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  • CentOS7安装使用MySQL

    From: http://www.cnblogs.com/edward2013/p/5313724.html

    安装MySQL

    添加mysql源

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    # rpm -Uvh http://repo.mysql.com//mysql57-community-release-el7-7.noarch.rpm

    安装mysql

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    # yum -y install mysql-community-server

    启动mysql并设置为开机自启动服务

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    # chkconfig mysqld on
    # service mysqld start

    检查mysql服务状态

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    # service mysqld status

    第一次启动mysql,会在日志文件中生成root用户的一个随机密码,使用下面命令查看该密码

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    # grep 'temporary password' /var/log/mysqld.log

    修改root用户密码

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    # mysql -u root -p -h localhost
    Enter password:
     
    mysql> ALTER USER 'root'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'Mysql-2016';

     创建数据库(数据库名为:crashcourse)

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    mysql> create database crashcourse;

    使用crashcourse数据库

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    mysql> use crashcourse;

    执行sql脚本(使用source命令)

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    mysql> source /root/MySQLCrashCourse/create.sql;
    mysql> source /root/MySQLCrashCourse/populate.sql;

    查看可用数据库的列表

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    mysql> show databases;

     查看当前数据库内可用表的列表

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    mysql> show tables;

    显示表列(表名:customers)

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    mysql> show columns from customers;

     显示服务器错误或警告消息

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    mysql> show errors;
    mysql> show warnings;

    检索数据

    检索单个列

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    mysql> select prod_name from products;

    检索多个列

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    mysql> select prod_id, prod_name, prod_price from products;

    检索所有列(除非你确实需要表中的每个列,否则最好别使用*通配符,因为会降低应用程序的性能)

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    mysql> select * from products;

    检索不同的行(使用distinct关键字)

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    mysql> select distinct vend_id from products;

    限制结果

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    返回不多于5行
    mysql> select prod_name from products limit 5;
    检索的开始行和行数
    mysql> select prod_name from products limit 5,5;

    使用完全限定的表名

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    mysql> select products.prod_name from crashcourse.products;

    排序检索数据

    排序数据

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    mysql> select prod_name from products order by prod_name;

    按多个列排序

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    mysql> select prod_id, prod_price, prod_name from products order by prod_price, prod_name;

    指定排序方向(使用desc关键字,desc为倒序,默认是asc,正序)

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    mysql> select prod_id, prod_price, prod_name from products order by prod_price desc;

    使用order by和limit的组合

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    mysql> select prod_price from products order by prod_price desc limit 1;

    过滤数据

    检索单个值

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    mysql> select prod_name, prod_price from products where prod_name = 'fuses';

    不匹配检查

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    mysql> select vend_id, prod_name from products where vend_id != 1003;

    范围值检查

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    mysql> select prod_name, prod_price from products where prod_price between 5 and 10;

    空值检查

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    mysql> select prod_name from products where prod_price is null;

    数据过滤

    and操作符

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    mysql> select prod_id, prod_price, prod_name from products where vend_id = 1003 and prod_price <= 10;

    or操作符

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    mysql> select prod_name, prod_price from products where vend_id = 1003 or prod_id = 1003;

    计算次序

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    mysql> select prod_name, prod_price from products where (vend_id = 1002 or vend_id = 1003) and prod_price >= 10;

    in操作符

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    mysql> select prod_name, prod_price from products where vend_id in (1002,1003) order by prod_name;

    not操作符

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    mysql> select prod_name, prod_price from products where vend_id not in (1002,1003) order by prod_name;

    用通配符进行过滤

    百分号(%)通配符(匹配0,1或多个字符)

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    mysql> select prod_id, prod_name from products where prod_name like 'jet%';

    下划线(_)通配符(匹配1个字符)

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    mysql> select prod_id, prod_name from products where prod_name like '_ ton anvil';

    用正则表达式进行搜索

    基本字符匹配

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    mysql> select prod_name from products where prod_name regexp '.000' order by prod_name;

