git命令笔记2

git乱码解决：在Ubuntu下，git status时，中文文件名乱码类似“274232350256256346200273347273223.png”，修改配置即可"git config --global core.quotepath false"

(参考：http://blog.zengrong.net/post/1249.html)

配置全局.gitigonre
添加文件~/.gitignore_global，然后在~/.gitconfig里加入：

[core]
    excludesfile = ~/.gitignore_global  

1.
# 忽略所有后缀为.a的文件
*.a
# 不忽略lib.a（相对于上面的）
!lib.a
# 只忽略根下的TODO，不递归到子目录
/TODO
# 忽略所有build/下的文件
build/
# 忽略类似doc/notes.txt，但不包括doc/aa/bb.txt
doc/*.txt
# 忽略所有doc文件夹下的txt文件，递归到子目录
doc/**/*.txt

2. Short Status
$ git status -s
M README
MM Rakefile
A lib/git.rb
M lib/simplegit.rb
?? LICENSE.txt

New files that aren’t tracked have a ?? next to them, new files that have
been added to the staging area have an A, modified files have an M and so on.

3. 
git diff 与已经commit的比较
git diff --staged 已经add的比较与已经commit的比较
git diff --cached 与staged同义

4.
git rm 2.txt 会真的删除文件2.txt(需要commit)
git rm --cache 2.txt 只是移除git的管理状态，不会删除物理文件
git rm log/*.log 删除log文件夹中的.log文件，注意这里的*中的是对*进行转义
git rm *~

5.
git mv a.txt b.txt
=
mv a.txt b.txt
git rm a.txt
git add b.txt
（这种3行命令的方式，git依然能够理解是在进行重命名操作）

6.
git log 查看log
git log -p 查看每次提交的变化
git log -p -2 查看最近两次提交的变化
git log --stat 查看提交的统计信息（如下：）
    README             | 6 ++++++
    Rakefile           | 23 +++++++++++++++++++++++
    lib/simplegit.rb   | 25 +++++++++++++++++++++++++
    3 files changed,54 insertions(+)
git log --pretty=oneline
git log --pretty=format:"%h - %an, %ar : %s"
    Option Description of Output
    %H Commit hash
    %h Abbreviated commit hash
    %T Tree hash
    %t Abbreviated tree hash
    %P Parent hashes
    %p Abbreviated parent hashes
    %an Author name
    %ae Author e-mail
    %ad Author date (format respects the –date= option)
    %ar Author date, relative
    %cn Committer name
    %ce Committer email
    %cd Committer date
    %cr Committer date, relative
    %s Subject
git log --pretty=format:"%h %s" --graph //a nice little ASCII graph
git log --since=2.weeks

7. Undong Things
git commit --amend //场景：刚已经进行了提交，但是可能有文件忘记了add
    或者还有什么需要修改后在这次提交中提交的，可以使用--amend，这样可以将这些修改补充到刚才的提交中
    git add 1.txt
    git commit -m 'hahh, a commit'
    #oh no, a file named 2.txt is forgetten. but it should be committed in this commit
    git add 2.txt
    git commit --amend
    #hahah, 'amend' is useful.

git reset HEAD test.txt 撤销add
git checkout -- test.txt 撤销修改（慎用！会使修改丢失）

8.
git clone https://github.com/schacon/ticgit
git remote
git remote -v
git remote add pb https://github.com/paulboone/ticgit
git fetch pb 
git remote show origin （see much more information）
git remote rename pb paul 重命名

9.
Git uses two main types of tags: lightweight and annotated.
  A lightweight tag is very much like a branch that doesn’t change – it’s just a pointer to a specific commit.
  Annotated tags, however, 【are stored as full objects in the Git database】. They’re checksummed; contain the tagger name, e-mail, and date; have a tagging message; and can be signed and verified with GNU Privacy Guard (GPG). It’s generally recommended that you create annotated tags so you can have all this information; but if you want a temporary tag or for some reason don’t want to keep the other information, lightweight tags are available too.

git tag
git tag -l 'v1.8.5*'

git tag -a v1.4 -m 'my version 1.4' 添加Annotated tag
git show v1.4

git tag v1.4.1-lw 添加Lightweight Tags
git show v1.4.1-lw

git tag -a v1.2 9ab3ef34  根据某次提交记录打tag

git push origin v1.2 推送tag（git默认是不会推送tag的）
git push origin --tags 推送所有tag

git checkout -b version2 v2.0.0 根据标记创建分支

10. 给git命令设置别名
git config --global alias.unstage 'reset HEAD --'
git unstage fileA
等效于：
git reset HEAD fileA

git config --global alias.last 'log -1 HEAD'
use: git last

参考：

1. git pro