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  • Netty原理和使用

    性能主题

    Netty原理和使用

      <p>  Netty是一个高性能 事件驱动的异步的非堵塞的IO(NIO)框架,用于建立TCP等底层的连接,基于Netty可以建立高性能的Http服务器。支持HTTP、  WebSocket  、Protobuf、
         Binary
      TCP |和UDP,Netty已经被很多高性能项目作为其Socket底层基础,如HornetQ      Infinispan      Vert.x<br>
      Play Framework 
      Finangle和
      Cassandra。其竞争对手是:Apache MINA和
      Grizzly。</p>
                  <p>   传统堵塞的IO读取如下:</p>
                  <p>InputStream is = new FileInputStream("input.bin");<br>
                  int byte = is.read(); // 当前线程等待结果到达直至错误</p>
                  <p>   而使用NIO如下:</p>
                  <p>while (true) {<br>
                     selector.select(); // 从多个通道请求事件<br>
                     Iterator it = selector.selectedKeys().iterator();<br>
                     while (it.hasNext()) {<br>
                      SelectorKey key = (SelectionKey) it.next();<br>
                      handleKey(key);<br>
                      it.remove();<br>
                   }<br>
                  }</p>
                  <h3>堵塞与非堵塞原理</h3>
      <p>  传统硬件的堵塞如下,从内存中读取数据,然后写到磁盘,而CPU一直等到磁盘写完成,磁盘的写操作是慢的,这段时间CPU被堵塞不能发挥效率。</p>
                  <p><img src="https://images2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1112483/201807/1112483-20180731135755334-347387322.png
    

    " width="378" height="229">


      使用非堵塞的DMA如下图:CPU只是发出写操作这样的指令,做一些初始化工作,DMA具体执行,从内存中读取数据,然后写到磁盘,当完成写后发出一个中断事件给CPU。这段时间CPU是空闲的,可以做别的事情。这个原理称为Zero.copy零拷贝。



      Netty底层基于上述Java NIO的零拷贝原理实现:



    比较



    • Tomcat是一个Web服务器,它是采取一个请求一个线程,当有1000客户端时,会耗费很多内存。通常一个线程将花费
      256kb到1mb的stack空间。

    • Node.js是一个线程服务于所有请求,在错误处理上有限制

    • Netty是一个线程服务于很多请求,如下图,当从Java NIO获得一个Selector事件,将激活通道Channel。



    演示


    Netty的使用代码如下:


    Channel channel = ...

    ChannelFuture cf = channel.write(data);

    cf.addListener(

      new ChannelFutureListener() {

       @Override

       public void operationComplete(ChannelFuture future) throws Exception {

         if(!future.isSuccess() {

            future.cause().printStacktrace();

            ...

         }

         ...

       }

    });

    ...

    cf.sync();


    通过引入观察者监听,当有数据时,将自动激活监听者中的代码运行。


    我们使用Netty建立一个服务器代码:


    public class EchoServer {


        private final int port;


        public EchoServer(int port) {

            this.port = port;

        }


        public void run() throws Exception {

            // Configure the server.

            EventLoopGroup bossGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup();

            EventLoopGroup workerGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup();

            try {

                ServerBootstrap b = new ServerBootstrap();

                b.group(bossGroup, workerGroup).channel(NioServerSocketChannel.class).option(ChannelOption.SO_BACKLOG, 100)

                       .handler(new LoggingHandler(LogLevel.INFO)).childHandler(new ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel>() {

                           @Override

                           public void initChannel(SocketChannel ch) throws Exception {

                               ch.pipeline().addLast(

                               // new LoggingHandler(LogLevel.INFO),

                                       new EchoServerHandler());

                           }

                       });


                // Start the server.

