.NET Core加解密实战系列之——RSA非对称加密算法

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目录

• 简介
• 功能依赖
• 生成RSA秘钥
  • PKCS1格式
  • PKCS8格式
• 私钥操作
  • PKCS1与PKCS8格式互转
  • PKCS1与PKCS8私钥中提取公钥
• PEM操作
  • PEM格式密钥读取
  • PEM格式密钥写入
• RSA加解密
  • 获取非对称秘钥参数（AsymmetricKeyParameter）
  • RSA加解与解密
  • RSA密文算法
• 编码算法
  • BouncyCastle提供的Base64编码算法
  • BouncyCastle提供的Hex十六进制编码算法
• RSA加解密示例
• 下期预告

简介

加解密现状，编写此项目的背景：

• 需要考虑系统环境兼容性问题（Linux、Windows）
• 语言互通问题（如C#、Java）
• 网上资料版本不一、不全面
• .NET官方库密码算法提供不全面，很难针对其他语言（Java）进行适配

本系列文章主要介绍如何结合BouncyCastle在 .NET Core 中使用非对称加密算法、编码算法、哈希算法、对称加密算法、国密算法等一系列算法，内容篇幅代码居多（加解密算法相关的原理知识网上有很多，因此不过多介绍）。如有错误之处，还请大家批评指正。

本系列代码项目地址：https://github.com/fuluteam/ICH.BouncyCastle.git

功能依赖

BouncyCastle（https://www.bouncycastle.org/csharp） 是一个开放源码的轻量级密码术包；它支持大量的密码术算法，它提供了很多.NET Core标准库没有的算法。

支持.NET 4，.NET Standard 1.0-2.0，WP，Silverlight，MonoAndroid，Xamarin.iOS，.NET Core

功能	依赖
Portable.BouncyCastle	Portable.BouncyCastle • 1.8.5

生成RSA秘钥

PKCS1格式

/// <summary>
/// PKCS1（非Java适用）
/// </summary>
/// <param name="keySize">密钥长度”一般只是指模值的位长度。目前主流可选值：1024、2048、3072、4096...</param>
/// <param name="format">PEM格式</param>
/// <returns></returns>
public RSAKeyParameter Pkcs1(int keySize, bool format=false)
{
    var keyGenerator = GeneratorUtilities.GetKeyPairGenerator("RSA");
    keyGenerator.Init(new KeyGenerationParameters(new SecureRandom(), keySize));

    var keyPair = keyGenerator.GenerateKeyPair();

    var subjectPublicKeyInfo = SubjectPublicKeyInfoFactory.CreateSubjectPublicKeyInfo(keyPair.Public);
    var privateKeyInfo = PrivateKeyInfoFactory.CreatePrivateKeyInfo(keyPair.Private);
    
    if (!format)
    {
        return new RSAKeyParameter
        {
            PrivateKey = Base64.ToBase64String(privateKeyInfo.ParsePrivateKey().GetEncoded()),
            PublicKey = Base64.ToBase64String(subjectPublicKeyInfo.GetEncoded())
        };
    }

    var rsaKey = new RSAKeyParameter();
    using (var sw = new StringWriter())
    {
        var pWrt = new PemWriter(sw);
        pWrt.WriteObject(keyPair.Private);
        pWrt.Writer.Close();
        rsaKey.PrivateKey = sw.ToString();
    }

    using (var sw = new StringWriter())
    {
        var pWrt = new PemWriter(sw);
        pWrt.WriteObject(keyPair.Public);
        pWrt.Writer.Close();
        rsaKey.PublicKey = sw.ToString();
    }

    return rsaKey;
}

PKCS8格式

/// <summary>
/// PKCS8（JAVA适用）
/// </summary>
/// <param name="keySize">密钥长度”一般只是指模值的位长度。目前主流可选值：1024、2048、3072、4096...</param>
/// <param name="format">PEM格式</param>
/// <returns></returns>
public RSAKeyParameter Pkcs8(int keySize, bool format=false)
{
    var keyGenerator = GeneratorUtilities.GetKeyPairGenerator("RSA");
    keyGenerator.Init(new KeyGenerationParameters(new SecureRandom(), keySize));
    var keyPair = keyGenerator.GenerateKeyPair();

