一,collections模块
在内置数据类型(dict、list、set、tuple)的基础上,collections模块还提供了几个额外的数据类型:Counter、deque、defaultdict、namedtuple和OrderedDict等。
1.namedtuple: 生成可以使用名字来访问元素内容的tuple
2.deque: 双端队列,可以快速的从另外一侧追加和推出对象
3.Counter: 计数器,主要用来计数
4.OrderedDict: 有序字典
5.defaultdict: 带有默认值的字典
1 #!/usr/bin/python env 2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_ 3 4 # 1.namedtuple (重点) 5 from collections import namedtuple 6 Ponit = namedtuple('Ponit',['x','y','z']) 7 p = Ponit(1,2,5) 8 print(p.x) 9 print(p.y) 10 print(p.z) 11 12 # 2.deque 13 ''' 14 使用list存储数据时,按索引访问元素很快,但是插入和删除元素就很慢了,因为list是线性存储,数据量大的时候,插入和删除效率很低 15 deque是为了高效实现插入和删除操作的双向列表,适合用于队列和栈: 16 ''' 17 from collections import deque 18 q = deque(['a', 'b', 'c']) 19 q.append('x') 20 q.appendleft('y') 21 # print(q) 22 #deque(['y', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'x']) 23 # deque除了实现list的append()和pop()外,还支持appendleft()和popleft(),这样就可以非常高效地往头部添加或删除元素 24 25 # 3.OrderedDict (重点)消耗内存 26 ''' 27 使用dict时,Key是无序的。在对dict做迭代时,我们无法确定Key的顺序。 28 如果要保持Key的顺序,可以用OrderedDict: 29 ''' 30 from collections import OrderedDict 31 d = dict([('a', 1), ('b', 2), ('c', 3)]) 32 print(d) 33 #d dict的Key是无序的 34 #{'a': 1, 'c': 3, 'b': 2} 35 od = OrderedDict([('a', 1), ('b', 2), ('c', 3)]) 36 print(od) 37 #od OrderedDict的Key是有序的 38 #OrderedDict([('a', 1), ('b', 2), ('c', 3)]) 39 40 # 注意,OrderedDict的Key会按照插入的顺序排列,不是Key本身排序 41 od = OrderedDict() 42 od['z'] = 1 43 od['y'] = 2 44 od['x'] = 3 45 od.keys() # 按照插入的Key的顺序返回 46 #['z', 'y', 'x'] 47 48 # 4.defaultdict (重点)(带默认的字典,就是当这个) 49 # 有如下值集合 [11,22,33,44,55,66,77,88,99,90...],将所有大于 66 的值保存至字典的第一个key中,将小于 66 的值保存至第二个key的值中。 50 # 普通代码,需要判断这个key,vales存在不存在 51 values = [11, 22, 33,44,55,66,77,88,99,90] 52 my_dict = {} 53 for value in values: 54 if value>66: 55 if my_dict.has_key('k1'): 56 my_dict['k1'].append(value) 57 else: 58 my_dict['k1'] = [value] 59 else: 60 if my_dict.has_key('k2'): 61 my_dict['k2'].append(value) 62 else: 63 my_dict['k2'] = [value] 64 65 # 使用dict时,如果引用的Key不存在,就会抛出KeyError。如果希望key不存在时,返回一个默认值,就可以用defaultdict: 66 # 进阶版本 会给返回默认的参数,用了匿名函数的原理 67 from collections import defaultdict 68 values = [11, 22, 33,44,55,66,77,88,99,90] 69 my_dict = defaultdict(list) 70 for value in values: 71 if value>66: 72 my_dict['k1'].append(value) 73 else: 74 my_dict['k2'].append(value) 75 76 #匿名函数 77 from collections import defaultdict 78 def func(): 79 return 'N/A' 80 my_dict = defaultdict(func) 81 print(my_dict['k']) 82 83 # 5.Counter 84 # Counter类的目的是用来跟踪值出现的次数。它是一个无序的容器类型,以字典的键值对形式存储,其中元素作为key,其计数作为value。计数值可以是任意的Interger(包括0和负数)。Counter类和其他语言的bags或multisets很相似。 85 from collections import Counter 86 c = Counter('abcdeabcdabcaba') 87 print(c) 88 # 输出:Counter({'a': 5, 'b': 4, 'c': 3, 'd': 2, 'e': 1}) 89 # http://www.cnblogs.com/Eva-J/articles/7291842.html
二,paramiko模块
1. 介绍:
paramiko是一个用于做远程控制的模块,使用该模块可以对远程服务器进行命令或文件操作,值得一说的是,fabric和ansible内部的远程管理就是使用的paramiko来现实。
2. 下载安装
pip3 install paramiko #在python3中
