第三十章 系统管理

一、开机启动流程

1.按下电源1

2.BIOS自检

3.MBR引导

4.进入GRUB菜单

5.加载内核kernel

6.启动系统进程(使用systemd进行管理)   init进程

7.读取运行级别

[root@jindada ~]# ll /etc/systemd/system/default.target
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 37 Jul 6 02:16 /etc/systemd/system/default.target -> /lib/systemd/system/multi-user.target

[root@jindada ~]# ll /usr/lib/systemd/system/runlevel*.target
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 15 Jul 6 02:14 /usr/lib/systemd/system/runlevel0.target -> poweroff.target
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 13 Jul 6 02:14 /usr/lib/systemd/system/runlevel1.target -> rescue.target
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 17 Jul 6 02:14 /usr/lib/systemd/system/runlevel2.target -> multi-user.target
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 17 Jul 6 02:14 /usr/lib/systemd/system/runlevel3.target -> multi-user.target
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 17 Jul 6 02:14 /usr/lib/systemd/system/runlevel4.target -> multi-user.target
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 16 Jul 6 02:14 /usr/lib/systemd/system/runlevel5.target -> graphical.target
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 13 Jul 6 02:14 /usr/lib/systemd/system/runlevel6.target -> reboot.target

8.初始化系统

[root@jindada ~]# ll /usr/lib/systemd/system/sysinit.target
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 518 Oct 31 2018 /usr/lib/systemd/system/sysinit.target

9.并行启动开机自启动的服务

10.运行getty文件，显示登陆界面

[root@jindada ~]# ll /usr/lib/systemd/system/getty.target
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 460 Oct 31 2018 /usr/lib/systemd/system/getty.target

11.Centos-6  和 Centos-7的区别

centos6	centos7
init管理进程	systemd管理进程
串行启动服务	并行启动服务
启动效率慢，容易故障	启动效率高，不容易出现故障

 

二、系统的运行级别

0 　　 poweroff　　    #关机

1 　　 rescue 　　      #单用户模式

2 　　 multi-user 　　 #多用户模式

3 　　 multi-user 　　 #多用户模式

4 　　 multi-user 　　 #多用户模式

5 　　 graphical 　　 #图形界面模式 桌面模式

6 　　 reboot 　　　  #重启

 

#如何查看系统运行级别

Centos-6

[root@jindada ~]# runlevel
N 3
[root@jindada ~]# init 5
[root@jindada ~]# runlevel
3 5
[root@jindada ~]# init 3

Centos-7

[root@jindada ~]# systemctl get-default
multi-user.target

#修改运行级别

[root@jindada ~]# systemctl set-default graphical.target
Removed symlink /etc/systemd/system/default.target.
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/default.target to /usr/lib/systemd/system/graphical.target.
[root@jindada ~]# systemctl get-default
graphical.target
[root@jindada ~]# systemctl set-default multi-user.target
Removed symlink /etc/systemd/system/default.target.
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/default.target to /usr/lib/systemd/system/multi-user.target.
[root@jindada ~]# systemctl get-default
multi-user.target

 

三、system介绍

systemd system daemon

#主配置文件目录
[root@jindada ~]# ll /etc/systemd/system/ -d
drwxr-xr-x. 12 root root 4096 Aug 5 09:05 /etc/systemd/system/

#系统服务配置文件

[root@jindada ~]# ll /usr/lib/systemd/system/ -d
drwxr-xr-x. 26 root root 12288 Jul 30 19:51 /usr/lib/systemd/system/

#程序，进程运行时产生的一些文件

[root@jindada ~]# ll /run/systemd/system/ -d
drwxr-xr-x 5 root root 160 Aug 5 09:30 /run/systemd/system/

#启动

[root@jindada ~]# systemctl start nginx

#停止

[root@jindada ~]# systemctl stop nginx

#状态

[root@jindada ~]# systemctl status nginx

#重启

[root@jindada ~]# systemctl restart nginx

#平滑重启

[root@jindada ~]# systemctl reload nginx

#禁用某个服务

[root@jindada ~]# systemctl mask nginx

#解除禁用

[root@jindada ~]# systemctl unmask nginx

#开机自启动

[root@jindada ~]# systemctl enable nginx

#取消开机自启动

[root@jindada ~]# systemctl disable nginx

status状态

active (running) 　　　　 #运行

Active: inactive (dead)　　 #不在运行

disabled 　　　　　　 #开机不自启

enabled　　　　 #开机自启

failed　　　　　　 #失败

#显示当前运行级别下开机自启动的服务

[root@jindada ~]# systemctl list-unit-files

 

四、system设置

#使用system进行管理关机重启操作

[root@jindada ~]# systemctl reboot

[root@jindada ~]# systemctl poweroff

#如何设置主机名

[root@jindada ~]# hostname
jindada
[root@jindada ~]# hostnamectl
Static hostname: jindada
Icon name: computer-vm
Chassis: vm
Machine ID: 6b11e94f1fe04eb89579c1c41f6f5307
Boot ID: 783be43c5a44420ead4bd26792a6d22c
Virtualization: vmware
Operating System: CentOS Linux 7 (Core)
CPE OS Name: cpe:/o:centos:centos:7
Kernel: Linux 3.10.0-957.el7.x86_64
Architecture: x86-64

[root@jindada ~]# hostnamectl set-hostname web01
[root@jindada ~]# logout
Connection closing...Socket close.

