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  • Java 多线程 Synchronized关键字

    目录

    1-Synchronized 关键字概述

    2- Synchronized关键字作用域

    3- Synchronized 原理(反编译指令解释)

    正文

    1-Synchronized 关键字概述

    由于同一进程的多个线程共享同一片存储空间,在带来方便的同时,也带来了访问冲突这个严重的问题。Java语言提供了专门机制以解决这种冲突,有效避免了同一个数据对象被多个线程同时访问。
    需要明确的几个问题:

    • synchronized关键字可以作为函数的修饰符,也可作为函数内的语句,也就是平时说的同步方法和同步语句块。如果 再细的分类,synchronized可作用于instance变量、object reference(对象引用)、static函数和class literals(类名称字面常量)身上。
    • 无论synchronized关键字加在方法上还是对象上,它取得的锁都是对象,而不是把一段代码或函数当作锁――而且同步方法很可能还会被其他线程的对象访问。
    • 每个对象只有一个锁(lock)与之相关联。
    • 实现同步是要很大的系统开销作为代价的,甚至可能造成死锁,所以尽量避免无谓的同步控制。
     

    2- Synchronized关键字作用域

    Java中每一个对象都可以作为锁,这是synchronized实现同步的基础:

    1. 普通同步方法,锁是当前实例对象
    2. 静态同步方法,锁是当前类的class对象
    3. 同步方法块,锁是括号里面的对象

    1、普通同步方法,锁是当前实例对象

    public class SynchronizedTest {
     4     public synchronized void method1(){
     5         System.out.println("Method 1 start");
     6         try {
     7             System.out.println("Method 1 execute");
     8             Thread.sleep(3000);
     9         } catch (InterruptedException e) {
    10             e.printStackTrace();
    11         }
    12         System.out.println("Method 1 end");
    13     }
    14
    15     public synchronized void method2(){
    16         System.out.println("Method 2 start");
    17         try {
    18             System.out.println("Method 2 execute");
    19             Thread.sleep(1000);
    20         } catch (InterruptedException e) {
    21             e.printStackTrace();
    22         }
    23         System.out.println("Method 2 end");
    24     }
    25
    26     public static void main(String[] args) {
    27         final SynchronizedTest test = new SynchronizedTest();
    28
    29         new Thread(new Runnable() {
    30             @Override
    31             public void run() {
    32                 test.method1();
    33             }
    34         }).start();
    35
    36         new Thread(new Runnable() {
    37             @Override
    38             public void run() {
    39                 test.method2();
    40             }
    41         }).start();
    42     }
    43 }

    结果:

    线程2需要等待线程1的method1执行完成才能开始执行method2方法。
    
    Method 1 start
    Method 1 execute
    Method 1 end
    Method 2 start
    Method 2 execute
    Method 2 end

    2、静态同步方法,锁是当前类的class对象

    public class SynchronizedTest {
     4      public static synchronized void method1(){
     5          System.out.println("Method 1 start");
     6          try {
     7              System.out.println("Method 1 execute");
     8              Thread.sleep(3000);
     9          } catch (InterruptedException e) {
    10              e.printStackTrace();
    11          }
    12          System.out.println("Method 1 end");
    13      }
    14 
    15      public static synchronized void method2(){
    16          System.out.println("Method 2 start");
    17          try {
    18              System.out.println("Method 2 execute");
    19              Thread.sleep(1000);
    20          } catch (InterruptedException e) {
    21              e.printStackTrace();
    22          }
    23          System.out.println("Method 2 end");
    24      }
    25 
    26      public static void main(String[] args) {
    27          final SynchronizedTest test = new SynchronizedTest();
    28          final SynchronizedTest test2 = new SynchronizedTest();
    29 
    30          new Thread(new Runnable() {
    31              @Override
    32              public void run() {
    33                  test.method1();
    34              }
    35          }).start();
    36 
    37          new Thread(new Runnable() {
    38              @Override
    39              public void run() {
    40                  test2.method2();
    41              }
    42          }).start();
    43      }
    44  }

    结果:

    执行结果如下,对静态方法的同步本质上是对类的同步(静态方法本质上是属于类的方法,而不是对象上的方法),
    所以即使test和test2属于不同的对象,但是它们都属于SynchronizedTest类的实例,所以也只能顺序的执行method1和method2,不能并发执行。 Method
    1 start Method 1 execute Method 1 end Method 2 start Method 2 execute Method 2 end

