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  • SQLAlchemy一对多总结

    1.SQLAlchemy之一对多关系

    1.1 创建单表

    class Test(Base):
        __tablename__ = 'user'
        nid = Colume(Integer,primary_key=True,autoincrement=True)
        name = Colume(String(32))

    1.2 创建一对多

    class Team(Base):
        __tablename__ = 'team'
        tid = Colume(Integer,primary_key=True,autoincrement=True)
        caption = Colume(String(32))    
        
    class user(Base):
        __tablename__ = 'user'
        nid = Colume(Integer,primary_key=True,autoincrement=True)
        name = Colume(String(32))
        team_id = Colume(Integer,ForeignKey('team.gid'))

    写完类,接下来就是把类转化为数据库表了。

    1.3 生成表、删除表

    def init_db():
        #根据Base去找它的子类,把所有的子类生成表。
        Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
    
    def drop_db():
        #把Base所有的子类对应表删除。
        Base.metadata.drop_all(engine)
    from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
    from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index
    from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship
    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
    
    engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://python:python@192.168.0.57:3306/python_mysql", max_overflow=5)
    
    Base = declarative_base()
    
    
    # 单表
    class Test(Base):
        __tablename__ = 'test'
        nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
        name = Column(String(32))
    
    
    # 一对多
    class Team(Base):
        __tablename__ = 'team'
        tid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
        caption = Column(String(32))
    
    
    class user(Base):
        __tablename__ = 'user'
        nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
        name = Column(String(32))
        team_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('team.tid'))
    
    
    def init_db():
        Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
    
    
    def drop_db():
        Base.metadata.drop_all(engine)
    
    init_db()

    执行完上面代码后,就会在对应库生成test、user、group三张表,user表的group_id以group表的gid为外键。

    1.4 生成表后开始操作表,添加team表数据

    from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
    from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index
    from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship
    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
    
    engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://python:python@192.168.0.57:3306/python_mysql", max_overflow=5)
    
    Base = declarative_base()
    
    
    # 单表
    class Test(Base):
        __tablename__ = 'test'
        nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
        name = Column(String(32))
    
    
    # 一对多
    class Team(Base):
        __tablename__ = 'team'
        tid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
        caption = Column(String(32))
    
    
    class user(Base):
        __tablename__ = 'user'
        nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
        name = Column(String(32))
        team_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('team.tid'))
    
    
    def init_db():
        Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
    
    
    def drop_db():
        Base.metadata.drop_all(engine)
    
    # init_db()
    # drop_db()
    
    Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
    session = Session()
    
    #往team表里插入两条数据
    session.add(Team(caption='dba'))
    session.add(Team(caption='ddd'))
    session.commit()

    1.5 添加user表数据

    Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
    session = Session()
    #批量添加数据;user表的team_id与team表的tid是有外键的,按理来说要插入的team_id的值必须在team表里有对应的tid值,比如这里插入的tead_id是1、2、3,则team表里的tid至少要有1、2、3,不然会插入失败。
    #但是,我发现插入没有对应键值的team_id也不会报错。
    session.add_all([
        User(name='zzz',team_id=1),
        User(name='sss',team_id=2),
        User(name='ccc',team_id=3),
    ])
    session.commit()

     1.6 查询单表

    如果仅仅是查询user表的name值,那不需要联合别的表,直接查询单表即可

    ret = session.query(User).filter(User.name=='zzz').all()
    obj = ret[0]
    print(obj.name)
    
    
    #上面的代码等价于这个:
    ret = session.query(User.name).filter(User.name=='zzz').all()
    print(ret)

    1.7 通过__repr__()方法改变返回值

    from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
    from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index
    from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship
    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
    
    engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://python:python@192.168.0.57:3306/python_mysql", max_overflow=5)
    
    Base = declarative_base()
    
    # 创建单表
    class Users(Base):
        __tablename__ = 'users'
        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
        name = Column(String(32))
        extra = Column(String(16))
    
        __table_args__ = (
        UniqueConstraint('id', 'name', name='uix_id_name'),
            Index('ix_id_name', 'name', 'extra'),
        )
    #__repr__方法是注释的,看print(ret)的输出
        #def __repr__(self):
          #  return "%s-%s" %(self.id, self.name)
    
    def init_db():
        Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
    
    
    def drop_db():
        Base.metadata.drop_all(engine)
    
    init_db()
    
    
    Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
    session = Session()
    session.add(Users(id=1,name='zsc'))
    session.commit()
    ret = session.query(Users).all()
    print(ret)
    #结果:
    [<__main__.Users object at 0x7f1836e80630>]
    没有User类里没有__repr__方法时,session.query(Users).all()返回的是类的对象。
    from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
    from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index
    from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship
    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
    
    engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://python:python@192.168.0.57:3306/python_mysql", max_overflow=5)
    
