PostgreSQL 语法

PostgreSQL 语法

SQL Shell(psql)

默认情况下 PostgreSQL 安装完成后，自带了一个命令行工具 SQL Shell(psql)。

Linux 系统可以直接切换到 postgres 用户来开启命令行工具：

#  sudo -i -u postgres

Windows 系统一般在它的安装目录下：

Program Files → PostgreSQL 11.3 → SQL Shell(psql)

Mac OS 我们直接搜索就可以了找到：

Microsoft Windows [版本 10.0.18363.1621]
(c) 2019 Microsoft Corporation。保留所有权利。

C:Usersadmin>cd E:postgresql-11.12-2-windows-x64-binariespgsqlbin

C:Usersadmin>e:

E:postgresql-11.12-2-windows-x64-binariespgsqlin>psql -h localhost -p 5432 -U admin -W postgres
口令：
psql (11.12)
输入 "help" 来获取帮助信息.

postgres=# help

进入命令行工具，我们可以使用 help 来查看各个命令的语法 ：

postgres-# help <command_name>

例如，我们查看下 select 语句的语法：

postgres=# help SELECT
Command:     SELECT
Description: retrieve rows from a table or view
Syntax:
[ WITH [ RECURSIVE ] with_query [, ...] ]
SELECT [ ALL | DISTINCT [ ON ( expression [, ...] ) ] ]
    [ * | expression [ [ AS ] output_name ] [, ...] ]
    [ FROM from_item [, ...] ]
    [ WHERE condition ]
    [ GROUP BY grouping_element [, ...] ]
    [ HAVING condition [, ...] ]
    [ WINDOW window_name AS ( window_definition ) [, ...] ]
    [ { UNION | INTERSECT | EXCEPT } [ ALL | DISTINCT ] select ]
    [ ORDER BY expression [ ASC | DESC | USING operator ] [ NULLS { FIRST | LAST } ] [, ...] ]
    [ LIMIT { count | ALL } ]
    [ OFFSET start [ ROW | ROWS ] ]
    [ FETCH { FIRST | NEXT } [ count ] { ROW | ROWS } ONLY ]
    [ FOR { UPDATE | NO KEY UPDATE | SHARE | KEY SHARE } [ OF table_name [, ...] ] [ NOWAIT | SKIP LOCKED ] [...] ]

from_item 可以是以下选项之一：

    [ ONLY ] table_name [ * ] [ [ AS ] alias [ ( column_alias [, ...] ) ] ]

---

SQL 语句

一个 SQL 语句通常包含了关键字、标识符（字段）、常量、特殊符号等，下面是一个简单的 SQL 语句：

SELECT id, name FROM runoob

	SELECT	id, name	FROM	runoob
符号类型	关键字	标识符（字段）	关键字	标识符
描述	命令	id 和 name 字段	语句，用于设置条件规则等	表名

---

PostgreSQL 命令

ABORT    退出当前事务

ABORT 用于退出当前事务。

ABORT [ WORK | TRANSACTION ]

ALTER AGGREGATE    修改聚集函数

修改一个聚集函数的定义 。

ALTER AGGREGATE _name_ ( _argtype_ [ , ... ] ) RENAME TO _new_name_
ALTER AGGREGATE _name_ ( _argtype_ [ , ... ] ) OWNER TO _new_owner_
ALTER AGGREGATE _name_ ( _argtype_ [ , ... ] ) SET SCHEMA _new_schema_

ALTER COLLATION    修改排序规则

修改一个排序规则定义 。

ALTER COLLATION _name_ RENAME TO _new_name_
ALTER COLLATION _name_ OWNER TO _new_owner_
ALTER COLLATION _name_ SET SCHEMA _new_schema_

ALTER CONVERSION   修改编转换

修改一个编码转换的定义。

ALTER CONVERSION name RENAME TO new_name
ALTER CONVERSION name OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER DATABASE   修改数据库名称

修改一个数据库。

ALTER DATABASE name SET parameter { TO | = } { value | DEFAULT }
ALTER DATABASE name RESET parameter
ALTER DATABASE name RENAME TO new_name
ALTER DATABASE name OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES   定义访问权限

定义默认的访问权限。

ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES
    [ FOR { ROLE | USER } target_role [, ...] ]
    [ IN SCHEMA schema_name [, ...] ]
    abbreviated_grant_or_revoke

where abbreviated_grant_or_revoke is one of:

GRANT { { SELECT | INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE | TRUNCATE | REFERENCES | TRIGGER }
    [, ...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
    ON TABLES
    TO { [ GROUP ] role_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
...