    var subjectPublicKeyInfo = SubjectPublicKeyInfoFactory.CreateSubjectPublicKeyInfo(keyPair.Public);
    var privateKeyInfo = PrivateKeyInfoFactory.CreatePrivateKeyInfo(keyPair.Private);

    if (!format)
    {
        return new RSAKeyParameter
        {
            PrivateKey = Base64.ToBase64String(privateKeyInfo.GetEncoded()),
            PublicKey = Base64.ToBase64String(subjectPublicKeyInfo.GetEncoded())
        };
    }

    var rsaKey = new RSAKeyParameter();
    using (var sw = new StringWriter())
    {
        var pWrt = new PemWriter(sw);
        var pkcs8 = new Pkcs8Generator(keyPair.Private);
        pWrt.WriteObject(pkcs8);
        pWrt.Writer.Close();
        rsaKey.PrivateKey = sw.ToString();
    }

    using (var sw = new StringWriter())
    {
        var pWrt = new PemWriter(sw);
        pWrt.WriteObject(keyPair.Public);
        pWrt.Writer.Close();
        rsaKey.PublicKey = sw.ToString();
    }

    return rsaKey;
}

私钥操作

PKCS1与PKCS8格式互转

仅私钥有PKCS1和PKCS8之分，公钥无格式区别。

 /// <summary>
 /// Pkcs1>>Pkcs8
 /// </summary>
 /// <param name="privateKey">Pkcs1私钥</param>
 /// <param name="format">是否转PEM格式</param>
 /// <returns></returns>
 public static string PrivateKeyPkcs1ToPkcs8(string privateKey, bool format = false)
 {
     var akp = RSAUtilities.GetAsymmetricKeyParameterFormPrivateKey(privateKey);
     if (format)
     {
         var sw = new StringWriter();
         var pWrt = new PemWriter(sw);
         var pkcs8 = new Pkcs8Generator(akp);
         pWrt.WriteObject(pkcs8);
         pWrt.Writer.Close();
         return sw.ToString();
     }
     else
     {
         var privateKeyInfo = PrivateKeyInfoFactory.CreatePrivateKeyInfo(akp);
         return Base64.ToBase64String(privateKeyInfo.GetEncoded());
     }
 }

/// <summary>
/// Pkcs8>>Pkcs1
/// </summary>
/// <param name="privateKey">Pkcs8私钥</param>
/// <param name="format">是否转PEM格式</param>
/// <returns></returns>
public static string PrivateKeyPkcs8ToPkcs1(string privateKey, bool format = false)
{
    var akp = RSAUtilities.GetAsymmetricKeyParameterFormAsn1PrivateKey(privateKey);
    if (format)
    {
        var sw = new StringWriter();
        var pWrt = new PemWriter(sw);
        pWrt.WriteObject(akp);
        pWrt.Writer.Close();
        return sw.ToString();
    }
    else
    {
        var privateKeyInfo = PrivateKeyInfoFactory.CreatePrivateKeyInfo(akp);
        return Base64.ToBase64String(privateKeyInfo.ParsePrivateKey().GetEncoded());
    }
}

PKCS1与PKCS8私钥中提取公钥

/// <summary>
/// 从Pkcs1私钥中提取公钥
/// </summary>
/// <param name="privateKey">Pkcs1私钥</param>
/// <returns></returns>
public static string GetPublicKeyFromPrivateKeyPkcs1(string privateKey)
{
    var instance = RsaPrivateKeyStructure.GetInstance(Base64.Decode(privateKey));

    var publicParameter = (AsymmetricKeyParameter)new RsaKeyParameters(false, instance.Modulus,instance.PublicExponent);