    进行or匹配

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    mysql> select prod_name from products where prod_name regexp '1000|2000' order by prod_name;

    匹配范围

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    mysql> select prod_name from products where prod_name regexp '[1-5] Ton' order by prod_name;

    匹配特殊字符(使用\进行转义)

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    mysql> select vend_name from vendors where vend_name regexp '\.' order by vend_name;

    匹配字符类

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    mysql> select prod_name from products where prod_name regexp '[[:digit:]]{4}' order by prod_name;

    匹配多个实例

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    mysql> select prod_name from products where prod_name regexp '\([0-9] sticks?\)' order by prod_name;

    定位符(^, $, [[:<:]], [[:>:]])

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    mysql> select prod_name from products where prod_name regexp '^[0-9\.]' order by prod_name;

    创建计算字段

    拼接字段

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    mysql> select concat(vend_name, ' (', vend_country, ')') from vendors order by vend_name;

    使用别名

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    mysql> select concat(rtrim(vend_name), ' (', rtrim(vend_country), ')') as vend_title from vendors order by vend_name;

    执行算术计算

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    mysql> select prod_id, quantity, item_price, quantity*item_price as expanded_price from orderitems where order_num = 20005;

    使用数据处理函数

    文本处理函数

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    mysql> select vend_name, upper(vend_name) as vend_name_upcase from vendors order by vend_name;
    mysql> select cust_name, cust_contact from customers where soundex(cust_contact) = soundex('Y Lie');

    日期和时间处理函数

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    mysql> select cust_id, order_num from orders where date(order_date) between '2005-09-01' and '2005-09-30';
    mysql> select cust_id, order_num from orders where year(order_date) = 2005 and month(order_date) = 9;

    汇总数据

    avg()函数

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    mysql> select avg(prod_price) as avg_price from products;

    count()函数

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    mysql> select count(*) as num_cust from customers;

    max()函数

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    mysql> select max(prod_price) as max_price from products;

    min()函数

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    mysql> select min(prod_price) as min_price from products;

    sum()函数

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    mysql> select sum(quantity) as items_ordered from orderitems where order_num = 20005;
    mysql> select sum(item_price*quantity) as total_price from orderitems where order_num = 20005;

    聚合不同的值

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    mysql> select avg(distinct prod_price) as avg_price from products where vend_id = 1003;

    组合聚集函数

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    mysql> select count(*) as num_items, min(prod_price) as price_min, max(prod_price) as price_max, avg(prod_price) as price_avg from products;

     分组数据

    创建分组

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    mysql> select vend_id, count(*) as num_prods from products group by vend_id;

    过滤分组(使用having关键字)

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    mysql> select cust_id, count(*) as orders from orders group by cust_id having count(*) >= 2;
    mysql> select vend_id, count(*) as num_prods from products where prod_price >= 10 group by vend_id having count(*) >= 2;

    分组和排序

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    mysql> select order_num, sum(quantity*item_price) as ordertotal
        from orderitems
        group by order_num
        having sum(quantity*item_price) >= 50
        order by ordertotal;

    使用子查询

    利用子查询进行过滤

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    mysql> select cust_name, cust_contact
        from customers
        where cust_id in (select cust_id
         from orders
         where order_num in (select order_num
         from orderitems
         where prod_id = 'TNT2'));

    作为计算字段使用子查询

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    mysql> select cust_name, cust_state,
                    (select count(*)
                    from orders
                    where orders.cust_id = customers.cust_id) as orders
                from customers
                order by cust_name;

    联结表

    创建联结

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    mysql> select vend_name, prod_name, prod_price
                from vendors, products
                where vendors.vend_id = products.vend_id
                order by vend_name, prod_name;

    内部联结

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    mysql> select vend_name, prod_name, prod_price
                from vendors inner join products
                on vendors.vend_id = products.vend_id;

    联结多个表

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    mysql> select cust_name, cust_contact
                from customers, orders, orderitems
                where customers.cust_id = orders.cust_id
                and orderitems.order_num = orders.order_num
                and prod_id = 'TNT2';