ALTER DOMAIN    修改域定义

修改一个域的定义。

ALTER DOMAIN name { SET DEFAULT expression | DROP DEFAULT }
ALTER DOMAIN name { SET | DROP } NOT NULL
ALTER DOMAIN name ADD domain_constraint
ALTER DOMAIN name DROP CONSTRAINT constraint_name [ RESTRICT | CASCADE ]
ALTER DOMAIN name OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER FUNCTION   修改函数定义

修改一个函数的定义。

ALTER FUNCTION name ( [ type [, ...] ] ) RENAME TO new_name
ALTER FUNCTION name ( [ type [, ...] ] ) OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER GROUP   新增、删除、修改用户组

修改一个用户组。

ALTER GROUP groupname ADD USER username [, ... ]
ALTER GROUP groupname DROP USER username [, ... ]
ALTER GROUP groupname RENAME TO new_name

ALTER INDEX   修改索引

修改一个索引的定义。

ALTER INDEX name OWNER TO new_owner
ALTER INDEX name SET TABLESPACE indexspace_name
ALTER INDEX name RENAME TO new_name

ALTER LANGUAGE   修改过程语言

修改一个过程语言的定义。

ALTER LANGUAGE name RENAME TO new_name

ALTER OPERATOR   修改操作符定义

改变一个操作符的定义。

ALTER OPERATOR name ( { lefttype | NONE }, { righttype | NONE } )
OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER OPERATOR CLASS    修改操作符表定义

修改一个操作符表的定义。

ALTER OPERATOR CLASS name USING index_method RENAME TO new_name
ALTER OPERATOR CLASS name USING index_method OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER SCHEMA  修改模式定义

修改一个模式的定义。

ALTER SCHEMA name RENAME TO new_name
ALTER SCHEMA name OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER SEQUENCE    修改序列生成器

修改一个序列生成器的定义。

ALTER SEQUENCE name [ INCREMENT [ BY ] increment ]
[ MINVALUE minvalue | NO MINVALUE ]
[ MAXVALUE maxvalue | NO MAXVALUE ]
[ RESTART [ WITH ] start ] [ CACHE cache ] [ [ NO ] CYCLE ]

ALTER TABLE    修改表(修改表名、新增/删除/修改表字段）

修改表的定义。

ALTER TABLE [ ONLY ] name [ * ] action [, ... ]
ALTER TABLE [ ONLY ] name [ * ] RENAME [ COLUMN ] column TO new_column
ALTER TABLE name RENAME TO new_name

其中 action 可以是以选项之一：

ADD [ COLUMN ] column_type [ column_constraint [ ... ] ]
DROP [ COLUMN ] column [ RESTRICT | CASCADE ]
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column TYPE type [ USING expression ]
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column SET DEFAULT expression
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column DROP DEFAULT
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column { SET | DROP } NOT NULL
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column SET STATISTICS integer
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column SET STORAGE { PLAIN | EXTERNAL | EXTENDED | MAIN }
ADD table_constraint
DROP CONSTRAINT constraint_name [ RESTRICT | CASCADE ]
CLUSTER ON index_name
SET WITHOUT CLUSTER
SET WITHOUT OIDS
OWNER TO new_owner
SET TABLESPACE tablespace_name

ALTER TABLESPACE    修改表空间(名称)

修改一个表空间的定义。

ALTER TABLESPACE name RENAME TO new_name
ALTER TABLESPACE name OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER TRIGGER  修改触发器

修改改变一个触发器的定义 。

ALTER TRIGGER name ON table RENAME TO new_name

ALTER TYPE    修改类型定义

修改一个类型的定义 。

ALTER TYPE name OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER USER    修改数据库用户账号