    var privateParameter = (AsymmetricKeyParameter)new RsaPrivateCrtKeyParameters(instance.Modulus,instance.PublicExponent, instance.PrivateExponent, instance.Prime1, instance.Prime2, instance.Exponent1,instance.Exponent2, instance.Coefficient);

    var keyPair = new AsymmetricCipherKeyPair(publicParameter, privateParameter);
    var subjectPublicKeyInfo = SubjectPublicKeyInfoFactory.CreateSubjectPublicKeyInfo(keyPair.Public);

    return Base64.ToBase64String(subjectPublicKeyInfo.GetEncoded());
}

/// <summary>
/// 从Pkcs8私钥中提取公钥
/// </summary>
/// <param name="privateKey">Pkcs8私钥</param>
/// <returns></returns>
public static string GetPublicKeyFromPrivateKeyPkcs8(string privateKey)
{
    var privateKeyInfo = PrivateKeyInfo.GetInstance(Asn1Object.FromByteArray(Base64.Decode(privateKey)));
    privateKey = Base64.ToBase64String(privateKeyInfo.ParsePrivateKey().GetEncoded());

    var instance = RsaPrivateKeyStructure.GetInstance(Base64.Decode(privateKey));

    var publicParameter = (AsymmetricKeyParameter)new RsaKeyParameters(false, instance.Modulus,instance.PublicExponent);

    var privateParameter = (AsymmetricKeyParameter)new RsaPrivateCrtKeyParameters(instance.Modulus,instance.PublicExponent, instance.PrivateExponent, instance.Prime1, instance.Prime2, instance.Exponent1,instance.Exponent2, instance.Coefficient);

    var keyPair = new AsymmetricCipherKeyPair(publicParameter, privateParameter);
    var subjectPublicKeyInfo = SubjectPublicKeyInfoFactory.CreateSubjectPublicKeyInfo(keyPair.Public);

    return Base64.ToBase64String(subjectPublicKeyInfo.GetEncoded());
}

PEM操作

PEM格式密钥读取

public static string ReadPkcs1PrivateKey(string text)
{
    if (!text.StartsWith("-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----"))
    {
        return text;
    }

    using (var reader = new StringReader(text))
    {
        var pr = new PemReader(reader);
        var keyPair = pr.ReadObject() as AsymmetricCipherKeyPair;
        pr.Reader.Close();

        var privateKeyInfo = PrivateKeyInfoFactory.CreatePrivateKeyInfo(keyPair?.Private);
        return Base64.ToBase64String(privateKeyInfo.ParsePrivateKey().GetEncoded());
    }
}

public static string ReadPkcs8PrivateKey(string text)
{
    if (!text.StartsWith("-----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----"))
    {
        return text;
    }

    using (var reader = new StringReader(text))
    {
        var pr = new PemReader(reader);
        var akp = pr.ReadObject() as AsymmetricKeyParameter; ;
        pr.Reader.Close();
        return Base64.ToBase64String(PrivateKeyInfoFactory.CreatePrivateKeyInfo(akp).GetEncoded());
    }
}

 public static string ReadPublicKey(string text)
 {
    if (!text.StartsWith("-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----"))
    {
        return text;
    }
    using (var reader = new StringReader(text))
    {
        var pr = new PemReader(reader);
        var keyPair = pr.ReadObject() as AsymmetricCipherKeyPair;
        pr.Reader.Close();

        var subjectPublicKeyInfo = SubjectPublicKeyInfoFactory.CreateSubjectPublicKeyInfo(keyPair?.Public);
        returnBase64.ToBase64String(subjectPublicKeyIno.GetEncoded());
    }
 }

