are immutable.
    # 元组很像列表,但它是“不可变”的。
    tup = (1, 2, 3)
    tup[0] #=> 1
    tup[0] = 3  # Raises a TypeError
                # 抛出一个类型错误
    
    # You can do all those list thingies on tuples too
    # 操作列表的方式通常也能用在元组身上
    len(tup) #=> 3
    tup + (4, 5, 6) #=> (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
    tup[:2] #=> (1, 2)
    2 in tup #=> True
    
    # You can unpack tuples (or lists) into variables
    # 你可以把元组(或列表)中的元素解包赋值给多个变量
    a, b, c = (1, 2, 3)     # a is now 1, b is now 2 and c is now 3
                            # 现在 a 是 1,b 是 2,c 是 3
    # Tuples are created by default if you leave out the parentheses
    # 如果你省去了小括号,那么元组会被自动创建
    d, e, f = 4, 5, 6
    # Now look how easy it is to swap two values
    # 再来看看交换两个值是多么简单。
    e, d = d, e     # d is now 5 and e is now 4
                    # 现在 d 是 5 而 e 是 4
    
    
    # Dictionaries store mappings
    # 字典用于存储映射关系
    empty_dict = {}
    # Here is a prefilled dictionary
    # 这是一个预先填充的字典
    filled_dict = {"one": 1, "two": 2, "three": 3}
    
    # Look up values with []
    # 使用 [] 来查询键值
    filled_dict["one"] #=> 1
    
    # Get all keys as a list
    # 将字典的所有键名获取为一个列表
    filled_dict.keys() #=> ["three", "two", "one"]
    # Note - Dictionary key ordering is not guaranteed.
    # Your results might not match this exactly.
    # 请注意:无法保证字典键名的顺序如何排列。
    # 你得到的结果可能跟上面的示例不一致。
    
    # Get all values as a list
    # 将字典的所有键值获取为一个列表
    filled_dict.values() #=> [3, 2, 1]
    # Note - Same as above regarding key ordering.
    # 请注意:顺序的问题和上面一样。
    
    # Check for existence of keys in a dictionary with in
    # 使用 in 来检查一个字典是否包含某个键名
    "one" in filled_dict #=> True
    1 in filled_dict #=> False
    
    # Looking up a non-existing key is a KeyError
    # 查询一个不存在的键名会产生一个键名错误
    filled_dict["four"] # KeyError
                        # 键名错误
    
    # Use get method to avoid the KeyError
    # 所以要使用 get 方法来避免键名错误
    filled_dict.get("one") #=> 1
    filled_dict.get("four") #=> None
    # The get method supports a default argument when the value is missing
    # get 方法支持传入一个默认值参数,将在取不到值时返回。
    filled_dict.get("one", 4) #=> 1
    filled_dict.get("four", 4) #=> 4
    
    # Setdefault method is a safe way to add new key-value pair into dictionary
    # Setdefault 方法可以安全地把新的名值对添加到字典里
    filled_dict.setdefault("five", 5) #filled_dict["five"] is set to 5
                                      #filled_dict["five"] 被设置为 5
    filled_dict.setdefault("five", 6) #filled_dict["five"] is still 5
                                      #filled_dict["five"] 仍然为 5
    
    
    # Sets store ... well sets
    # set 用于保存集合
    empty_set = set()
    # Initialize a set with a bunch of values
    # 使用一堆值来初始化一个集合
    some_set = set([1,2,2,3,4]) # some_set is now set([1, 2, 3, 4])
                                # some_set 现在是 set([1, 2, 3, 4])
    
    # Since Python 2.7, {} can be used to declare a set
    # 从 Python 2.7 开始,{} 可以用来声明一个集合
    filled_set = {1, 2, 2, 3, 4} # => {1, 2, 3, 4}
                                 # (译注:集合是种无序不重复的元素集,因此重复的 2 被滤除了。)
                                 # (译注:{} 不会创建一个空集合,只会创建一个空字典。)
    
    # Add more items to a set
    # 把更多的元素添加进一个集合
    filled_set.add(5) # filled_set is now {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
                      # filled_set 现在是 {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
    
    # Do set intersection with &
    # 使用 & 来获取交集
    other_set = {3, 4, 5, 6}
    filled_set & other_set #=> {3, 4, 5}
    
    # Do set union with |
    # 使用 | 来获取并集
    filled_set | other_set #=> {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
    
    # Do set difference with -
    # 使用 - 来获取补集
    {1,2,3,4} - {2,3,5} #=> {1, 4}
    
    # Check for existence in a set with in
    # 使用 in 来检查是否存在于某个集合中
    2 in filled_set #=> True
    10 in filled_set #=> False
    