修改数据库用户帐号 。

ALTER USER name [ [ WITH ] option [ ... ] ]
ALTER USER name RENAME TO new_name
ALTER USER name SET parameter { TO | = } { value | DEFAULT }
ALTER USER name RESET parameter

Where option can be −

[ ENCRYPTED | UNENCRYPTED ] PASSWORD 'password'
| CREATEDB | NOCREATEDB
| CREATEUSER | NOCREATEUSER
| VALID UNTIL 'abstime'

ANALYZE    收集数据库有关统计

收集与数据库有关的统计。

ANALYZE [ VERBOSE ] [ table [ (column [, ...] ) ] ]

BEGIN   开始执行事务块

开始一个事务块。

BEGIN [ WORK | TRANSACTION ] [ transaction_mode [, ...] ]
transaction_mode 可以是以下选项之一：

ISOLATION LEVEL { 
   SERIALIZABLE | REPEATABLE READ | READ COMMITTED
   | READ UNCOMMITTED
}
READ WRITE | READ ONLY

CHECKPOINT   强制执行事务日志检测点

强制一个事务日志检查点 。

CHECKPOINT

CLOSE  关闭游标

关闭游标。

CLOSE name

CLUSTER    根据一个索引对某个表盘簇化排序

根据一个索引对某个表盘簇化排序。

CLUSTER index_name ON table_name
CLUSTER table_name
CLUSTER

COMMENT   定义或者改变一个对象的注释

定义或者改变一个对象的注释。

COMMENT ON {
   TABLE object_name |
   COLUMN table_name.column_name |
   AGGREGATE agg_name (agg_type) |
   CAST (source_type AS target_type) |
   CONSTRAINT constraint_name ON table_name |
   CONVERSION object_name |
   DATABASE object_name |
   DOMAIN object_name |
   FUNCTION func_name (arg1_type, arg2_type, ...) |
   INDEX object_name |
   LARGE OBJECT large_object_oid |
   OPERATOR op (left_operand_type, right_operand_type) |
   OPERATOR CLASS object_name USING index_method |
   [ PROCEDURAL ] LANGUAGE object_name |
   RULE rule_name ON table_name |
   SCHEMA object_name |
   SEQUENCE object_name |
   TRIGGER trigger_name ON table_name |
   TYPE object_name |
   VIEW object_name
} 
IS 'text'

COMMIT    提交事务

提交当前事务。

COMMIT [ WORK | TRANSACTION ]

COPY   在表和文件之间拷贝数据

在表和文件之间拷贝数据。

COPY table_name [ ( column [, ...] ) ]
FROM { 'filename' | STDIN }
[ WITH ]
[ BINARY ]
[ OIDS ]
[ DELIMITER [ AS ] 'delimiter' ]
[ NULL [ AS ] 'null string' ]
[ CSV [ QUOTE [ AS ] 'quote' ]
[ ESCAPE [ AS ] 'escape' ]
[ FORCE NOT NULL column [, ...] ]
COPY table_name [ ( column [, ...] ) ]
TO { 'filename' | STDOUT }
[ [ WITH ]
[ BINARY ]
[ OIDS ]
[ DELIMITER [ AS ] 'delimiter' ]
[ NULL [ AS ] 'null string' ]
[ CSV [ QUOTE [ AS ] 'quote' ]
[ ESCAPE [ AS ] 'escape' ]
[ FORCE QUOTE column [, ...] ]

CREATE AGGREGATE    定义一个新的聚集函数

定义一个新的聚集函数。

CREATE AGGREGATE name (
   BASETYPE = input_data_type,
   SFUNC = sfunc,
   STYPE = state_data_type
   [, FINALFUNC = ffunc ]
   [, INITCOND = initial_condition ]
)

CREATE CAST   用户定义的转换

定义一个用户定义的转换。

CREATE CAST (source_type AS target_type)
WITH FUNCTION func_name (arg_types)
[ AS ASSIGNMENT | AS IMPLICIT ]
CREATE CAST (source_type AS target_type)
WITHOUT FUNCTION
[ AS ASSIGNMENT | AS IMPLICIT ]