PEM格式密钥写入

public static string WritePkcs1PrivateKey(string privateKey)
{
    if (privateKey.StartsWith("-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----"))
    {
        return privateKey;
    }

    var akp = RSAUtilities.GetAsymmetricKeyParameterFormPrivateKey(privateKey);
    using (var sw = new StringWriter())
    {
        var pWrt = new PemWriter(sw);
        pWrt.WriteObject(akp);
        pWrt.Writer.Close();
        return sw.ToString();
    }
}

public static string WritePkcs8PrivateKey(string privateKey)
{
    if (privateKey.StartsWith("-----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----"))
    {
        return privateKey;
    }

    var akp = RSAUtilities.GetAsymmetricKeyParameterFormAsn1PrivateKey(privateKey);

    using (var sw = new StringWriter())
    {
        var pWrt = new PemWriter(sw);
        var pkcs8 = new Pkcs8Generator(akp);
        pWrt.WriteObject(pkcs8);
        pWrt.Writer.Close();
        return sw.ToString();
    }
}

public static string WritePublicKey(string publicKey)
{
    if (publicKey.StartsWith("-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----"))
    {
        return publicKey;
    }
    var akp = RSAUtilities.GetAsymmetricKeyParameterFormPublicKey(publicKey);
    using (var sw = new StringWriter())
    {
        var pWrt = new PemWriter(sw);
        pWrt.WriteObject(akp);
        pWrt.Writer.Close();
        return sw.ToString();
    }
}

RSA加解密

获取非对称秘钥参数（AsymmetricKeyParameter）

/// <summary>
/// -----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
/// ...
/// -----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
/// </summary>
/// <param name="privateKey">Pkcs1格式私钥</param>
/// <returns></returns>
public static AsymmetricKeyParameter GetAsymmetricKeyParameterFormPrivateKey(string privateKey)
{
    if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(privateKey))
    {
        throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(privateKey));
    }

    var instance = RsaPrivateKeyStructure.GetInstance(Base64.Decode(privateKey));
    return new RsaPrivateCrtKeyParameters(instance.Modulus, instance.PublicExponent, instance.PrivateExponent,instance.Prime1, instance.Prime2, instance.Exponent1, instance.Exponent2, instance.Coefficient);
}

/// <summary>
/// -----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----
/// ...
/// -----END PRIVATE KEY-----
/// </summary>
/// <param name="privateKey">Pkcs8格式私钥</param>
/// <returns></returns>
public static AsymmetricKeyParameter GetAsymmetricKeyParameterFormAsn1PrivateKey(string privateKey)
{
    return PrivateKeyFactory.CreateKey(Base64.Decode(privateKey));
}

/// <summary>
/// -----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----
/// ...
/// -----END PUBLIC KEY-----
/// </summary>
/// <param name="publicKey">公钥</param>
/// <returns></returns>
public static AsymmetricKeyParameter GetAsymmetricKeyParameterFormPublicKey(string publicKey)
{
    if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(publicKey))
    {
        throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(publicKey));
    }

    return PublicKeyFactory.CreateKey(Base64.Decode(publicKey));
}

RSA加解与解密

 /// <summary>
 /// RSA加密
 /// </summary>
 /// <param name="data">未加密数据字节数组</param>
 /// <param name="parameters">非对称密钥参数</param>
 /// <param name="algorithm">密文算法</param>
 /// <returns>已加密数据字节数组</returns>
 public static byte[] Encrypt(byte[] data, AsymmetricKeyParameter parameters, string algorithm)
 {
     if (data == null)
     {
         throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(data));
     }
     if (parameters == null)
     {
         throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(parameters));
     }
     if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(algorithm))
     {
         throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(algorithm));
     }

     var bufferedCipher = CipherUtilities.GetCipher(algorithm);
     bufferedCipher.Init(true, parameters);
     return bufferedCipher.DoFinal(data);
 }

 /// <summary>
 /// RSA解密
 /// </summary>
 /// <param name="data">已加密数据字节数组</param>
 /// <param name="parameters">非对称密钥参数</param>
 /// <param name="algorithm">密文算法</param>
 /// <returns>未加密数据字节数组</returns>
 public static byte[] Decrypt(byte[] data, AsymmetricKeyParameter parameters, string algorithm)
{
    if (data == null)
    {
        throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(data));
    }
    if (parameters == null)
    {
        throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(parameters));
    }
    if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(algorithm))
    {
        throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(algorithm));
    }
    var bufferedCipher = CipherUtilities.GetCipher(algorithm);
    bufferedCipher.Init(false, parameters);
    return bufferedCipher.DoFinal(data);
}