    创建高级联结

    使用别名

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    mysql> select cust_name, cust_contact
                from customers as c, orders as o, orderitems as oi
                where c.cust_id = o.cust_id
                and oi.order_num = o.order_num
                and prod_id = 'TNT2';

    自然联结

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    mysql> select c.*, o.order_num, o.order_date, oi.prod_id, oi.quantity, oi.item_price
                from customer as c, orders as o, orderitems as oi
                where c.cust_id = o.cust_id
                and oi.order_num = o.order_num
                and prod_id = 'FB';

    外部联结

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    mysql> select customers.cust_id, orders.order_num
                from customers left join orders
                on customers.cust_id = orders.cust_id;

    使用带聚集函数的联结

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    mysql> select customers.cust_name, customers.cust_id,
                    count(orders.order_num) as num_ord
                from customers inner join orders
                on customers.cust_id = orders.cust_id
                group by customers.cust_id;

    组合查询

    使用union

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    mysql> select vend_id, prod_id, prod_price
                from products
                where prod_price <= 5
                union
                select vend_id, prod_id, prod_price
                from products
                where vend_id in (1001,1002);

    包含重复的行(使用union all命令)

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    mysql> select vend_id, prod_id, prod_price
                from products
                where prod_peice <= 5
                union all
                select vend_id, prod_id, prod_price
                from products
                where vend_id in (1001,1002);

    对组合查询结果排序

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    mysql> select vend_id, prod_id, prod_price
                from products
                where prod_price <=5
                union
                select vend_id, prod_id, prod_price
                from products
                where vend_id in (1001,1002)
                order by vend_id, prod_price;

    全文搜索

    仅在MyISAM数据库引擎中支持全文搜索,一般在创建表时启用全文搜索

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    CREATE TABLE productnotes
    (
        note_id      int          NOT NULL  AUTO_INCREMENT,
        prod_id      char(10)       NOT NULL,
        note_date  datetime      NOT NULL,
        note_text   text             NULL,
        PRIMARY KEY(note_id),
        FULLTEXT(note_text)
    ) ENGINE=MyISAM;

    进行全文本搜索

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    mysql> select note_text
                from productnotes
                where match(note_text) against('rabbit');

    使用查询扩展

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    mysql> select note_text
                from productnotes
                where match(note_text) against('anvils' with query expansion);

    布尔文本搜索

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    mysql> select note_text
                from productnotes
                where match(note_text) against('heavy' in boolean mode);

    为匹配包含heavy但不包含任意以rope开始的词的行

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    mysql> select note_text
                from productnotes
                where match(note_text) against('heavy -rope*' in boolean mode);

    插入数据

    插入完整的行

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    mysql> insert into customers(cust_name,
        cust_contact,
        cust_email,
        cust_address,
        cust_city,
        cust_state,
        cust_zip,
        cust_country)
    values('Pep E. LaPew',
        Null,
        Null,
        '100 Main Street',
        'Los Angeles',
        'CA',
        '90046',
        'USA');

    插入多个行

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    mysql> insert into customers(cust_name,
        cust_address,
        cust_city,
        cust_state,
        cust_zip,
        cust_country)
    values(
        'Pep E. LaPew',
        '100 Main Street',
        'Logs Angeles',
        'CA',
        '90046',
        'USA'
    ),
    (
        'M. Martian',
        '42 Galaxy Way',
        'New York',
        'NY',
        '11213',
        'USA'
    );

    插入检索出的数据

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    mysql> insert into customers(cust_id,
        cust_contact,
        cust_email,
        cust_name,
        cust_address,
        cust_city,
        cust_state,
        cust_zip,
        cust_country)
    select cust_id,
        cust_contact,
        cust_email,
        cust_name,
        cust_address,
        cust_city,
        cust_state,
        cust_zip,
        cust_country
    from custnew;

    更新和删除数据

    更新数据

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    mysql> update customers
        set cust_name = 'The Fudds',
            cust_email = 'elmer@fudd.com'
    where cust_id = 10005;