    3、同步方法块,锁是括号里面的对象

    3.1 同步到单个对象锁

    当使用同步块时,如果方法下的同步块都同步到一个对象上的锁,则所有的任务(线程)只能互斥的进入这些同步块。
    Resource1.java演示了三个线程(包括main线程)试图进入某个类的三个不同的方法的同步块中,虽然这些同步块处在不同的方法中,但由于是同步到同一个对象(当前对象 synchronized (this)),所以对它们的方法依然是互斥的。
    Resource1.java
    package com.zj.lock;
    import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
     
    public class Resource1 {
        public void f() {
           // other operations should not be locked...
           System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()
                  + ":not synchronized in f()");
           synchronized (this) {
               for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
                  System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()
                         + ":synchronized in f()");
                  try {
                      TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(3);
                  } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                      e.printStackTrace();
                  }
               }
           }
        }
     
        public void g() {
           // other operations should not be locked...
           System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()
                  + ":not synchronized in g()");
           synchronized (this) {
               for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
                  System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()
                         + ":synchronized in g()");
                  try {
                      TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(3);
                  } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                      e.printStackTrace();
                  }
               }
           }
        }
     
        public void h() {
           // other operations should not be locked...
           System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()
                  + ":not synchronized in h()");
           synchronized (this) {
               for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
                  System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()
                         + ":synchronized in h()");
                  try {
                      TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(3);
                  } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                      e.printStackTrace();
                  }
               }
           }
        }
     
        public static void main(String[] args) {
           final Resource1 rs = new Resource1();
     
           new Thread() {
               public void run() {
                  rs.f();
               }
           }.start();
     
           new Thread() {
               public void run() {
                  rs.g();
               }
           }.start();
     
           rs.h();
        }
    }

    结果:

    结果:
    Thread-0:not synchronized in f()
    Thread-0:synchronized in f()
    main:not synchronized in h()
    Thread-1:not synchronized in g()
    Thread-0:synchronized in f()
    Thread-0:synchronized in f()
    Thread-0:synchronized in f()
    Thread-0:synchronized in f()
    Thread-1:synchronized in g()
    Thread-1:synchronized in g()
    Thread-1:synchronized in g()
    Thread-1:synchronized in g()
    Thread-1:synchronized in g()
    main:synchronized in h()
    main:synchronized in h()
    main:synchronized in h()
    main:synchronized in h()
    main:synchronized in h()

     注意:

    1)当两个并发线程访问同一个对象object中的这个synchronized(this)同步代码块时,一个时间内只能有一个线程得到执行。另一个线程必须等待当前线程执行完这个代码块以后才能执行该代码块。  

    2)然而,当一个线程访问object的一个synchronized(this)同步代码块时,另一个线程仍然可以访问该object中的非synchronized (this)同步代码块。  

    3)尤其关键的是,当一个线程访问object的一个synchronized(this)同步代码块时,其他线程对object中所有其它synchronized(this) 同步代码块的访问将被阻塞。

    3.2 同步到多个对象锁 

     Resource1.java演示了三个线程(包括main线程)试图进入某个类的三个不同的方法的同步块中,这些同步块处在不同的方法中,并且是同步到三个不同的对象(synchronized (this),synchronized (syncObject1),synchronized (syncObject2)),所以对它们的方法中的临界资源访问是独立的。
    Resource2.java
    package com.zj.lock;
    import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
     
    public class Resource2 {
        private Object syncObject1 = new Object();
        private Object syncObject2 = new Object();
     
        public void f() {
           // other operations should not be locked...
           System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()
                  + ":not synchronized in f()");
           synchronized (this) {
               for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
                  System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()
                         + ":synchronized in f()");
                  try {
                      TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(3);
                  } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                      e.printStackTrace();
                  }
               }
           }
        }
     
        public void g() {
           // other operations should not be locked...
           System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()
                  + ":not synchronized in g()");
           synchronized (syncObject1) {
               for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
                  System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()
                         + ":synchronized in g()");
                  try {
                      TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(3);
                  } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                      e.printStackTrace();
                  }
               }
           }
        }
     
        public void h() {
           // other operations should not be locked...
           System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()
                  + ":not synchronized in h()");
           synchronized (syncObject2) {
               for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
                  System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()
                         + ":synchronized in h()");
                  try {
                      TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(3);
                  } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                      e.printStackTrace();
                  }
               }
           }
        }
     
        public static void main(String[] args) {
           final Resource2 rs = new Resource2();
     
           new Thread() {
               public void run() {
                  rs.f();
               }
           }.start();
     
           new Thread() {
               public void run() {
                  rs.g();
               }
           }.start();
     
           rs.h();
        }
    }

     结果:

    Thread-0:not synchronized in f()
    Thread-0:synchronized in f()
    main:not synchronized in h()
    main:synchronized in h()
    Thread-1:not synchronized in g()
    Thread-1:synchronized in g()
    Thread-0:synchronized in f()
    main:synchronized in h()
    Thread-1:synchronized in g()
    Thread-0:synchronized in f()
    main:synchronized in h()
    Thread-1:synchronized in g()
    Thread-0:synchronized in f()
    main:synchronized in h()
    Thread-1:synchronized in g()
    Thread-0:synchronized in f()
    main:synchronized in h()
    Thread-1:synchronized in g()
     
    3.3 补充:
    除了使用synchronized外,还可以使用Lock对象来创建临界区。Resource3.java的演示效果同Resource1.java;Resource4.java的演示效果同Resource2.java。
    Resource3.java
     
    package com.zj.lock;
    import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
    import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
    import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
     
    public class Resource3 {
        private Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();
     
        public void f() {
           // other operations should not be locked...
           System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()
                  + ":not synchronized in f()");
           lock.lock();
           try {
               for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
                  System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()
                         + ":synchronized in f()");
                  try {
                      TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(3);
                  } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                      e.printStackTrace();
                  }
               }
           } finally {
               lock.unlock();
           }
        }
     
        public void g() {
           // other operations should not be locked...
           System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()
                  + ":not synchronized in g()");
           lock.lock();
           try {
               for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
                  System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()
                         + ":synchronized in g()");
                  try {
                      TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(3);
                  } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                      e.printStackTrace();
                  }
               }
           } finally {
               lock.unlock();
           }
        }
     
        public void h() {
           // other operations should not be locked...
           System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()
                  + ":not synchronized in h()");
           lock.lock();
           try {
               for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
                  System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()
                         + ":synchronized in h()");
                  try {
                      TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(3);
                  } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                      e.printStackTrace();
                  }
               }
           } finally {
               lock.unlock();
           }
        }
     
        public static void main(String[] args) {
           final Resource3 rs = new Resource3();
     
           new Thread() {
               public void run() {
                  rs.f();
               }
           }.start();
     
           new Thread() {
               public void run() {
                  rs.g();
               }
           }.start();
     
           rs.h();
        }
    }
    结果:
    Thread-0:not synchronized in f()
    Thread-0:synchronized in f()
    main:not synchronized in h()
    Thread-1:not synchronized in g()
    Thread-0:synchronized in f()
    Thread-0:synchronized in f()
    Thread-0:synchronized in f()
    Thread-0:synchronized in f()
    main:synchronized in h()
    main:synchronized in h()
    main:synchronized in h()
    main:synchronized in h()
    main:synchronized in h()
    Thread-1:synchronized in g()
    Thread-1:synchronized in g()
    Thread-1:synchronized in g()
    Thread-1:synchronized in g()
    Thread-1:synchronized in g()
    View Code

     Resource4.java

    package com.zj.lock;
    import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
    import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
    import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
     
    public class Resource4 {
        private Lock lock1 = new ReentrantLock();
        private Lock lock2 = new ReentrantLock();
        private Lock lock3 = new ReentrantLock();
     
        public void f() {
           // other operations should not be locked...
           System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()
                  + ":not synchronized in f()");
           lock1.lock();
           try {
               for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
                  System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()
                         + ":synchronized in f()");
                  try {
                      TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(3);
                  } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                      e.printStackTrace();
                  }
               }
           } finally {
               lock1.unlock();
           }
        }
     
        public void g() {
           // other operations should not be locked...
           System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()
                  + ":not synchronized in g()");
           lock2.lock();
           try {
               for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
                  System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()
                         + ":synchronized in g()");
                  try {
                      TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(3);
                  } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                      e.printStackTrace();
                  }
               }
           } finally {
               lock2.unlock();
           }
        }
     
        public void h() {
           // other operations should not be locked...
           System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()
                  + ":not synchronized in h()");
           lock3.lock();
           try {
               for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
                  System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()
                         + ":synchronized in h()");
                  try {
                      TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(3);
                  } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                      e.printStackTrace();
                  }
               }
           } finally {
               lock3.unlock();
           }
        }
     
        public static void main(String[] args) {
           final Resource4 rs = new Resource4();
     
           new Thread() {
               public void run() {
                  rs.f();
               }
           }.start();
     
           new Thread() {
               public void run() {
                  rs.g();
               }
           }.start();
     
           rs.h();
        }
    }
    结果:
    Thread-0:not synchronized in f()
    Thread-0:synchronized in f()
    main:not synchronized in h()
    main:synchronized in h()
    Thread-1:not synchronized in g()
    Thread-1:synchronized in g()
    Thread-0:synchronized in f()
    main:synchronized in h()
    Thread-1:synchronized in g()
    Thread-0:synchronized in f()
    main:synchronized in h()
    Thread-1:synchronized in g()
    Thread-0:synchronized in f()
    main:synchronized in h()
    Thread-1:synchronized in g()
    Thread-0:synchronized in f()
    main:synchronized in h()
    Thread-1:synchronized in g()
    View Code
     