 /// <summary>
 /// RSA加密——Base64
 /// </summary>
 /// <param name="data">未加密字符串</param>
 /// <param name="parameters">非对称密钥参数</param>
 /// <param name="algorithm">密文算法</param>
 /// <returns>已加密Base64字符串</returns>
 public static string EncryptToBase64(string data, AsymmetricKeyParameter parameters, string algorithm)
 {
     return Base64.ToBase64String(Encrypt(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(data), parameters, algorithm));
 }

 /// <summary>
 /// RSA解密——Base64
 /// </summary>
 /// <param name="data">已加密Base64字符串</param>
 /// <param name="parameters">非对称密钥参数</param>
 /// <param name="algorithm">密文算法</param>
 /// <returns>未加密字符串</returns>
 public static string DecryptFromBase64(string data, AsymmetricKeyParameter parameters, string algorithm)
 {
     return Encoding.UTF8.GetString(Decrypt(Base64.Decode(data), parameters, algorithm));
 }

/// <summary>
/// RSA加密——十六进制
/// </summary>
/// <param name="data">未加密字符串</param>
/// <param name="parameters">非对称密钥参数</param>
/// <param name="algorithm">密文算法</param>
/// <returns>已加密十六进制字符串</returns>
public static string EncryptToHex(string data, AsymmetricKeyParameter parameters, string algorithm)
{
    return Hex.ToHexString(Encrypt(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(data), parameters, algorithm));
}

///  <summary>
/// RSA解密——十六进制
/// </summary>
/// <param name="data">已加密十六进制字符串</param>
/// <param name="parameters">非对称密钥参数</param>
/// <param name="algorithm">密文算法</param>
/// <returns>未加密字符串</returns>
public static string DecryptFromHex(string data, AsymmetricKeyParameter parameters, string algorithm)
{
    return Encoding.UTF8.GetString(Decrypt(Hex.Decode(data), parameters, algorithm));
}

RSA密文算法

public const string RSA_NONE_NoPadding = "RSA/NONE/NoPadding";
public const string RSA_NONE_PKCS1Padding = "RSA/NONE/PKCS1Padding";
public const string RSA_NONE_OAEPPadding = "RSA/NONE/OAEPPadding";
public const string RSA_NONE_OAEPWithSHA1AndMGF1Padding = "RSA/NONE/OAEPWithSHA1AndMGF1Padding";
public const string RSA_NONE_OAEPWithSHA224AndMGF1Padding = "RSA/NONE/OAEPWithSHA224AndMGF1Padding";
public const string RSA_NONE_OAEPWithSHA256AndMGF1Padding = "RSA/NONE/OAEPWithSHA256AndMGF1Padding";
public const string RSA_NONE_OAEPWithSHA384AndMGF1Padding = "RSA/NONE/OAEPWithSHA384AndMGF1Padding";
public const string RSA_NONE_OAEPWithMD5AndMGF1Padding = "RSA/NONE/OAEPWithMD5AndMGF1Padding";

public const string RSA_ECB_NoPadding = "RSA/ECB/NoPadding";
public const string RSA_ECB_PKCS1Padding = "RSA/ECB/PKCS1Padding";
public const string RSA_ECB_OAEPPadding = "RSA/ECB/OAEPPadding";
public const string RSA_ECB_OAEPWithSHA1AndMGF1Padding = "RSA/ECB/OAEPWithSHA1AndMGF1Padding";
public const string RSA_ECB_OAEPWithSHA224AndMGF1Padding = "RSA/ECB/OAEPWithSHA224AndMGF1Padding";
public const string RSA_ECB_OAEPWithSHA256AndMGF1Padding = "RSA/ECB/OAEPWithSHA256AndMGF1Padding";
public const string RSA_ECB_OAEPWithSHA384AndMGF1Padding = "RSA/ECB/OAEPWithSHA384AndMGF1Padding";
public const string RSA_ECB_OAEPWithMD5AndMGF1Padding = "RSA/ECB/OAEPWithMD5AndMGF1Padding";

......

