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  • python开发模块基础:collections模块&paramiko模块

    一,collections模块

    在内置数据类型(dict、list、set、tuple)的基础上,collections模块还提供了几个额外的数据类型:Counter、deque、defaultdict、namedtuple和OrderedDict等。
    1.namedtuple: 生成可以使用名字来访问元素内容的tuple
    2.deque: 双端队列,可以快速的从另外一侧追加和推出对象
    3.Counter: 计数器,主要用来计数
    4.OrderedDict: 有序字典
    5.defaultdict: 带有默认值的字典

     1 #!/usr/bin/python env
     2 #_*_coding:utf-8_*_
     3 
     4 # 1.namedtuple (重点)
     5 from collections import namedtuple
     6 Ponit = namedtuple('Ponit',['x','y','z'])
     7 p = Ponit(1,2,5)
     8 print(p.x)
     9 print(p.y)
    10 print(p.z)
    11 
    12 # 2.deque
    13 '''
    14 使用list存储数据时,按索引访问元素很快,但是插入和删除元素就很慢了,因为list是线性存储,数据量大的时候,插入和删除效率很低
    15 deque是为了高效实现插入和删除操作的双向列表,适合用于队列和栈:
    16 '''
    17 from collections import deque
    18 q = deque(['a', 'b', 'c'])
    19 q.append('x')
    20 q.appendleft('y')
    21 # print(q)
    22 #deque(['y', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'x'])
    23 # deque除了实现list的append()和pop()外,还支持appendleft()和popleft(),这样就可以非常高效地往头部添加或删除元素
    24 
    25 # 3.OrderedDict (重点)消耗内存
    26 '''
    27 使用dict时,Key是无序的。在对dict做迭代时,我们无法确定Key的顺序。
    28 如果要保持Key的顺序,可以用OrderedDict:
    29 '''
    30 from collections import OrderedDict
    31 d = dict([('a', 1), ('b', 2), ('c', 3)])
    32 print(d)
    33 #d dict的Key是无序的
    34 #{'a': 1, 'c': 3, 'b': 2}
    35 od = OrderedDict([('a', 1), ('b', 2), ('c', 3)])
    36 print(od)
    37 #od OrderedDict的Key是有序的
    38 #OrderedDict([('a', 1), ('b', 2), ('c', 3)])
    39 
    40 # 注意,OrderedDict的Key会按照插入的顺序排列,不是Key本身排序
    41 od = OrderedDict()
    42 od['z'] = 1
    43 od['y'] = 2
    44 od['x'] = 3
    45 od.keys() # 按照插入的Key的顺序返回
    46 #['z', 'y', 'x']
    47 
    48 # 4.defaultdict (重点)(带默认的字典,就是当这个)
    49 # 有如下值集合 [11,22,33,44,55,66,77,88,99,90...],将所有大于 66 的值保存至字典的第一个key中,将小于 66 的值保存至第二个key的值中。
    50 # 普通代码,需要判断这个key,vales存在不存在
    51 values = [11, 22, 33,44,55,66,77,88,99,90]
    52 my_dict = {}
    53 for value in  values:
    54     if value>66:
    55         if my_dict.has_key('k1'):
    56             my_dict['k1'].append(value)
    57         else:
    58             my_dict['k1'] = [value]
    59     else:
    60         if my_dict.has_key('k2'):
    61             my_dict['k2'].append(value)
    62         else:
    63             my_dict['k2'] = [value]
    64 
    65 # 使用dict时,如果引用的Key不存在,就会抛出KeyError。如果希望key不存在时,返回一个默认值,就可以用defaultdict:
    66 # 进阶版本   会给返回默认的参数,用了匿名函数的原理
    67 from collections import defaultdict
    68 values = [11, 22, 33,44,55,66,77,88,99,90]
    69 my_dict = defaultdict(list)
    70 for value in  values:
    71     if value>66:
    72         my_dict['k1'].append(value)
    73     else:
    74         my_dict['k2'].append(value)
    75 
    76 #匿名函数
    77 from collections import defaultdict
    78 def func():
    79     return 'N/A'
    80 my_dict = defaultdict(func)
    81 print(my_dict['k'])
    82 
    83 # 5.Counter
    84 # Counter类的目的是用来跟踪值出现的次数。它是一个无序的容器类型,以字典的键值对形式存储,其中元素作为key,其计数作为value。计数值可以是任意的Interger(包括0和负数)。Counter类和其他语言的bags或multisets很相似。
    85 from collections import Counter
    86 c = Counter('abcdeabcdabcaba')
    87 print(c)
    88 # 输出:Counter({'a': 5, 'b': 4, 'c': 3, 'd': 2, 'e': 1})
    89 # http://www.cnblogs.com/Eva-J/articles/7291842.html

    二,paramiko模块

    1. 介绍:

    paramiko是一个用于做远程控制的模块,使用该模块可以对远程服务器进行命令或文件操作,值得一说的是,fabric和ansible内部的远程管理就是使用的paramiko来现实。