    删除数据

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    mysql> delete from customers
        where cust_id = 10006;

    创建和操纵表

    创建表

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    mysql> create table customers(
        cust_id            int        NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
        cust_name     char(50)      NOT NULL,
        cust_address   char(50)     NULL,
        cust_city         char(50)     NULL,
        cust_state       char(5)       NULL,
        char_zip          char(10)     NULL,
        char_country   char(50)    NULL,
        char_contact    char(50)    NULL,
        char_email      char(255)   NULL,
        PRIMARY KEY (cust_id)
    ) ENGINE=InnoDB;

    指定默认值

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    mysql> create table orderitems(
        order_num    int                NOT NULL,
        order_item    int                NOT NULL,
        prod_id         char(10)        NOT NULL,
        quantity        int                 NOT NULL   DEFAULT  1,
        item_price    decimal(8,2)   NOT NULL,
        PRIMARY KEY (order_num, order_item)
    ) ENGINE=InnoDB;

    引擎类型

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    InnoDB是一个可靠的事务处理引擎。
    MEMORY在功能上等同于MyISAM,但是数据存储在内存中,速度很快。
    MyISAM是性能极高的引擎,支持全文搜索,但不支持事务处理。

    更新表

    给表添加一列:

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    mysql> alter table vendors
        add vend_phone char(20);

    删除刚刚添加的列:

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    mysql> alter table vendors
        drop column vend_phone;

    ALTER TABLE的一种常见用途是定义外键:

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    mysql> alter table orderitems
        add constraint fk_orderitems_orders
        foreign key (order_num) references orders (order_num);
     
    mysql> alter table orderitems
        add constraint fk_orderitems_products
        foreign key (prod_id) references products (prod_id);
     
    mysql> alter table orders
        add constraint fk_orders_customers
        foreign key (cust_id) references customers (cust_id);
     
    mysql> alter table products
        add constraint fk_products_vendors
        foreign key (vend_id) references vendors (vend_id);

    删除表

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    mysql> drop table customers2;

    重命名表

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    mysql> rename table customers2 to customers;

    对多个表重命名

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    mysql> rename table backup_customers to customers,
            backup_vendors to vendors,
            backup_products to products;

    使用视图

    利用视图简化复杂的联结

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    mysql> create view productcustomers as
        select cust_name, cust_contact, prod_id
        from customers, orders, orderitems
        where customers.cust_id = orders.cust_id
            and orderitems.order_num = orders.order_num;

    用视图重新格式化检索出的数据

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    mysql> create view vendorlocations as
      select concat(rtrim(vend_name), ' (', rtrim(vend_country), ')')
            as vend_title
        from vendors
        order by vend_name;

    用视图过滤不想要的数据

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    mysql> create view customeremaillist as
        select cust_id, cust_name, cust_email
        from customers
        where cust_email is not null;

    使用视图与计算字段

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    mysql> create view orderitemsexpanded as
        select order_num,
                prod_id,
                quantity,
                item_price,
                quantity*item_price as expanded_price
        from orderitems;

    使用存储过程

    执行存储过程(所有mysql变量都必须以@开始)

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    mysql> call productpricing(@pricelow,
                               @pricehigh,
                               @priceaverage);

    创建存储过程

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    mysql> create procedure productpricing()
        begin
            select avg(prod_price) as priceaverage
            from products;
        end;

    删除存储过程

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    mysql> drop procedure productpricing;

    使用参数

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    mysql> create procedure productpricing(
        out pl decimal(8,2),
        out ph decimal(8,2),
        out pa decimal(8,2)
    )
    begin
        select min(prod_price)
        into pl
        from products;
        select max(prod_price)
        into ph
        from products;
        select avg(prod_price)
        into pa
        from products;
    end;

    建立智能存储过程

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    -- Name: ordertotal
    -- Parameters: onumber = order number
    --                     taxable = 0 if not taxable, 1 if taxable
    --                     ototal = order total variable
     
    create procedure ordertotal(
        in onumber int,
        in taxable boolean,
        out ototal decimal(8,2)
    ) comment 'Obtain order total, optionally adding tax'
    begin
     