pycrypto,由于 paramiko 模块内部依赖pycrypto,所以先下载安装pycrypto #在python2中 pip3 install pycrypto pip3 install paramiko 注:如果在安装pycrypto2.0.1时发生如下错误 command 'gcc' failed with exit status 1... 可能是缺少python-dev安装包导致 如果gcc没有安装,请事先安装gcc
3. 使用
SSHClient
用于连接远程服务器并执行基本命令
基于用户名密码连接:
import paramiko # 创建SSH对象 ssh = paramiko.SSHClient() # 允许连接不在know_hosts文件中的主机 ssh.set_missing_host_key_policy(paramiko.AutoAddPolicy()) # 连接服务器 ssh.connect(hostname='120.92.84.249', port=22, username='root', password='xxx') # 执行命令 stdin, stdout, stderr = ssh.exec_command('df') # 获取命令结果 result = stdout.read() print(result.decode('utf-8')) # 关闭连接 ssh.close()
import paramiko transport = paramiko.Transport(('120.92.84.249', 22)) transport.connect(username='root', password='xxx') ssh = paramiko.SSHClient() ssh._transport = transport stdin, stdout, stderr = ssh.exec_command('df') res=stdout.read() print(res.decode('utf-8')) transport.close()
基于公钥密钥连接:
客户端文件名:id_rsa
服务端必须有文件名:authorized_keys(在用ssh-keygen时,必须制作一个authorized_keys,可以用ssh-copy-id来制作)
import paramiko private_key = paramiko.RSAKey.from_private_key_file('/tmp/id_rsa') # 创建SSH对象 ssh = paramiko.SSHClient() # 允许连接不在know_hosts文件中的主机 ssh.set_missing_host_key_policy(paramiko.AutoAddPolicy()) # 连接服务器 ssh.connect(hostname='120.92.84.249', port=22, username='root', pkey=private_key) # 执行命令 stdin, stdout, stderr = ssh.exec_command('df') # 获取命令结果 result = stdout.read() print(result.decode('utf-8')) # 关闭连接 ssh.close()
import paramiko private_key = paramiko.RSAKey.from_private_key_file('/tmp/id_rsa') transport = paramiko.Transport(('120.92.84.249', 22)) transport.connect(username='root', pkey=private_key) ssh = paramiko.SSHClient() ssh._transport = transport stdin, stdout, stderr = ssh.exec_command('df') result=stdout.read() print(result.decode('utf-8')) transport.close()
import paramiko from io import StringIO key_str = """-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY----- MIIEoQIBAAKCAQEAsJmFLrSeCumJvga0Gl5O5wVOVwMIy2MpqIyQPi5J87dg89a4 Da9fczJog7qoSbRwHFOQoCHNphSlp5KPhGsF6RJewkIw9H1UKV4dCOyl/4HOAkAD rKrsEDmrJ9JlzF2GTTZSnTgVQWcvBS2RKB4eM2R9aJ11xV6X2Hk4YDLTExIWeabb h2TUKw0iyjI8pRuYLKkF2X16u9TBwfOTroGYgiNFHQvhsQppbEbI49NF2XkCkFMi 8/7tLjf95InE/VUUq56JqfzyHwdpHou+waXbwtvGgXN3sz+KkuEv6R2qDz06upZV FCZRRpDhzoR8Uh/UEzTGZb8z7FB6EJXUiXJikQIBIwKCAQBBmBuGYFf1bK+BGG7H 9ySe81ecqVsJtx4aCFLVRGScWg4RbQKIvXs5an6XU/VdNGQnx0RYvBkvDvuzRRC8 J8Bd4kB0CfTtGJuaVigKoQp02HEWx1HSa17+tlWD0c4KFBvwywi+DYQ83S64x8gz eOalX9bPFenqORPUD8R7gJeKvPVc6ZTPeorpuH7u9xayP0Eop8qKxZza9Xh3foVj Qo4IxoYnDN57CIRX5PFSlDDggpmr8FtRF4nAxmFq8LhSp05ivzX/Ku1SNHdaMWZO 7va8tISXdLI5m0EGzoVoBvohIbwlxI6kfmamrh6Eas2Jnsc4CLzMsR4jBWt0LHLv /SLnAoGBANaEUf/Jptab9G/xD9W2tw/636i3gLpTPY9KPtCcAxqStNeT6RAWZ5HF lKJg+NKpu3pI45ldAwvts0i+aCZk2xakEWIZWqCmXm31JSPDQTaMGe7H0vOmUaxx ncdpBVdvhMbfFUgei15iKfuafgrKaS9oIkntXEgrC+3wBOI0Gbx3AoGBANLAGxAF TK7ydr+Q1+6/ujs6e8WsXt8HZMa/1khCVSbrf1MgACvZPSSSrDpVwaDTSjlRI4AL