    2. 下载安装

    pip3 install paramiko #在python3中
    pycrypto,由于 paramiko 模块内部依赖pycrypto,所以先下载安装pycrypto #在python2中
    pip3 install pycrypto
    pip3 install paramiko
    注:如果在安装pycrypto2.0.1时发生如下错误
            command 'gcc' failed with exit status 1...
    可能是缺少python-dev安装包导致
    如果gcc没有安装,请事先安装gcc
    在python2中

    3. 使用

    SSHClient

    用于连接远程服务器并执行基本命令

    基于用户名密码连接:

    import paramiko
    
    # 创建SSH对象
    ssh = paramiko.SSHClient()
    # 允许连接不在know_hosts文件中的主机
    ssh.set_missing_host_key_policy(paramiko.AutoAddPolicy())
    # 连接服务器
    ssh.connect(hostname='120.92.84.249', port=22, username='root', password='xxx')
    
    # 执行命令
    stdin, stdout, stderr = ssh.exec_command('df')
    # 获取命令结果
    result = stdout.read()
    print(result.decode('utf-8'))
    # 关闭连接
    ssh.close()
    import paramiko
    
    transport = paramiko.Transport(('120.92.84.249', 22))
    transport.connect(username='root', password='xxx')
    
    ssh = paramiko.SSHClient()
    ssh._transport = transport
    
    stdin, stdout, stderr = ssh.exec_command('df')
    res=stdout.read()
    print(res.decode('utf-8'))
    
    transport.close()
    SSHClient 封装 Transport

    基于公钥密钥连接:

    客户端文件名:id_rsa

    服务端必须有文件名:authorized_keys(在用ssh-keygen时,必须制作一个authorized_keys,可以用ssh-copy-id来制作)

    import paramiko
    
    private_key = paramiko.RSAKey.from_private_key_file('/tmp/id_rsa')
    
    # 创建SSH对象
    ssh = paramiko.SSHClient()
    # 允许连接不在know_hosts文件中的主机
    ssh.set_missing_host_key_policy(paramiko.AutoAddPolicy())
    # 连接服务器
    ssh.connect(hostname='120.92.84.249', port=22, username='root', pkey=private_key)
    
    # 执行命令
    stdin, stdout, stderr = ssh.exec_command('df')
    # 获取命令结果
    result = stdout.read()
    print(result.decode('utf-8'))
    # 关闭连接
    ssh.close()
    View Code
    import paramiko
    
    private_key = paramiko.RSAKey.from_private_key_file('/tmp/id_rsa')
    
    transport = paramiko.Transport(('120.92.84.249', 22))
    transport.connect(username='root', pkey=private_key)
    
    ssh = paramiko.SSHClient()
    ssh._transport = transport
    
    stdin, stdout, stderr = ssh.exec_command('df')
    result=stdout.read()
    print(result.decode('utf-8'))
    
    transport.close()
    SSHClient 封装 Transport 
    import paramiko
    from io import StringIO
    
    key_str = """-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
    MIIEoQIBAAKCAQEAsJmFLrSeCumJvga0Gl5O5wVOVwMIy2MpqIyQPi5J87dg89a4
    Da9fczJog7qoSbRwHFOQoCHNphSlp5KPhGsF6RJewkIw9H1UKV4dCOyl/4HOAkAD
    rKrsEDmrJ9JlzF2GTTZSnTgVQWcvBS2RKB4eM2R9aJ11xV6X2Hk4YDLTExIWeabb
    h2TUKw0iyjI8pRuYLKkF2X16u9TBwfOTroGYgiNFHQvhsQppbEbI49NF2XkCkFMi
    8/7tLjf95InE/VUUq56JqfzyHwdpHou+waXbwtvGgXN3sz+KkuEv6R2qDz06upZV
    FCZRRpDhzoR8Uh/UEzTGZb8z7FB6EJXUiXJikQIBIwKCAQBBmBuGYFf1bK+BGG7H
    9ySe81ecqVsJtx4aCFLVRGScWg4RbQKIvXs5an6XU/VdNGQnx0RYvBkvDvuzRRC8
    J8Bd4kB0CfTtGJuaVigKoQp02HEWx1HSa17+tlWD0c4KFBvwywi+DYQ83S64x8gz
    eOalX9bPFenqORPUD8R7gJeKvPVc6ZTPeorpuH7u9xayP0Eop8qKxZza9Xh3foVj
    Qo4IxoYnDN57CIRX5PFSlDDggpmr8FtRF4nAxmFq8LhSp05ivzX/Ku1SNHdaMWZO
    7va8tISXdLI5m0EGzoVoBvohIbwlxI6kfmamrh6Eas2Jnsc4CLzMsR4jBWt0LHLv
    /SLnAoGBANaEUf/Jptab9G/xD9W2tw/636i3gLpTPY9KPtCcAxqStNeT6RAWZ5HF
    lKJg+NKpu3pI45ldAwvts0i+aCZk2xakEWIZWqCmXm31JSPDQTaMGe7H0vOmUaxx
    ncdpBVdvhMbfFUgei15iKfuafgrKaS9oIkntXEgrC+3wBOI0Gbx3AoGBANLAGxAF
    TK7ydr+Q1+6/ujs6e8WsXt8HZMa/1khCVSbrf1MgACvZPSSSrDpVwaDTSjlRI4AL
    bb0l0RFU+/0caMiHilscuJdz9Fdd9Ux4pjROZa3TF5CFhvP7PsZAoxOo+yqJg4zr
    996GG/aAv4M8lQJ2rDFk/Dgn5y/AaAun1oM3AoGAGIQmoOPYjY4qkHNSRE9lYOl4
    pZFQilKn8x5tlC8WTC4GCgJGhX7nQ9wQ/J1eQ/YkDfmznH+ok6YjHkGlgLsRuXHW
    GdcDCwuzBUCWh76LHC1EytUCKnloa3qy8jfjWnMlHgrd3FtDILrC+C7p1Vj2FAvm
    qVz0moiTpioPL8twp9MCgYEAin49q3EyZFYwxwdpU7/SJuvq750oZq0WVriUINsi
    A6IR14oOvbqkhb94fhsY12ZGt/N9uosq22H+anms6CicoQicv4fnBHDFI3hCHE9I
    pgeh50GTJHUA6Xk34V2s/kp5KpThazv6qCw+QubkQExh660SEdSlvoCfPKMCi1EJ
    TukCgYAZKY1NZ2bjJyyO/dfNvMQ+etUL/9esi+40GUGyJ7SZcazrN9z+DO0yL39g
    7FT9NMIc2dsmNJQMaGBCDl0AjO1O3b/wqlrNvNBGkanxn2Htn5ajfo+LBU7yHAcV
    7w4X5HLarXiE1mj0LXFKJhdvFqU53KUQJXBqR6lsMqzsdPwLMJg==
    -----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----"""
    