     

    3- Synchronized 原理(反编译decompile指令解释)

    3.1  Synchronize (this) 反编译解释
     
    我们先通过反编译下面的代码来看看Synchronized(this) 是如何实现对代码块进行同步的:
     
    package com.paddx.test.concurrent;
    
    public class SynchronizedDemo {
        public void method() {
            synchronized (this) {
                System.out.println("Method 1 start");
            }
        }
    }

    反编译结果:

    关于这两条指令的作用,我们直接参考JVM规范中描述:

    monitorenter :

    Each object is associated with a monitor. A monitor is locked if and only if it has an owner. The thread that executes monitorenter attempts to gain ownership of the monitor associated with objectref, as follows:
    • If the entry count of the monitor associated with objectref is zero, the thread enters the monitor and sets its entry count to one. The thread is then the owner of the monitor.
    • If the thread already owns the monitor associated with objectref, it reenters the monitor, incrementing its entry count.
    • If another thread already owns the monitor associated with objectref, the thread blocks until the monitor's entry count is zero, then tries again to gain ownership.

    这段话的大概意思为:

    每个对象有一个监视器锁(monitor)。当monitor被占用时就会处于锁定状态,线程执行monitorenter指令时尝试获取monitor的所有权,过程如下:

    1、如果monitor的进入数为0,则该线程进入monitor,然后将进入数设置为1,该线程即为monitor的所有者。

    2、如果线程已经占有该monitor,只是重新进入,则进入monitor的进入数加1.

    3.如果其他线程已经占用了monitor,则该线程进入阻塞状态,直到monitor的进入数为0,再重新尝试获取monitor的所有权。

    monitorexit: 

    The thread that executes monitorexit must be the owner of the monitor associated with the instance referenced by objectref.
    The thread decrements the entry count of the monitor associated with objectref. If as a result the value of the entry count is zero, the thread exits the monitor and is no longer its owner. Other threads that are blocking to enter the monitor are allowed to attempt to do so.

    这段话的大概意思为:

    执行monitorexit的线程必须是objectref所对应的monitor的所有者。

    指令执行时,monitor的进入数减1,如果减1后进入数为0,那线程退出monitor,不再是这个monitor的所有者。其他被这个monitor阻塞的线程可以尝试去获取这个 monitor 的所有权。 

      

    通过这两段描述,我们应该能很清楚的看出Synchronized的实现原理,Synchronized的语义底层是通过一个monitor的对象来完成,其实wait/notify等方法也依赖于monitor对象,这就是为什么只有在同步的块或者方法中才能调用wait/notify等方法,否则会抛出java.lang.IllegalMonitorStateException的异常的原因。

     
    3.2  Synchronize method() 的反编译解释

    我们再来看一下同步方法的反编译结果:

    源代码:

    package com.paddx.test.concurrent;
    
    public class SynchronizedMethod {
        public synchronized void method() {
            System.out.println("Hello World!");
        }
    }

     反编译结果:


      从反编译的结果来看,方法的同步并没有通过指令monitorenter和monitorexit来完成(理论上其实也可以通过这两条指令来实现),不过相对于普通方法,其常量池中多了ACC_SYNCHRONIZED标示符。JVM就是根据该标示符来实现方法的同步的:当方法调用时,调用指令将会检查方法的 ACC_SYNCHRONIZED 访问标志是否被设置,如果设置了,执行线程将先获取monitor,获取成功之后才能执行方法体,方法执行完后再释放monitor。在方法执行期间,其他任何线程都无法再获得同一个monitor对象。 其实本质上没有区别,只是方法的同步是一种隐式的方式来实现,无需通过字节码Bytecode 来完成。

     
     
    ----------------------------

    引用文章

    作者:liuxiaopeng

    博客地址:http://www.cnblogs.com/paddix/


    作者:DanieX
    链接:https://www.jianshu.com/p/ea9a482ece5f
    来源:简书
    简书著作权归作者所有,任何形式的转载都请联系作者获得授权并注明出处。

    作者:hanwei_java 
    来源:CSDN 
    原文:https://blog.csdn.net/hanwei_java/article/details/79738614 
    版权声明:本文为博主原创文章,转载请附上博文链接!

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/frankcui/p/10784751.html
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