    Base = declarative_base()
    
    # 创建单表
    class Users(Base):
        __tablename__ = 'users'
        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
        name = Column(String(32))
        extra = Column(String(16))
    
        __table_args__ = (
        UniqueConstraint('id', 'name', name='uix_id_name'),
            Index('ix_id_name', 'name', 'extra'),
        )
    #__repr__方法取消注释
        def __repr__(self):
            return "%s-%s" %(self.id, self.name)
    
    def init_db():
        Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
    
    
    def drop_db():
        Base.metadata.drop_all(engine)
    
    init_db()
    
    
    Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
    session = Session()
    session.add(Users(id=1,name='zsc'))
    session.commit()
    ret = session.query(Users).all()
    print(ret)
    #结果:
    [1-zsc]
    User类里定义了__repr__方法时,session.query(Users).all()返回的是定义的返回结果。

    1.8 联合查询

    #创建表时指定了外键
    ret = session.query(User.name).join(Team).all()等价于SELECT user.name AS FROM user INNER JOIN team ON team.tid = user.team_id
    #用select的话需要用on指定约束条件,用SQLAlchemy就不用指定了。
    #用“isouter=True”指定left join
    ret = session.query(User.name).join(Team,isouter=True).all()

     上面的查询,随便是依赖到了别的表,但是结果只是显示了user表的数据,如果想同时显示user和team表的数据,就得用下面的方法了,

    ret = session.query(User.name,Team.caption).join(Team).all()
    print(ret)
    #结果:
    [('zzz', 'dba'), ('sss', 'ddd')]

    虽然上面的联合查询已经比直接用select简单了,但是还是很麻烦,所以就有了下面的方法。

    1.9 relationship

    1.9.1 利用ralationship正向查询

    正向查询即是使用做外链的表来查询被外链里的数据

    from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
    from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index
    from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship
    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
    
    engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://python:python@192.168.0.57:3306/python_mysql", max_overflow=5)
    
    Base = declarative_base()
    
    # 一对多
    class Team(Base):
        __tablename__ = 'team'
        tid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
        caption = Column(String(32))
    
    
    class User(Base):
        __tablename__ = 'user'
        nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
        name = Column(String(32))
        team_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('team.tid'))
        #加上底下这行后,不用使用.join()也可实现联表查询
        #哪个表做外链,就把relationship加到哪个表
        favor = relationship("Team", backref='uuu')
    
    def init_db():
        Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
    
    def drop_db():
        Base.metadata.drop_all(engine)
    
    # init_db()
    # drop_db()
    
    Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
    session = Session()
    
    ret = session.query(User).all()
    for obj in ret:
        print(obj.nid,obj.name,obj.favor,obj.favor.tid,obj.favor.caption)
    #结果:
    1 zzz <__main__.Team object at 0x7f5c10d02a20> 1 dba
    2 sss <__main__.Team object at 0x7f5c10d026a0> 2 ddd
    
    #可见,ret仅仅是User的query结果,而使用obj.favor就相当于是使用Team表,即可直接操作team表。

    1.9.2 利用ralationship实现反向查询

    反向查询即是使用被外链的表查询到做外链的数据

    class Test(Base):
        __tablename__ = 'test'
        nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
        name = Column(String(32))
    
    
    # 一对多
    class Team(Base):
        __tablename__ = 'team'
        tid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
        caption = Column(String(32))
    
    
    class User(Base):
        __tablename__ = 'user'
        nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
        name = Column(String(32))
        team_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('team.tid'))
        favor = relationship("Team", backref='uuu')
    
    
    def init_db():
        Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
    
    
    def drop_db():
        Base.metadata.drop_all(engine)
    
    # init_db()
    # drop_db()
    
    Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
    session = Session()
    
    ret = session.query(Team).filter(Team.caption == 'dba').all()
    print(ret[0].tid)
    print(ret[0].caption)
    print(ret[0].uuu)
    #结果:
    1
    dba
    [<__main__.User object at 0x7f7d3fa5ba20>]
    #favor = relationship("Team", backref='uuu')里的uuu的作用就是存储着对应的做外链里的数据;比如user里有7个人是dba组的,这时候print(ret[0].uuu)就会返回7个用户的信息;user里有3个dbb组的,这时候print(ret[0].uuu)就会返回3个相关用户的信息。

     除了一对多还是多对多关系,多对多是专门建一个中间表来存储两张表的关联关系。

    SQLAlchemy看着麻烦,其实就是记语法而已,多用即可;

    先建表,再操作单表,再用连表,在整关系,一对多,多对多。

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/fuckily/p/6042743.html
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