                ChannelFuture f = b.bind(port).sync();


                // Wait until the server socket is closed.

                f.channel().closeFuture().sync();

            } finally {

                // Shut down all event loops to terminate all threads.

                bossGroup.shutdownGracefully();

                workerGroup.shutdownGracefully();

            }

        }


       

    }

    这段代码调用:在9999端口启动

    new EchoServer(9999).run();

    我们需要完成的代码是EchoServerHandler

    public class EchoServerHandler extends ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter {

        private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(EchoServerHandler.class.getName());

        @Override
        public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) throws Exception {
            ctx.write(msg);
        }

        @Override
        public void channelReadComplete(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception {
            ctx.flush();
        }

        @Override
        public void exceptionCaught(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Throwable cause) {
            // Close the connection when an exception is raised.
            logger.log(Level.WARNING, "Unexpected exception from downstream.", cause);
            ctx.close();
        }
    }

    原理

       一个Netty服务器的原理如下:

      图中每次请求的读取是通过UpStream来实现,然后激活我们的服务逻辑如EchoServerHandler,而服务器向外写数据,也就是响应是通过DownStream实现的。每个通道Channel包含一对UpStream和DownStream,以及我们的handlers(EchoServerHandler),如下图,这些都是通过channel pipeline封装起来的,数据流在管道里流动,每个Socket对应一个ChannelPipeline。

       CHANNELPIPELINE是关键,它类似Unix的管道,有以下作用:

    • 为每个Channel 保留 ChannelHandlers ,如EchoServerHandler
    • 所有的事件都要通过它
    • 不断地修改:类似unix的SH管道: echo "Netty is shit...." | sed -e 's/is /is the /'
    • 一个Channel对应一个 ChannelPipeline
    • 包含协议编码解码 安全验证SSL/TLS和应用逻辑

    客户端代码

      前面我们演示了服务器端代码,下面是客户端代码:

    public class EchoClient {
        private final String host;
        private final int port;
        private final int firstMessageSize;

        public EchoClient(String host, int port, int firstMessageSize) {
            this.host = host;
            this.port = port;
            this.firstMessageSize = firstMessageSize;
        }

        public void run() throws Exception {
            // Configure the client.
            EventLoopGroup group = new NioEventLoopGroup();
            try {
                Bootstrap b = new Bootstrap();
               b.group(group).channel(NioSocketChannel.class).option(ChannelOption.TCP_NODELAY, true).handler(new ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel>() {
                    @Override
                    public void initChannel(SocketChannel ch) throws Exception {
                       ch.pipeline().addLast(
                       // new LoggingHandler(LogLevel.INFO),
                               new EchoClientHandler(firstMessageSize));
                    }
                });

                // Start the client.
                ChannelFuture f = b.connect(host, port).sync();

                // Wait until the connection is closed.
                f.channel().closeFuture().sync();
            } finally {
                // Shut down the event loop to terminate all threads.
                group.shutdownGracefully();
            }
        }
    }

    客户端的应用逻辑EchoClientHandler

    public class EchoClientHandler extends ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter {

        private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(EchoClientHandler.class.getName());

        private final ByteBuf firstMessage;

        /**
         * Creates a client-side handler.
         */
        public EchoClientHandler(int firstMessageSize) {
            if (firstMessageSize <= 0) {
                throw new IllegalArgumentException("firstMessageSize: " + firstMessageSize);
            }
            firstMessage = Unpooled.buffer(firstMessageSize);
            for (int i = 0; i < firstMessage.capacity(); i++) {
                firstMessage.writeByte((byte) i);
            }
        }

        @Override
        public void channelActive(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) {
            ctx.writeAndFlush(firstMessage);
            System.out.print("active");
        }

        @Override
        public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) throws Exception {
            ctx.write(msg);
            System.out.print("read");
        }

        @Override
        public void channelReadComplete(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception {
            ctx.flush();
            System.out.print("readok");
        }

        @Override
        public void exceptionCaught(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Throwable cause) {
            // Close the connection when an exception is raised.
            logger.log(Level.WARNING, "Unexpected exception from downstream.", cause);
            ctx.close();
        }

    }

    			</div>
    

    原文地址:https://www.jdon.com/concurrent/netty.html

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/jpfss/p/9395468.html
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