CREATE CONSTRAINT TRIGGER     创建触发器

定义一个新的约束触发器 。

CREATE CONSTRAINT TRIGGER name
AFTER events ON
table_name constraint attributes
FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE func_name ( args )

CREATE CONVERSION   创建编码转换

定义一个新的的编码转换。

CREATE [DEFAULT] CONVERSION name
FOR source_encoding TO dest_encoding FROM func_name

CREATE DATABASE  创建数据库

创建新数据库。

CREATE DATABASE name
[ [ WITH ] [ OWNER [=] db_owner ]
   [ TEMPLATE [=] template ]
   [ ENCODING [=] encoding ]
   [ TABLESPACE [=] tablespace ] 
]

CREATE DOMAIN   创建新域

定义一个新域。

CREATE DOMAIN name [AS] data_type
[ DEFAULT expression ]
[ constraint [ ... ] ]
constraint 可以是以下选项之一：

[ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ]
{ NOT NULL | NULL | CHECK (expression) }

CREATE FUNCTION  创建函数

定义一个新函数。

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] FUNCTION name ( [ [ arg_name ] arg_type [, ...] ] )
RETURNS ret_type
{ LANGUAGE lang_name
   | IMMUTABLE | STABLE | VOLATILE
   | CALLED ON NULL INPUT | RETURNS NULL ON NULL INPUT | STRICT
   | [ EXTERNAL ] SECURITY INVOKER | [ EXTERNAL ] SECURITY DEFINER
   | AS 'definition'
   | AS 'obj_file', 'link_symbol'
} ...
[ WITH ( attribute [, ...] ) ]

CREATE GROUP   创建 用户组

定义一个新的用户组。

CREATE GROUP name [ [ WITH ] option [ ... ] ]
Where option can be:
SYSID gid
| USER username [, ...]

CREATE INDEX   创建索引

定义一个新索引。

CREATE [ UNIQUE ] INDEX name ON table [ USING method ]
( { column | ( expression ) } [ opclass ] [, ...] )
[ TABLESPACE tablespace ]
[ WHERE predicate ]

CREATE LANGUAGE  创建语言

定义一种新的过程语言。

CREATE [ TRUSTED ] [ PROCEDURAL ] LANGUAGE name
HANDLER call_handler [ VALIDATOR val_function ]

CREATE OPERATOR  创建操作符

定义一个新的操作符。

CREATE OPERATOR name (
   PROCEDURE = func_name
   [, LEFTARG = left_type ] [, RIGHTARG = right_type ]
   [, COMMUTATOR = com_op ] [, NEGATOR = neg_op ]
   [, RESTRICT = res_proc ] [, JOIN = join_proc ]
   [, HASHES ] [, MERGES ]
   [, SORT1 = left_sort_op ] [, SORT2 = right_sort_op ]
   [, LTCMP = less_than_op ] [, GTCMP = greater_than_op ]
)

CREATE OPERATOR CLASS  创建操作符表

定义一个新的操作符表。

CREATE OPERATOR CLASS name [ DEFAULT ] FOR TYPE data_type
USING index_method AS
{ OPERATOR strategy_number operator_name [ ( op_type, op_type ) ] [ RECHECK ]
   | FUNCTION support_number func_name ( argument_type [, ...] )
   | STORAGE storage_type
} [, ... ]

CREATE ROLE  创建角色

定义一个新的数据库角色。

CREATE ROLE _name_ [ [ WITH ] _option_ [ ... ] ]

where `_option_` can be:

      SUPERUSER | NOSUPERUSER
    | CREATEDB | NOCREATEDB
    | CREATEROLE | NOCREATEROLE
...

