AI-restful接口写法
restful接口规范
http协议请求方式:GET POST DELETE PUT PATCH OPTION HEAD 设计接口时必须使用这种格式的数据 GET 查看数据 book/1 ----->查看单条数据 {} GET 查看数据 books-------->返回数据列表 [{},{},{}] POST 提交数据添加到数据库 --------->返回添加数据 {} PUT 更新 pk=1的数据 ------>返回更新后的数据 {} PATCH 更新所有的数据 OPTION HEAD 返回请求方式 比如 GET POST等
不使用DRF,来写接口
对于我们后台人员,写好接口把数据传给前端就okay了!
#url urlpatterns = [ url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls), url(r'^course/', views.Courseview.as_view()), ]
#views.py
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse from django.views import View # Create your views here. from app01.models import * import json class Courseview(View): def get(self,request): ret=[] #get的接收方式为[{},{},{}] course_list = Course.objects.all() for course in course_list: ret.append([ {"course_name": course.title}, {"course_desc":course.desc}, ]) return HttpResponse(json.dumps(ret,ensure_ascii=False))
#也可以不使用json格式,效果一样,如下:
#return HttpResponse(ret)
#mdoels.py
from django.db import models # Create your models here. class Course(models.Model): title=models.CharField(max_length=32) desc=models.CharField(max_length=32)
前端接收:
[[{"course_name": "羊肚儿"}, {"course_desc": "煮10秒钟,贼香"}], [{"course_name": "宽粉"}, {"course_desc": "两盘儿,配上我妈给我调的料"}]]
DRF
(1) APIView (*****) (2) 序列化组件(*****) (3) 视图类(mixin)(*****) (4) 认证组件 (5) 权限组件 (6) 频率组件 (7) 分页组件 (8) 解析器组件(*****) (9) 响应器组件 (10) url控制器
使用DRF,做数据接口--APIView(*****)
#views.py from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse from django.views import View from rest_framework.views import APIView # Create your views here. from app01.models import * import json class Courseview(APIView): def get(self,request): ret=[] course_list = Course.objects.all() for course in course_list: ret.append([ {"course_name": course.title}, {"course_desc":course.desc}, ]) return HttpResponse(json.dumps(ret,ensure_ascii=False))
APIView源码解析
相比于View类,增加了“重装request方法”,“认证、权限、频率”等,本质功能还是做分发!!
下边代码可以不看,知道View源码即可,只是在View的dispatch方法里增加了认证、权限、频率等组件而已!
#1.开始
urlpatterns = [ url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls), url(r'^course/', views.Courseview.as_view()), ] #2.在Courseview的父类APIView中找as_view方法 class APIView(View): schema = DefaultSchema() @classmethod def as_view(cls, **initkwargs): #在APIView父类中找as_view方法 view = super(APIView, cls).as_view(**initkwargs) view.cls = cls view.initkwargs = initkwargs #3.在APIView父类中找as_view方法 class View(object): http_method_names = ['get', 'post', 'put', 'patch', 'delete', 'head', 'options', 'trace'] @classonlymethod def as_view(cls, **initkwargs): def view(request, *args, **kwargs): self = cls(**initkwargs) #self即Courseview实例化对象 if hasattr(self, 'get') and not hasattr(self, 'head'): self.head = self.get self.request = request self.args = args self.kwargs = kwargs return self.dispatch(request, *args, **kwargs) 在Courseview中找dispatch方法 view.view_class = cls return view 返回了view,当收到请求时,执行view()方法 #4.在Courseview中找dispatch方法,没有就在父类中找class Courseview(APIView): def get(self,request): ret=[] course_list = Course.objects.all() for course in course_list: ret.append([ {"course_name": course.title}, {"course_desc":course.desc}, ]) return HttpResponse(json.dumps(ret,ensure_ascii=False)) #5.APIView中的dispatch方法 def dispatch(self, request, *args, **kwargs): self.args = args self.kwargs = kwargs
#重装一个新的request对象 request = self.initialize_request(request, *args, **kwargs) self.request = request self.headers = self.default_response_headers # deprecate? try:
#认证 self.initial(request, *args, **kwargs) # Get the appropriate handler method if request.method.lower() in self.http_method_names: handler = getattr(self, request.method.lower(), self.http_method_not_allowed) else: handler = self.http_method_not_allowed response = handler(request, *args, **kwargs) except Exception as exc: response = self.handle_exception(exc) self.response = self.finalize_response(request, response, *args, **kwargs) return self.response
解析器组件(*****)
本质:基于http协议的数据编码格式
解析器中,两种数据编码格式:
a,urlencoded
b,json
这两种数据编码格式的区别在于:
urlencoded格式的数据,django会默认解析成{xx:oo,xx:ooo}格式;而json格式,django不会解析成固定格式,得自己解析
a.urlencoding
#url.py urlpatterns = [ url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls), url(r'^login/', views.Loginview.as_view()), ]
#views.py from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse from django.views import View # Create your views here. class Loginview(View): def get(self,request): return render(request,"login.html") def post(self,request): print(request.body) #请求体重的原生数据
#b'csrfmiddlewaretoken=eZ95jvkSlvVeB9lTkK85EYvgID5iMu171WyV421cEXVGXsxmj6BlCRxzLfKQf6zJ&user=zhang&pwd=111' print(request.post) #djanog会默认解析urlencoded格式的数据
#<QueryDict: {'csrfmiddlewaretoken': ['eZ95jvkSlvVeB9lTkK85EYvgID5iMu171WyV421cEXVGXsxmj6BlCRxzLfKQf6zJ'], 'user': ['zhang'], 'pwd': ['111']}> return HttpResponse("ddd")
{## login.html#} <form action="" method="post" enctype="application/x-www-form-urlencoded"> #默认解析格式为application/urlencoded {% csrf_token %} 用户名:<input type="text" name="user"> 密码:<input type="password" name="pwd"> <button type="submit">提交</button> </form>
提交用户信息后
页面-检查-内容
#Request.HEADER Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8 Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, br Accept-Language: zh,zh-CN;q=0.9 Cache-Control: no-cache Connection: keep-alive Content-Length: 105 Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded 数据编码格式 Cookie: csrftoken=WyCTGzykwCoTLvAm7XBwGbxPLIXPwOpS5WwxOUrXqAbfeWsSwmi8gTXOZ85ctcvm Host: 127.0.0.1:8011 Origin: http://127.0.0.1:8011 Pragma: no-cache Referer: http://127.0.0.1:8011/login/ Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1 User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 6.0; Nexus 5 Build/MRA58N) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/67.0.3396.87 Mobile Safari/537.36 #Form Data 接收到的数据格式是“application/x-www-form-urlencoded” ,格式为:使用“&”符号,将信息连接起来 csrfmiddlewaretoken=nFrqVKA7F5p8iJCGkcfqI5wE0O9KipzZw3l435tKz3cuLaucJBW2iNWDeeh7fNFt&user=dudu&pwd=12332 #View Parsered django将接收到的格式转化为?????格式 格式为xxx:ooo csrfmiddlewaretoken: nFrqVKA7F5p8iJCGkcfqI5wE0O9KipzZw3l435tKz3cuLaucJBW2iNWDeeh7fNFt user: dudu pwd: 123321
b.json
#login.html <button class="btn">Ajax</button> <script> $(".btn").click(function () { $.ajax({ url:"", type:"post", contentType:"json", data:JSON.stringify({ user:"dudu", pwd:"555" }), success:function (data) { console.log(data) } }) }) </script>
#views.py
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse from django.views import View # Create your views here. class Loginview(View): def get(self,request): return render(request,"login.html") def post(self,request): import json print(request.body) # 请求体中的原生数据
#b'{"user":"dudu","pwd":"555"}'
print(request.POST) #django默认不会对你的数据进行解析
#<QueryDict: {}>
# import json print(json.loads(request.body.decode("utf8"))) #自己解析数据
#{'user': 'dudu', 'pwd': '555'} print(json.loads(request.body.decode("utf8"))["user"]) print(type(request)) from django.core.handlers.wsgi import WSGIRequest return HttpResponse("POST")
DRF编码格式
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse from django.views import View from rest_framework.views import APIView # Create your views here. from app01.models import * import json class Courseview(APIView): #从APIViewrest_framework.views中导入 def get(self,request): ret=[] course_list = Course.objects.all() for course in course_list: ret.append([ {"course_name": course.title}, {"course_desc":course.desc}, ]) return HttpResponse(json.dumps(ret,ensure_ascii=False)) def post(self,request): print(request.data) #这个request是APIView中重新建立的request,
#相比于View的request,多了一个request.data方法
#这个“新的”request.data方法,可以解码所有的数据格式,都是DRF的功劳!! return HttpResponse("POST")
a.当使用postman发送POST请求,使用json发送数据,发送的数据格式必须是json格式
前端在post方法中,打印request.data,得到结果
{'name': 'alex', 'age': 45}
b.当使用postman发送POST请求,使用url-encoded发送数据
前端在post方法中,打印request.data,得到结果
<QueryDict: {'alex': ['22'], 'dudu': ['3333']}>