        -- Declare variable for total
        declare total decimal(8,2);
        -- Declare tax percentage
        declare taxrate int default 6;
     
        -- Get the order total
        select sum(item_price*quantity)
        from orderitems
        where order_num = onumber
        into total;
     
        -- Is this taxable?
        if taxable then
            -- Yes, so add taxrate to the total
            select total+(total/100*taxrate) into total;
        end if;
     
        -- And finally, save to out variable
        select total into ototal;
     
    end;

    taxable=0测试结果

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    call ordertotal(20005, 0, @total);
    select @total;

    taxable=1测试结果

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    call ordertotal(20005, 1, @total);
    select @total;

    检查存储过程

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    mysql> show create procedure ordertotal;

    限制过程状态结果

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    mysql> show procedure status like 'ordertotal';

    使用游标

    创建游标

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    create procedure processorders()
    begin
        declare ordernumbers cursor
        for
        select order_num from orders;
    end;

    打开和关闭游标

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    -- 打开游标
    open ordernumbers;
    -- 关闭游标
    close ordernumbers;

    使用游标

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    create procedure processorders()
    begin
     
        -- declare local variables
        declare done boolean default 0;
        declare o int;
        declare t decimal(8,2);
     
        -- declare the cursor
        declare ordernumbers cursor
        for
        select order_num from orders;
        -- declare continue handler
        declare continue handler for sqlstate '02000' set done=1;
     
        -- create a table to store the results
        create table if not exists ordertotals
            (order_num int, total decimal(8,2));
     
        -- open the cursor
        open ordernumbers;
     
        -- loop through all rows
        repeat
     
            -- get order number
            fetch ordernumbers into o;
     
            -- get the total for this order
            call ordertotal(o, 1, t);
     
            -- insert order and total into ordertotals
            insert into ordertotals(order_num, total)
            values(o, t);
     
        -- end of loop
        until done end repeat;
     
        -- close the cursor
        close ordernumbers;
     
    end;

    使用触发器

    创建触发器

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    create trigger newproduct after insert on products
    for each row select 'Product added';

    删除触发器

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    drop trigger newproduct;

    使用触发器

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    -- insert触发器
    create trigger neworder after insert on orders
    for each row select new.order_num;
     
    -- delete触发器
    create tigger deleteorder before delete on orders
    for each row
    begin
      insert into archive_orders(order_num, order_date, cust_id)
      value(old.order_num, old.order_date, old.cust_id);
    end;
     
    -- update触发器
    create trigger updatevendor before update on vendors
    for each row set new.vend_state = upper(new.vend_state);

    管理实务处理

    事务(transaction)指一组SQL语句;

    回退(rollback)指撤销指定的SQL语句的过程;

    提交(commit)指将未存储的SQL语句结果写入数据库表;

    保留点(savepoint)指事务处理中设置的临时占位符,你可以对它发布回退。

    使用rollback

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    select * from ordertotals;
    start transaction;
    delete from ordertotals;
    select * from ordertotals;
    rollback;
    select * from ordertotals;

    使用commit

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    start transaction;
    delete from orderitems where order_num = 20010;
    delete from orders where order_item = 20010;
    commit;

    使用保留点

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    savepoint delete1;
     
    rollback to delete1;

    更改默认的提交行为(设置autocommit为0,mysql不自动提交更改,直到autocommit为设置为1为止)

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    set autocommit=0;

    全球化和本地化

    字符集为字母和符号的集合;

    编码为某个字符集成员的内部表示;

    校对为规定字符如何比较的指令。

    查看所支持的字符集完整列表

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    show character set;

    查看所支持校对的完整列表

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    show collation;

    显示数据库所用的字符集和校对

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    show variables like 'character%';
    show variables like 'collation%';

    给表指定字符集和校对

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    create table mytable
    (
      column1  int,
      column2  varchar(10)
    ) default character set hebrew
      collate hebrew_general_ci;