CREATE RULE  创建规则

定义一个新重写规则。

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] RULE name AS ON event
TO table [ WHERE condition ]
DO [ ALSO | INSTEAD ] { NOTHING | command | ( command ; command ... ) }

CREATE SCHEMA  创建模式

定义一个新模式。

CREATE SCHEMA schema_name
[ AUTHORIZATION username ] [ schema_element [ ... ] ]
CREATE SCHEMA AUTHORIZATION username
[ schema_element [ ... ] ]

CREATE SERVER  创建外部服务器

定义一个新的外部服务器。。

CREATE SERVER _server_name_ [ TYPE '_server_type_' ] [ VERSION '_server_version_' ]
    FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER _fdw_name_
    [ OPTIONS ( _option_ '_value_' [, ... ] ) ]

CREATE SEQUENCE  创建序列号

定义一个新序列发生器。

CREATE [ TEMPORARY | TEMP ] SEQUENCE name
[ INCREMENT [ BY ] increment ]
[ MINVALUE minvalue | NO MINVALUE ]
[ MAXVALUE maxvalue | NO MAXVALUE ]
[ START [ WITH ] start ] [ CACHE cache ] [ [ NO ] CYCLE ]

CREATE TABLE   创建表

定义一个新表。

CREATE [ [ GLOBAL | LOCAL ] { 
   TEMPORARY | TEMP } ] TABLE table_name ( { 
      column_name data_type [ DEFAULT default_expr ] [ column_constraint [ ... ] ]
      | table_constraint
      | LIKE parent_table [ { INCLUDING | EXCLUDING } DEFAULTS ] 
   } [, ... ]
)
[ INHERITS ( parent_table [, ... ] ) ]
[ WITH OIDS | WITHOUT OIDS ]
[ ON COMMIT { PRESERVE ROWS | DELETE ROWS | DROP } ]
[ TABLESPACE tablespace ]

column_constraint 可以是以下选项之一：

[ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ] { 
   NOT NULL |
   NULL |
   UNIQUE [ USING INDEX TABLESPACE tablespace ] |
   PRIMARY KEY [ USING INDEX TABLESPACE tablespace ] |
   CHECK (expression) |
   REFERENCES ref_table [ ( ref_column ) ]
   [ MATCH FULL | MATCH PARTIAL | MATCH SIMPLE ]
   [ ON DELETE action ] [ ON UPDATE action ] 
}
[ DEFERRABLE | NOT DEFERRABLE ] [ INITIALLY DEFERRED | INITIALLY IMMEDIATE ]

table_constraint 可以是以下选项之一：

[ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ]
{ UNIQUE ( column_name [, ... ] ) [ USING INDEX TABLESPACE tablespace ] |
PRIMARY KEY ( column_name [, ... ] ) [ USING INDEX TABLESPACE tablespace ] |
CHECK ( expression ) |
FOREIGN KEY ( column_name [, ... ] )
REFERENCES ref_table [ ( ref_column [, ... ] ) ]
[ MATCH FULL | MATCH PARTIAL | MATCH SIMPLE ]
[ ON DELETE action ] [ ON UPDATE action ] }
[ DEFERRABLE | NOT DEFERRABLE ] [ INITIALLY DEFERRED | INITIALLY IMMEDIATE ]

CREATE TABLE AS   查询创建表

从一条查询的结果中定义一个新表。

CREATE [ [ GLOBAL | LOCAL ] { TEMPORARY | TEMP } ] TABLE table_name
[ (column_name [, ...] ) ] [ [ WITH | WITHOUT ] OIDS ]
AS query

CREATE TABLESPACE  创建表空间

定义一个新的表空间。

CREATE TABLESPACE tablespace_name [ OWNER username ] LOCATION 'directory'

CREATE TRIGGER   创建触发器

定义一个新的触发器。

CREATE TRIGGER name { BEFORE | AFTER } { event [ OR ... ] }
ON table [ FOR [ EACH ] { ROW | STATEMENT } ]
EXECUTE PROCEDURE func_name ( arguments )

CREATE TYPE   创建类型

定义一个新的数据类型。

CREATE TYPE name AS
( attribute_name data_type [, ... ] )
CREATE TYPE name (
INPUT = input_function,
OUTPUT = output_function
[, RECEIVE = receive_function ]
[, SEND = send_function ]
[, ANALYZE = analyze_function ]
[, INTERNALLENGTH = { internal_length | VARIABLE } ]
[, PASSEDBYVALUE ]
[, ALIGNMENT = alignment ]
[, STORAGE = storage ]
[, DEFAULT = default ]
[, ELEMENT = element ]
[, DELIMITER = delimiter ]
)

