柱坐标系
柱坐标系(r,φ,z)与直角坐标系(x,y,z)的转换关系:
x=rcosφ
y=rsinφ
z=z
体积元的体积为:
dV=rdrdφdz
球坐标系

Spherical coordinates (r, θ, φ) as often used in mathematics: radial distance r, azimuthal angle θ, and polar angle φ. The meanings of θand φ have been swapped compared to the physics convention.