bb0l0RFU+/0caMiHilscuJdz9Fdd9Ux4pjROZa3TF5CFhvP7PsZAoxOo+yqJg4zr 996GG/aAv4M8lQJ2rDFk/Dgn5y/AaAun1oM3AoGAGIQmoOPYjY4qkHNSRE9lYOl4 pZFQilKn8x5tlC8WTC4GCgJGhX7nQ9wQ/J1eQ/YkDfmznH+ok6YjHkGlgLsRuXHW GdcDCwuzBUCWh76LHC1EytUCKnloa3qy8jfjWnMlHgrd3FtDILrC+C7p1Vj2FAvm qVz0moiTpioPL8twp9MCgYEAin49q3EyZFYwxwdpU7/SJuvq750oZq0WVriUINsi A6IR14oOvbqkhb94fhsY12ZGt/N9uosq22H+anms6CicoQicv4fnBHDFI3hCHE9I pgeh50GTJHUA6Xk34V2s/kp5KpThazv6qCw+QubkQExh660SEdSlvoCfPKMCi1EJ TukCgYAZKY1NZ2bjJyyO/dfNvMQ+etUL/9esi+40GUGyJ7SZcazrN9z+DO0yL39g 7FT9NMIc2dsmNJQMaGBCDl0AjO1O3b/wqlrNvNBGkanxn2Htn5ajfo+LBU7yHAcV 7w4X5HLarXiE1mj0LXFKJhdvFqU53KUQJXBqR6lsMqzsdPwLMJg== -----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----""" private_key = paramiko.RSAKey(file_obj=StringIO(key_str)) transport = paramiko.Transport(('120.92.84.249', 22)) transport.connect(username='root', pkey=private_key) ssh = paramiko.SSHClient() ssh._transport = transport stdin, stdout, stderr = ssh.exec_command('df') result = stdout.read() print(result.decode('utf-8')) transport.close() print(result)
SFTPClient
用于连接远程服务器并执行上传下载
基于用户名密码上传下载
import paramiko transport = paramiko.Transport(('120.92.84.249',22)) transport.connect(username='root',password='xxx') sftp = paramiko.SFTPClient.from_transport(transport) # 将location.py 上传至服务器 /tmp/test.py sftp.put('/tmp/id_rsa', '/etc/test.rsa') # 将remove_path 下载到本地 local_path sftp.get('remove_path', 'local_path') transport.close()
基于公钥密钥上传下载
import paramiko private_key = paramiko.RSAKey.from_private_key_file('/tmp/id_rsa') transport = paramiko.Transport(('120.92.84.249', 22)) transport.connect(username='root', pkey=private_key ) sftp = paramiko.SFTPClient.from_transport(transport) # 将location.py 上传至服务器 /tmp/test.py sftp.put('/tmp/id_rsa', '/tmp/a.txt') # 将remove_path 下载到本地 local_path sftp.get('remove_path', 'local_path') transport.close()
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import paramiko import uuid class Haproxy(object): def __init__(self): self.host = '172.16.103.191' self.port = 22 self.username = 'root' self.pwd = '123' self.__k = None def create_file(self): file_name = str(uuid.uuid4()) with open(file_name,'w') as f: f.write('sb') return file_name def run(self): self.connect() self.upload() self.rename() self.close() def connect(self): transport = paramiko.Transport((self.host,self.port)) transport.connect(username=self.username,password=self.pwd) self.__transport = transport def close(self): self.__transport.close() def upload(self): # 连接,上传 file_name = self.create_file() sftp = paramiko.SFTPClient.from_transport(self.__transport) # 将location.py 上传至服务器 /tmp/test.py sftp.put(file_name, '/home/root/tttttttttttt.py') def rename(self): ssh = paramiko.SSHClient() ssh._transport = self.__transport # 执行命令 stdin, stdout, stderr = ssh.exec_command('mv /home/root/tttttttttttt.py /home/root/ooooooooo.py') # 获取命令结果 result = stdout.read() ha = Haproxy() ha.run()