    
    ####################################################
    ## 3. Control Flow
    ## 3. 控制流
    ####################################################
    
    # Let's just make a variable
    # 我们先创建一个变量
    some_var = 5
    
    # Here is an if statement. Indentation is significant in python!
    # prints "some_var is smaller than 10"
    # 这里有一个条件语句。缩进在 Python 中可是很重要的哦!
    # 程序会打印出 "some_var is smaller than 10"
    # (译注:意为“some_var 比 10 小”。)
    if some_var > 10:
        print "some_var is totally bigger than 10."
        # (译注:意为“some_var 完全比 10 大”。)
    elif some_var < 10:    # This elif clause is optional.
                           # 这里的 elif 子句是可选的
        print "some_var is smaller than 10."
        # (译注:意为“some_var 比 10 小”。)
    else:           # This is optional too.
                    # 这一句也是可选的
        print "some_var is indeed 10."
        # (译注:意为“some_var 就是 10”。)
    
    
    """
    For loops iterate over lists
    for 循环可以遍历列表
    prints:
    如果要打印出:
        dog is a mammal
        cat is a mammal
        mouse is a mammal
    """
    for animal in ["dog", "cat", "mouse"]:
        # You can use % to interpolate formatted strings
        # 别忘了你可以使用 % 来格式化字符串
        print "%s is a mammal" % animal
        # (译注:意为“%s 是哺乳动物”。)
    
    """
    `range(number)` returns a list of numbers 
    from zero to the given number
    `range(数字)` 会返回一个数字列表,
    这个列表将包含从零到给定的数字。
    prints:
    如果要打印出:
        0
        1
        2
        3
    """
    for i in range(4):
        print i
    
    """
    While loops go until a condition is no longer met.
    while 循环会一直继续,直到条件不再满足。
    prints:
    如果要打印出:
        0
        1
        2
        3
    """
    x = 0
    while x < 4:
        print x
        x += 1  # Shorthand for x = x + 1
                # 这是 x = x + 1 的简写方式
    
    # Handle exceptions with a try/except block
    # 使用 try/except 代码块来处理异常
    
    # Works on Python 2.6 and up:
    # 适用于 Python 2.6 及以上版本:
    try:
        # Use raise to raise an error
        # 使用 raise 来抛出一个错误
        raise IndexError("This is an index error")
        # 抛出一个索引错误:“这是一个索引错误”。
    except IndexError as e:
        pass    # Pass is just a no-op. Usually you would do recovery here.
                # pass 只是一个空操作。通常你应该在这里做一些恢复工作。
    
    
    ####################################################
    ## 4. Functions
    ## 4. 函数
    ####################################################
    
    # Use def to create new functions
    # 使用 def 来创建新函数
    def add(x, y):
        print "x is %s and y is %s" % (x, y)
        # (译注:意为“x 是 %s 而且 y 是 %s”。)
        return x + y    # Return values with a return statement
                        # 使用 return 语句来返回值
    
    # Calling functions with parameters
    # 调用函数并传入参数
    add(5, 6) #=> prints out "x is 5 and y is 6" and returns 11
              # (译注:意为“x 是 5 而且 y 是 6”,并返回 11)
    
    # Another way to call functions is with keyword arguments
    # 调用函数的另一种方式是传入关键字参数
    add(y=6, x=5)   # Keyword arguments can arrive in any order.
                    # 关键字参数可以以任意顺序传入
    
    # You can define functions that take a variable number of
    # positional arguments
    # 你可以定义一个函数,并让它接受可变数量的定位参数。
    def varargs(*args):
        return args
    
    varargs(1, 2, 3) #=> (1,2,3)
    
    
    # You can define functions that take a variable number of
    # keyword arguments, as well
    # 你也可以定义一个函数,并让它接受可变数量的关键字参数。
    def keyword_args(**kwargs):
        return kwargs
    
    # Let's call it to see what happens
    # 我们试着调用它,看看会发生什么:
    keyword_args(big="foot", loch="ness") #=> {"big": "foot", "loch": "ness"}
    
    # You can do both at once, if you like
    # 你还可以同时使用这两类参数,只要你愿意:
    def all_the_args(*args, **kwargs):
        print args
        print kwargs
    """
    all_the_args(1, 2, a=3, b=4) prints:
        (1, 2)
        {"a": 3, "b": 4}
    """
    