CREATE USER   创建 用户

创建一个新的数据库用户帐户。

CREATE USER name [ [ WITH ] option [ ... ] ]

option 可以是以下选项之一：

SYSID uid
| [ ENCRYPTED | UNENCRYPTED ] PASSWORD 'password'
| CREATEDB | NOCREATEDB
| CREATEUSER | NOCREATEUSER
| IN GROUP group_name [, ...]
| VALID UNTIL 'abs_time'

CREATE VIEW   创建视图

定义一个视图。

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] VIEW name [ ( column_name [, ...] ) ] AS query

DEALLOCATE   删除一个准备好的查询

删除一个准备好的查询。

DEALLOCATE [ PREPARE ] plan_name

DECLARE(声明)   创建游标

定义一个游标。

DECLARE name [ BINARY ] [ INSENSITIVE ] [ [ NO ] SCROLL ]
CURSOR [ { WITH | WITHOUT } HOLD ] FOR query
[ FOR { READ ONLY | UPDATE [ OF column [, ...] ] } ]

DELETE  删除表数据

删除一个表中的行。

DELETE FROM [ ONLY ] table [ WHERE condition ]

DROP AGGREGATE   删除聚集函数  

删除一个用户定义的聚集函数。

DROP AGGREGATE name ( type ) [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP CAST  删除类型转换

删除一个用户定义的类型转换。

DROP CAST (source_type AS target_type) [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP CONVERSION   删除编码转换

删除一个用户定义的编码转换。

DROP CONVERSION name [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP DATABASE   删除数据库

删除一个数据库。

DROP DATABASE name

DROP DOMAIN   删除域

删除一个用户定义的域。

DROP DOMAIN name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP FUNCTION   删除函数

删除一个函数。

DROP FUNCTION name ( [ type [, ...] ] ) [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP GROUP    删除用户

删除一个用户组。

DROP GROUP name

DROP INDEX  删除索引

删除一个索引。

DROP INDEX name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP LANGUAGE  删除存储过程

删除一个过程语言。

DROP [ PROCEDURAL ] LANGUAGE name [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP OPERATOR    删除操作符

删除一个操作符。

DROP OPERATOR name ( { left_type | NONE }, { right_type | NONE } )
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP OPERATOR CLASS   删除表操作符

删除一个操作符表。

DROP OPERATOR CLASS name USING index_method [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP ROLE   删除角色

删除一个数据库角色。

DROP ROLE [ IF EXISTS ] _name_ [, ...]

DROP RULE    删除规则

删除一个重写规则。

DROP RULE name ON relation [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP SCHEMA  删除模式

删除一个模式。

DROP SCHEMA name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP SEQUENCE   删除序列号

删除一个序列。

DROP SEQUENCE name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP TABLE  删除表

删除一个表。

DROP TABLE name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP TABLESPACE  删除表空间

删除一个表空间。

DROP TABLESPACE tablespace_name

DROP TRIGGER    删除触发器

删除一个触发器定义。

DROP TRIGGER name ON table [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP TYPE   删除数据类型

删除一个用户定义数据类型。

DROP TYPE name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP USER   删除用户帐号

删除一个数据库用户帐号。

DROP USER name

DROP VIEW   删除视图

删除一个视图。

DROP VIEW name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

END   提交当前事务

提交当前的事务。

END [ WORK | TRANSACTION ]

EXECUTE    执行查询语句块

执行一个准备好的查询。

EXECUTE plan_name [ (parameter [, ...] ) ]

EXPLAIN    显示执行规划

显示一个语句的执行规划。

EXPLAIN [ ANALYZE ] [ VERBOSE ] statement

FETCH   用游标从查询中抓取行

用游标从查询中抓取行。

FETCH [ direction { FROM | IN } ] cursor_name


direction 可以是以下选项之一：

NEXT
PRIOR
FIRST
LAST
ABSOLUTE count
RELATIVE count
count
ALL
FORWARD
FORWARD count
FORWARD ALL
BACKWARD
BACKWARD count
BACKWARD ALL