    对每个列设置字符集和校对

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    create table mytable
    (
      column1  int,
      column2  varchar(10),
      columm3   varchar(10) character set latin1 collate latin1_general_ci
    ) default character set hebrew
      collate hebrew_general_ci;

    校对顺序排序

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    select * from customers
    order by lastname, firstname collate latin1_general_cs;

    安全管理

    不应该在日常的MySQL操作中使用root

    获得所有账号列表

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    mysql> use mysql;
    mysql> select user from user;

    创建用户账号

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    mysql> create user ben identified by 'p@$$w0rd';

    重命名用户账号

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    mysql> rename user ben to bforta;

    删除用户账号

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    mysql> drop user bforta;

    查看用户账号权限

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    mysql> show grants for bforta;

    给用户账号授予权限

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    mysql> grant select on crashcourse.* to bforta;

    撤销用户权限

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    mysql> revoke select on crashcourse.* from bforta;

    更改用户口令

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    set password for bforta = password('n3w p@$$w0rd');

    设置自己的口令

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    set password = password('n3w p@$$w0rd');

    数据库维护

    备份数据

    • 使用命令行实用程序mysqldump转储所有数据库内容到某个外部文件
    • 使用命令行实用程序mysqlhotcoy从一个数据库复制所有数据
    • 使用backup table或select into outfile转储所有数据到某个外部文件

    数据库维护

    • analyze table用来检查表键是否正确
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    mysql> analyze table orders;
    • check table用来针对许多问题对表进行检查
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    mysql> check table orders, orderitems;
    • 如果从一个表中删除大量数据,应该使用optimize table来回收所用的空间,从而优化表的性能

    查看日志文件

    • 错误日志。它包含启动和关闭问题以及任意关键错误的细节。通常名为hostname.err
    • 查询日志。它记录所有mysql活动,在诊断问题时非常有用。通常名为hostname.log
    • 二进制日志。它记录更新过数据的所有语句。通常名为hostname.bin
    • 缓慢查询日志。它记录执行缓慢的任何查询。通常名为hostname-slow.log

    改善性能

    查看当前设置

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    mysql> show variables;
    mysql> show status;

    显示所有活动进程

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    mysql> show processlist;
    • 如果某个任务执行缓慢,则所有的请求都会执行缓慢,可以用kill命令终结该进程。
    • 总是有不止一种方法编写同一条select语句,应该试验联结、并、子查询等,找出最佳的方法。
    • 使用explain语句让mysql解释它如何执行一条select语句。
    • 一般来说,存储过程执行比一条条地执行其中的各条mysql语句快。
    • 应该总是使用正确的数据类型。
    • 决不要检索比需求还要多的数据。换言之,不要用select *(除非你真的需要每个列)。
    • 有的操作(包括insert)支持一个可选的delayed关键字,如果使用它,将把控制立即返回给调用程序,并且一旦有可能就实际执行该操作。
    • 在导入数据时,应该关闭自动提交。你可能还想删除索引(包括fulltext索引),然后在导入完成后再重建它们。
    • 必须索引数据库以改善数据检索的性能。确定索引什么不是一件微不足道的任务,需要分析使用的select语句以找出重复的where和order by子句。如果一个简单的where子句返回结果所花的时间太长,则可以断定其中使用的列(或几个列)就是需要索引的对象。
    • 你的select语句中有一系列复杂的or条件吗?通过使用多条select语句和连接它们的union语句,你能看到极大的性能改进。
    • 索引改善数据检索的性能,但损害数据插入、删除和更新的性能。如果你有一些表,它们收集数据且不经常被搜索,则在有必要之前不要索引它们。(索引可根据需要添加和删除。)
    • like很慢。一般来说,最好是使用fulltext而不是like。
    • 数据库是不断变化的实体。一组优化良好的表一会儿后可能就面目全非了。由于表的使用和内容的更改,理想的优化和配置也会改变。
    • 最重要的规则就是,每条规则在某些条件下都会被打破。
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/joeblackzqq/p/6676061.html
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