    # When calling functions, you can do the opposite of varargs/kwargs!
    # Use * to expand tuples and use ** to expand kwargs.
    # 在调用函数时,定位参数和关键字参数还可以反过来用。
    # 使用 * 来展开元组,使用 ** 来展开关键字参数。
    args = (1, 2, 3, 4)
    kwargs = {"a": 3, "b": 4}
    all_the_args(*args) # equivalent to foo(1, 2, 3, 4)
                        # 相当于 all_the_args(1, 2, 3, 4)
    all_the_args(**kwargs) # equivalent to foo(a=3, b=4)
                           # 相当于 all_the_args(a=3, b=4)
    all_the_args(*args, **kwargs) # equivalent to foo(1, 2, 3, 4, a=3, b=4)
                                  # 相当于 all_the_args(1, 2, 3, 4, a=3, b=4)
    
    # Python has first class functions
    # 函数在 Python 中是一等公民
    def create_adder(x):
        def adder(y):
            return x + y
        return adder
    
    add_10 = create_adder(10)
    add_10(3) #=> 13
    
    # There are also anonymous functions
    # 还有匿名函数
    (lambda x: x > 2)(3) #=> True
    
    # There are built-in higher order functions
    # 还有一些内建的高阶函数
    map(add_10, [1,2,3]) #=> [11, 12, 13]
    filter(lambda x: x > 5, [3, 4, 5, 6, 7]) #=> [6, 7]
    
    # We can use list comprehensions for nice maps and filters
    # 我们可以使用列表推导式来模拟 map 和 filter
    [add_10(i) for i in [1, 2, 3]]  #=> [11, 12, 13]
    [x for x in [3, 4, 5, 6, 7] if x > 5] #=> [6, 7]
    
    ####################################################
    ## 5. Classes
    ## 5. 类
    ####################################################
    
    # We subclass from object to get a class.
    # 我们可以从对象中继承,来得到一个类。
    class Human(object):
    
        # A class attribute. It is shared by all instances of this class
        # 下面是一个类属性。它将被这个类的所有实例共享。
        species = "H. sapiens"
    
        # Basic initializer
        # 基本的初始化函数(构建函数)
        def __init__(self, name):
            # Assign the argument to the instance's name attribute
            # 把参数赋值为实例的 name 属性
            self.name = name
    
        # An instance method. All methods take self as the first argument
        # 下面是一个实例方法。所有方法都以 self 作为第一个参数。
        def say(self, msg):
           return "%s: %s" % (self.name, msg)
    
        # A class method is shared among all instances
        # They are called with the calling class as the first argument
        # 类方法会被所有实例共享。
        # 类方法在调用时,会将类本身作为第一个函数传入。
        @classmethod
        def get_species(cls):
            return cls.species
    
        # A static method is called without a class or instance reference
        # 静态方法在调用时,不会传入类或实例的引用。
        @staticmethod
        def grunt():
            return "*grunt*"
    
    
    # Instantiate a class
    # 实例化一个类
    i = Human(name="Ian")
    print i.say("hi")     # prints out "Ian: hi"
                          # 打印出 "Ian: hi"
    
    j = Human("Joel")
    print j.say("hello")  # prints out "Joel: hello"
                          # 打印出 "Joel: hello"
    
    # Call our class method
    # 调用我们的类方法
    i.get_species() #=> "H. sapiens"
    
    # Change the shared attribute
    # 修改共享属性
    Human.species = "H. neanderthalensis"
    i.get_species() #=> "H. neanderthalensis"
    j.get_species() #=> "H. neanderthalensis"
    
    # Call the static method
    # 调用静态方法
    Human.grunt() #=> "*grunt*"
    
    
    ####################################################
    ## 6. Modules
    ## 6. 模块
    ####################################################
    
    # You can import modules
    # 你可以导入模块
    import math
    print math.sqrt(16) #=> 4
    
    # You can get specific functions from a module
    # 也可以从一个模块中获取指定的函数
    from math import ceil, floor
    print ceil(3.7)  #=> 4.0
    print floor(3.7) #=> 3.0
    
    # You can import all functions from a module.
    # Warning: this is not recommended
    # 你可以从一个模块中导入所有函数
    # 警告:不建议使用这种方式
    from math import *
    
    # You can shorten module names
    # 你可以缩短模块的名称
    import math as m
    math.sqrt(16) == m.sqrt(16) #=> True
    
    # Python modules are just ordinary python files. You
    # can write your own, and import them. The name of the 
    # module is the same as the name of the file.
    # Python 模块就是普通的 Python 文件。
    # 你可以编写你自己的模块,然后导入它们。
    # 模块的名称与文件名相同。
    
    # You can find out which functions and attributes
    # defines a module.
    # 你可以查出一个模块里有哪些函数和属性
    import math
    dir(math)
    
    
    

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    转自 https://github.com/cssmagic/blog/issues/24 

    吐槽。。什么程序都能分分钟学会了那还要程序猿干毛啊。。要说的话他这分分钟能实现的我c也能实现为什么一定要用PYTHON呢?

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/cj695/p/3276928.html
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