GRANT   授权

定义访问权限。

GRANT { { SELECT | INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE | RULE | REFERENCES | TRIGGER }
[,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON [ TABLE ] table_name [, ...]
TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

GRANT { { CREATE | TEMPORARY | TEMP } [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON DATABASE db_name [, ...]
TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

GRANT { CREATE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON TABLESPACE tablespace_name [, ...]
TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

GRANT { EXECUTE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON FUNCTION func_name ([type, ...]) [, ...]
TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

GRANT { USAGE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON LANGUAGE lang_name [, ...]
TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

GRANT { { CREATE | USAGE } [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON SCHEMA schema_name [, ...]
TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

INSERT   插入数据

在表中创建新行，即插入数据。

INSERT INTO table [ ( column [, ...] ) ]
{ DEFAULT VALUES | VALUES ( { expression | DEFAULT } [, ...] ) | query }

LISTEN   监听

监听一个通知。

LISTEN name

LOAD     加载文件

加载或重载一个共享库文件。

LOAD 'filename'

LOCK   锁表

锁定一个表。

LOCK [ TABLE ] name [, ...] [ IN lock_mode MODE ] [ NOWAIT ]
lock_mode 可以是以下选项之一：

ACCESS SHARE | ROW SHARE | ROW EXCLUSIVE | SHARE UPDATE EXCLUSIVE
| SHARE | SHARE ROW EXCLUSIVE | EXCLUSIVE | ACCESS EXCLUSIVE

MOVE   定位游标

定位一个游标。

MOVE [ direction { FROM | IN } ] cursor_name

NOTIFY   创建通知

生成一个通知。

NOTIFY name

PREPARE    创建查询计划

创建一个准备好的查询。

PREPARE plan_name [ (data_type [, ...] ) ] AS statement

REINDEX   刷新索引

重建索引。

REINDEX { DATABASE | TABLE | INDEX } name [ FORCE ]

RELEASE SAVEPOINT    删除当前保存点 

删除一个前面定义的保存点。

RELEASE [ SAVEPOINT ] savepoint_name

RESET    恢复运行参数值

把一个运行时参数值恢复为默认值。

RESET name
RESET ALL

REVOKE    删除访问权限

删除访问权限。

REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
{ { SELECT | INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE | RULE | REFERENCES | TRIGGER }
[,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON [ TABLE ] table_name [, ...]
FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
{ { CREATE | TEMPORARY | TEMP } [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON DATABASE db_name [, ...]
FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
{ CREATE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON TABLESPACE tablespace_name [, ...]
FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
{ EXECUTE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON FUNCTION func_name ([type, ...]) [, ...]
FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
{ USAGE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON LANGUAGE lang_name [, ...]
FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
{ { CREATE | USAGE } [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
ON SCHEMA schema_name [, ...]
FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

ROLLBACK    事务回滚

退出当前事务。

ROLLBACK [ WORK | TRANSACTION ]

ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT   回滚保存点

回滚到一个保存点。

ROLLBACK [ WORK | TRANSACTION ] TO [ SAVEPOINT ] savepoint_name

SAVEPOINT     创建当前事务保存点

在当前事务里定义一个新的保存点。

SAVEPOINT savepoint_name

SELECT   查询表及视图

从表或视图中取出若干行。

SELECT [ ALL | DISTINCT [ ON ( expression [, ...] ) ] ]
* | expression [ AS output_name ] [, ...]
[ FROM from_item [, ...] ]
[ WHERE condition ]
[ GROUP BY expression [, ...] ]
[ HAVING condition [, ...] ]
[ { UNION | INTERSECT | EXCEPT } [ ALL ] select ]
[ ORDER BY expression [ ASC | DESC | USING operator ] [, ...] ]
[ LIMIT { count | ALL } ]
[ OFFSET start ]
[ FOR UPDATE [ OF table_name [, ...] ] ]
from_item 可以是以下选项：