Connection closed by foreign host.

Disconnected from remote host(虚拟机-10.0.0.100) at 09:54:12.

Type `help' to learn how to use Xshell prompt.
[C:~]$

Connecting to 10.0.0.100:22...
Connection established.
To escape to local shell, press 'Ctrl+Alt+]'.

Last login: Wed Aug 5 17:51:59 2020 from 10.0.0.1
[root@web01 ~]#

[root@web01 ~]# cat /etc/hostname
web01

Centos-6修改 临时生效

[root@web01 ~]# hostname jindada
[root@web01 ~]# logout
Connection closing...Socket close.

Connection closed by foreign host.

Disconnected from remote host(虚拟机-10.0.0.100) at 09:55:10.

Type `help' to learn how to use Xshell prompt.
[C:~]$

Connecting to 10.0.0.100:22...
Connection established.
To escape to local shell, press 'Ctrl+Alt+]'.

Last login: Wed Aug 5 09:54:16 2020 from 10.0.0.1
[root@jindada ~]# cat /etc/hostname
web01

#如何修改字符集

[root@jindada ~]# echo $LANG
en_US.UTF-8
[root@jindada ~]# localectl set-locale LANG=zh_CN.UTF-8
[root@jindada ~]# logout
Connection closing...Socket close.

Connection closed by foreign host.

Disconnected from remote host(虚拟机-10.0.0.100) at 09:57:21.

Type `help' to learn how to use Xshell prompt.
[C:~]$

Connecting to 10.0.0.100:22...
Connection established.
To escape to local shell, press 'Ctrl+Alt+]'.

Last login: Wed Aug 5 09:55:13 2020 from 10.0.0.1
[root@jindada ~]#
[root@jindada ~]# cat /etc/locale.conf
LANG=zh_CN.UTF-8

[root@jindada ~]# yum install -y sl
已加载插件：fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirrors.aliyun.com
* extras: mirrors.aliyun.com
* updates: mirrors.aliyun.com
软件包 sl-5.02-1.el7.x86_64 已安装并且是最新版本
无须任何处理

#临时修改变量

[root@jindada ~]# export LANG=en_US.UTF-8
[root@jindada ~]# echo $LANG
en_US.UTF-8

 

#系统日志管理

[root@jindada ~]# journalctl -xe #查看当前服务的日志

[root@jindada ~]# tail /var/log/messages
Aug 5 10:01:32 jindada systemd: Stopped The nginx HTTP and reverse proxy server.
Aug 5 10:01:32 jindada systemd: Starting The nginx HTTP and reverse proxy server...
Aug 5 10:01:32 jindada nginx: nginx: [emerg] unknown directive "isten" in /etc/nginx/nginx.conf:39
Aug 5 10:01:32 jindada nginx: nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test failed
Aug 5 10:01:32 jindada systemd: nginx.service: control process exited, code=exited status=1
Aug 5 10:01:32 jindada systemd: Failed to start The nginx HTTP and reverse proxy server.
Aug 5 10:01:32 jindada systemd: Unit nginx.service entered failed state.
Aug 5 10:01:32 jindada systemd: nginx.service failed.
Aug 5 10:02:01 jindada systemd: Started Session 19 of user root.
Aug 5 10:03:01 jindada systemd: Started Session 20 of user root.

#查看日志的最后20行内容

[root@jindada ~]# journalctl -n 20

#实时查看日志的输出

[root@jindada ~]# journalctl -f

#显示日志的级别日志
[root@jindada ~]# journalctl -p
alert crit debug emerg err info notice warning

[root@jindada ~]# journalctl -p err
-- Logs begin at Wed 2020-08-05 17:51:37 CST, end at Wed 2020-08-05 10:05:01 CST. --
Aug 05 17:51:41 jindada kernel: sd 2:0:0:0: [sda] Assuming drive cache: write through
Aug 05 17:51:41 jindada kernel: sd 2:0:1:0: [sdb] Assuming drive cache: write through
Aug 05 17:51:41 jindada kernel: sd 2:0:2:0: [sdc] Assuming drive cache: write through
Aug 05 17:51:44 jindada kernel: piix4_smbus 0000:00:07.3: SMBus Host Controller not enabled!
Aug 05 09:54:13 web01 sshd[7162]: error: Received disconnect from 10.0.0.1 port 50011:0:
Aug 05 09:55:11 jindada sshd[7333]: error: Received disconnect from 10.0.0.1 port 50033:0:
Aug 05 09:57:22 jindada sshd[7369]: error: Received disconnect from 10.0.0.1 port 50041:0:
Aug 05 09:59:29 jindada sshd[7419]: error: Received disconnect from 10.0.0.1 port 50067:0:
Aug 05 10:00:51 jindada sshd[7473]: error: Received disconnect from 10.0.0.1 port 50097:0:
Aug 05 10:01:32 jindada systemd[1]: Failed to start The nginx HTTP and reverse proxy server.