    private_key = paramiko.RSAKey(file_obj=StringIO(key_str))
    transport = paramiko.Transport(('120.92.84.249', 22))
    transport.connect(username='root', pkey=private_key)
    
    ssh = paramiko.SSHClient()
    ssh._transport = transport
    
    stdin, stdout, stderr = ssh.exec_command('df')
    result = stdout.read()
    print(result.decode('utf-8'))
    transport.close()
    
    print(result)
    基于私钥字符串进行连接

    SFTPClient

    用于连接远程服务器并执行上传下载

    基于用户名密码上传下载

    import paramiko
     
    transport = paramiko.Transport(('120.92.84.249',22))
    transport.connect(username='root',password='xxx')
     
    sftp = paramiko.SFTPClient.from_transport(transport)
    # 将location.py 上传至服务器 /tmp/test.py
    sftp.put('/tmp/id_rsa', '/etc/test.rsa')
    # 将remove_path 下载到本地 local_path
    sftp.get('remove_path', 'local_path')
     
    transport.close()
    View Code

    基于公钥密钥上传下载

    import paramiko
    
    private_key = paramiko.RSAKey.from_private_key_file('/tmp/id_rsa')
    
    transport = paramiko.Transport(('120.92.84.249', 22))
    transport.connect(username='root', pkey=private_key )
    
    sftp = paramiko.SFTPClient.from_transport(transport)
    # 将location.py 上传至服务器 /tmp/test.py
    sftp.put('/tmp/id_rsa', '/tmp/a.txt')
    # 将remove_path 下载到本地 local_path
    sftp.get('remove_path', 'local_path')
    
    transport.close()
    View Code
    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
    import paramiko
    import uuid
    
    class Haproxy(object):
    
        def __init__(self):
            self.host = '172.16.103.191'
            self.port = 22
            self.username = 'root'
            self.pwd = '123'
            self.__k = None
    
        def create_file(self):
            file_name = str(uuid.uuid4())
            with open(file_name,'w') as f:
                f.write('sb')
            return file_name
    
        def run(self):
            self.connect()
            self.upload()
            self.rename()
            self.close()
    
        def connect(self):
            transport = paramiko.Transport((self.host,self.port))
            transport.connect(username=self.username,password=self.pwd)
            self.__transport = transport
    
        def close(self):
    
            self.__transport.close()
    
        def upload(self):
            # 连接,上传
            file_name = self.create_file()
    
            sftp = paramiko.SFTPClient.from_transport(self.__transport)
            # 将location.py 上传至服务器 /tmp/test.py
            sftp.put(file_name, '/home/root/tttttttttttt.py')
    
        def rename(self):
    
            ssh = paramiko.SSHClient()
            ssh._transport = self.__transport
            # 执行命令
            stdin, stdout, stderr = ssh.exec_command('mv /home/root/tttttttttttt.py /home/root/ooooooooo.py')
            # 获取命令结果
            result = stdout.read()
    
    
    ha = Haproxy()
    ha.run()
    Demo 
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/jokerbj/p/7327903.html
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