[ ONLY ] table_name [ * ] [ [ AS ] alias [ ( column_alias [, ...] ) ] ]
( select ) [ AS ] alias [ ( column_alias [, ...] ) ]
function_name ( [ argument [, ...] ] )
[ AS ] alias [ ( column_alias [, ...] | column_definition [, ...] ) ]
function_name ( [ argument [, ...] ] ) AS ( column_definition [, ...] )
from_item [ NATURAL ] join_type from_item
[ ON join_condition | USING ( join_column [, ...] ) ]

SELECT INTO   查询结果创建新表

从一个查询的结果中定义一个新表。

SELECT [ ALL | DISTINCT [ ON ( expression [, ...] ) ] ]
* | expression [ AS output_name ] [, ...]
INTO [ TEMPORARY | TEMP ] [ TABLE ] new_table
[ FROM from_item [, ...] ]
[ WHERE condition ]
[ GROUP BY expression [, ...] ]
[ HAVING condition [, ...] ]
[ { UNION | INTERSECT | EXCEPT } [ ALL ] select ]
[ ORDER BY expression [ ASC | DESC | USING operator ] [, ...] ]
[ LIMIT { count | ALL } ]
[ OFFSET start ]
[ FOR UPDATE [ OF table_name [, ...] ] ]

SET   修改运行参数

修改运行时参数。

SET [ SESSION | LOCAL ] name { TO | = } { value | 'value' | DEFAULT }
SET [ SESSION | LOCAL ] TIME ZONE { time_zone | LOCAL | DEFAULT }

SET CONSTRAINTS   创建当前事务约束检查

设置当前事务的约束检查模式。

SET CONSTRAINTS { ALL | name [, ...] } { DEFERRED | IMMEDIATE }

SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION     为当前会话设置会话用户标识符和当前用户标识符。

为当前会话设置会话用户标识符和当前用户标识符。

SET [ SESSION | LOCAL ] SESSION AUTHORIZATION username
SET [ SESSION | LOCAL ] SESSION AUTHORIZATION DEFAULT
RESET SESSION AUTHORIZATION

SET TRANSACTION    开始一个事务块。

开始一个事务块。

SET TRANSACTION transaction_mode [, ...]
SET SESSION CHARACTERISTICS AS TRANSACTION transaction_mode [, ...]
Where transaction_mode is one of −

ISOLATION LEVEL { SERIALIZABLE | REPEATABLE READ | READ COMMITTED
| READ UNCOMMITTED }
READ WRITE | READ ONLY

SHOW   显示运行时参数的值。

显示运行时参数的值。

SHOW name
SHOW ALL

START TRANSACTION    开始一个事务块。

开始一个事务块。

START TRANSACTION [ transaction_mode [, ...] ]
--transaction_mode 可以是下面的选项之一：

ISOLATION LEVEL { SERIALIZABLE | REPEATABLE READ | READ COMMITTED
| READ UNCOMMITTED }
READ WRITE | READ ONLY

TRUNCATE   清空一个或一组表。

清空一个或一组表。

TRUNCATE [ TABLE ] name

UNLISTEN   停止监听通知信息。

停止监听通知信息。

UNLISTEN { name | * }

UPDATE  更新一个表中的行。

更新一个表中的行。

UPDATE [ ONLY ] table SET column = { expression | DEFAULT } [, ...]
[ FROM from_list ]
[ WHERE condition ]

VACUUM  垃圾收集以及可选地分析一个数据库。

垃圾收集以及可选地分析一个数据库。

VACUUM [ FULL ] [ FREEZE ] [ VERBOSE ] [ table ]
VACUUM [ FULL ] [ FREEZE ] [ VERBOSE ] ANALYZE [ table [ (column [, ...] ) ] ]

VALUES  计算一个或一组行。

计算一个或一组行。

VALUES ( _expression_ [, ...] ) [, ...]
    [ ORDER BY _sort_expression_ [ ASC | DESC | USING _operator_ ] [, ...] ]
    [ LIMIT { _count_ | ALL } ]
    [ OFFSET _start_ [ ROW | ROWS ] ]
    [ FETCH { FIRST | NEXT } [ _count_ ] { ROW | ROWS } ONLY ]

更多内容可以参考手册中的 SQL 语法：http://www.runoob.com/manual/PostgreSQL/sql-syntax.html。