#只查看某个服务的日志

[root@jindada ~]# journalctl -u sshd
-- Logs begin at Wed 2020-08-05 17:51:37 CST, end at Wed 2020-08-05 10:06:01 CST. --
Aug 05 17:51:56 jindada systemd[1]: Starting OpenSSH server daemon...
Aug 05 17:51:56 jindada sshd[6981]: Server listening on 0.0.0.0 port 22.
Aug 05 17:51:56 jindada sshd[6981]: Server listening on :: port 22.
Aug 05 17:51:56 jindada systemd[1]: Started OpenSSH server daemon.
Aug 05 17:51:59 jindada sshd[7162]: Accepted password for root from 10.0.0.1 port 50011 ssh2
Aug 05 09:54:16 web01 sshd[7333]: Accepted password for root from 10.0.0.1 port 50033 ssh2
Aug 05 09:55:12 jindada sshd[7369]: Accepted password for root from 10.0.0.1 port 50041 ssh2
Aug 05 09:57:26 jindada sshd[7419]: Accepted password for root from 10.0.0.1 port 50067 ssh2
Aug 05 09:59:31 jindada sshd[7473]: Accepted password for root from 10.0.0.1 port 50097 ssh2
Aug 05 10:00:52 jindada sshd[7525]: Accepted password for root from 10.0.0.1 port 50111 ssh2

 

五、单用户模式

1.忘记root密码

开机在grub界面输入 e

在linux16开头的行的最后面输入  init=/bin/bash   enforcing=0  

按 ctrl键 + x

重新挂载根分区 mount -o rw,remount /

修改密码

、

 

重启 exec /sbin/init

 

 

2.运行级别被设置为重启

[root@web01 ~]# systemctl set-default reboot.target
Removed symlink /etc/systemd/system/default.target.
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/default.target to /usr/lib/systemd/system/reboot.target.
[root@web01 ~]# systemctl get-default
reboot.target

开机在grub界面输入 e

在linux16开头的行的最后面输入 rd.break

按 ctrl键 + x

重新挂载根分区 mount -o rw,remount /sysroot

赋予权限 chroot /sysroot

修改运行级别

exit

reboot

六、救援模式

1.系统损坏了，数据很重要 需要把数据拷贝出来

先挂载光盘，然后选择光盘引导为第一位，如下图所示。

 

 

进入故障排除模式，然后选择救援模式，如下图所示。

 

 

挂载真实系统后，发现数据都还存在，之后就可以挂在磁盘，将数据备份出来。

 

 

2.MBR引导坏掉，修复MBR，主要出现在安装双系统的时候，后安装的系统把原来的MBR删除了，需要修复

破坏硬盘的前446字节，模拟MBR引导损坏，会发现重启无法启动系统

dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sda bs=1 count=446

重启，查看系统状态

进入救援模式，分配一个shell，进行修复系统

#修复grub
bash-4.2# grub2-install /dev/sda

#退出
bash-4.2# exit

#重启进入系统
bash-4.2# reboot

 

3.CentOS-7 误删除grub文件，进行修复

模拟故障

#删除grub2
 rm -rf /boot/grub2/

#重启

reboot

查看系统状态

进入救援模式，分配一个shell，进行修复系统

bash-4.2# grub2-install /dev/sda
bash-4.2# grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg
bash-4.2# ls /boot/grub2
bash-4.2# exit
sh-4.2# reboot

 

七、网卡命名规则

1.概述

CentOS6之前基于传统的命名方式如：eth1，eth0....
Centos7提供了不同的命名规则，默认是基于固件、拓扑、位置信息来分配。这样做的优点是命名是全自动的、可预知的，缺点是比eth0更难读。比如ens33

2.网卡命名的策略

规则1：如果Firmware或者BIOS提供的设备索引信息可用就用此命名。比如eno1。否则使用规则2

规则2：如果Firmware或Bios的PCI-E扩展插槽可用就用此命名。比如ens1，否则使用规则3

规则3：如果硬件接口的位置信息可用就用此命名。比如enp2s0

规则4：根据MAC地址命名，比如enx7d3e9f。默认不开启。

规则5：上述均不可用时回归传统命名方式

上面的所有命名规则需要依赖于一个安装包：biosdevname

biosdevname和net.ifnames属于两种不同的命名规范

CentOS-7中默认biosdevname的值为0，net.ifnames的值为1。

#命令行修改网卡命名规则

 mv /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-ens33 ifcfg-eth0

#修改网卡配置文件设备名称

sed -i "s#ens33#eth0#g" ifcfg-eth0

#GRUB添加kernel参数

vim /etc/sysconfig/grub
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="...net.ifnames=0 biosdevname=0 quiet"

#加载到引导分区

 grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg

#重启系统生效

 reboot