编码算法

大家要明白，不管是对称算法还是非对称算法，其输入与输出均是字节数组，通常我们要结合编码算法对加密之后或解密之前的数据，进行编码操作。

BouncyCastle提供的Base64编码算法

namespace Org.BouncyCastle.Utilities.Encoders
{
    public sealed class Base64
    {
        //
        public static byte[] Decode(byte[] data);
        //
        public static byte[] Decode(string data);
        //
        public static int Decode(string data, Stream outStream);
        //
        public static byte[] Encode(byte[] data);
        //
        public static byte[] Encode(byte[] data, int off, int length);
        //
        public static int Encode(byte[] data, Stream outStream);
        //
        public static int Encode(byte[] data, int off, int length, Stream outStream);
        public static string ToBase64String(byte[] data);
        public static string ToBase64String(byte[] data, int off, int length);
    }
}

BouncyCastle提供的Hex十六进制编码算法

namespace Org.BouncyCastle.Utilities.Encoders
{
    //
    // 摘要:
    //     Class to decode and encode Hex.
    public sealed class Hex
    {
        //
        public static byte[] Decode(byte[] data);
        //
        public static byte[] Decode(string data);
        //
        public static int Decode(string data, Stream outStream);
        //
        public static byte[] Encode(byte[] data);
        //
        public static byte[] Encode(byte[] data, int off, int length);
        //
        public static int Encode(byte[] data, Stream outStream);
        //
        public static int Encode(byte[] data, int off, int length, Stream outStream);
        public static string ToHexString(byte[] data);
        public static string ToHexString(byte[] data, int off, int length);
    }
}

RSA加解密示例

private static void RSA_ECB_PKCS1Padding()
 {
     var data = "hello rsa";

     Console.WriteLine($"加密原文：{data}");

     // rsa pkcs8 private key encrypt
     //algorithm  rsa/ecb/pkcs1padding
     var pkcs8data = RSA.EncryptToBase64(data, RSAUtilities.GetAsymmetricKeyParameterFormAsn1PrivateKey(pkcs8_1024_private_key),CipherAlgorithms.RSA_ECB_PKCS1Padding);

     Console.WriteLine("密钥格式：pkcs8，密文算法：rsa/ecb/pkcs1padding，加密结果");
     Console.WriteLine(pkcs8data);

     //rsa pkcs1 private key encrypt
     //algorithm  rsa/ecb/pkcs1padding
     var pkcs1data = RSA.EncryptToBase64(data, RSAUtilities.GetAsymmetricKeyParameterFormPrivateKey(pkcs1_1024_private_key),CipherAlgorithms.RSA_ECB_PKCS1Padding);

     Console.WriteLine($"密钥格式：pkcs1，密文算法：rsa/ecb/pkcs1padding");
     Console.WriteLine(pkcs1data);

     Console.WriteLine($"加密结果比对是否一致：{pkcs8data.Equals(pkcs1data)}");

     var _1024_public_key = RSAKeyConverter.GetPublicKeyFromPrivateKeyPkcs1(pkcs1_1024_private_key);

     Console.WriteLine($"从pkcs1私钥中提取公钥：");
     Console.WriteLine(_1024_public_key);

     Console.WriteLine("使用公钥解密数据：");
     //rsa public key decrypt
     //algorithm  rsa/ecb/pkcs1padding
     Console.WriteLine(RSA.DecryptFromBase64(pkcs1data, RSAUtilities.GetAsymmetricKeyParameterFormPublicKey(_1024_public_key),CipherAlgorithms.RSA_ECB_PKCS1Padding));

     Console.WriteLine();
 }

下期预告

下一篇将介绍哈希算法（HMACSHA1、HMACSHA256、SHA1、SHA1WithRSA、SHA256、SHA256WithRSA），敬请期待...