linux查看系统的硬件信息，并不像windows那么直观，这里我罗列了查看系统信息的实用命令，并做了分类，实例解说。
查看当前操作系统内核信息
# uname -a
Linux redcat 2.6.31-20-generic #58-Ubuntu SMP Fri Mar 12 05:23:09 UTC 2010 i686 GNU/Linux
查看当前操作系统发行版信息
[root@dep5 ~]# cat /etc/issue Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server release 6.5 (Santiago) Kernel on an m
cpu
lscpu命令，查看的是cpu的统计信息.
[root@dep5 ~]# clear
[root@dep5 ~]# lscpu
Architecture: x86_64 #架构
CPU op-mode(s): 32-bit, 64-bit #32位，64位
Byte Order: Little Endian
CPU(s): 1 #CPU个数
On-line CPU(s) list: 0
Thread(s) per core: 1 #每个核心线程数是1
Core(s) per socket: 1 #每个cpu插槽核数/每颗物理cpu核数是1
Socket(s): 1 #CPU插槽数1
NUMA node(s): 1
Vendor ID: GenuineIntel #cpu厂商ID是GenuineIntel
CPU family: 6 #CPU系列6
Model: 58 #型号58
Stepping: 9 #步进是9
CPU MHz: 1895.739 #cpu主频是1895.739MHz
BogoMIPS: 3791.47
Hypervisor vendor: VMware
Virtualization type: full
L1d cache: 32K #一级缓存32K（google了下，这具体表示表示cpu的L1数据缓存为32k）
L1i cache: 32K #一级缓存32K（具体为L1指令缓存为32K）
L2 cache: 256K #二级缓存2048K
L3 cache: 2048K #三级缓存2048K
NUMA node0 CPU(s): 0
查看/proc/cpuinfo,可以知道每个cpu信息，如每个CPU的型号，主频等。
#cat /proc/cpuinfo
processor : 0
vendor_id : GenuineIntel
cpu family : 6
model : 42
model name : Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-2320 CPU @ 3.00GHz
.....
上面输出的是第一个cpu部分信息，还有3个cpu信息省略了。
查看cpu型号
[root@dep5 ~]# cat /proc/cpuinfo | grep name | cut -f2 -d: | uniq -c
1 Intel(R) Celeron(R) CPU 1005M @ 1.90GHz
查看物理cpu颗数
[root@dep5 ~]# cat /proc/cpuinfo | grep physical | uniq -c
1 address sizes : 42 bits physical, 48 bits virtual
(说明实际上是1颗2核的CPU)
查看cpu运行模式
[root@dep5 ~]# getconf LONG_BIT
64
查看cpu是否支持64bit
[root@dep5 ~]# cat /proc/cpuinfo | grep flags | grep ' lm ' | wc -l
1
(结果大于0, 说明支持64bit计算. lm指long mode, 支持lm则是64bit)
内存
概要查看内存情况
free -m
total used free shared buffers cached
Mem: 3926 3651 274 0 12 404
-/+ buffers/cache: 3235 691
Swap: 9536 31 9505
这里的单位是MB，总共的内存是3926MB。
查看内存详细使用
[root@dep5 ~]# cat /proc/meminfo
MemTotal: 1180536 kB
MemFree: 832688 kB
Buffers: 32484 kB
Cached: 151700 kB
SwapCached: 0 kB
Active: 128232 kB
.....
查看内存硬件信息
dmidecode -t memory
# dmidecode 2.11
SMBIOS 2.7 present.
Handle 0x0008, DMI type 16, 23 bytes
Physical Memory Array
Location: System Board Or Motherboard
....
Maximum Capacity: 32 GB
....
Handle 0x000A, DMI type 17, 34 bytes
....
Memory Device
Array Handle: 0x0008
Error Information Handle: Not Provided
Total Width: 64 bits
Data Width: 64 bits
Size: 4096 MB
.....
我的主板有4个槽位，只用了一个槽位，上面插了一条4096MB的内存。
磁盘
查看硬盘和分区分布
[root@dep5 ~]# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 20G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 200M 0 part /boot
├─sda2 8:2 0 200M 0 part [SWAP]
└─sda3 8:3 0 19.6G 0 part /
sr0 11:0 1 3.6G 0 rom
显示很直观
如果要看硬盘和分区的详细信息
[root@dep5 ~]# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sda: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00023e42
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 1 26 204800 83 Linux
Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.
/dev/sda2 26 52 204800 82 Linux swap / Solaris
Partition 2 does not end on cylinder boundary.
/dev/sda3 52 2611 20560896 83 Linux
网卡
查看网卡硬件信息
# lspci | grep -i 'eth'
02:00.0 Ethernet controller: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL8111/8168B PCI Express Gigabit Ethernet controller (rev 06)
查看系统的所有网络接口
# ifconfig -a
eth0 Link encap:以太网 硬件地址 b8:97:5a:17:b3:8f
.....
lo Link encap:本地环回
.....
或者是
ip link show
1: lo: <LOOPBACK> mtu 16436 qdisc noqueue state DOWN
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
link/ether b8:97:5a:17:b3:8f brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
如果要查看某个网络接口的详细信息，例如eth0的详细参数和指标
# ethtool eth0
Settings for eth0:
Supported ports: [ TP MII ]
Supported link modes: 10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full
100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full
1000baseT/Half 1000baseT/Full #支持千兆半双工，全双工模式
Supported pause frame use: No
Supports auto-negotiation: Yes #支持自适应模式，一般都支持
Advertised link modes: 10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full
100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full
1000baseT/Half 1000baseT/Full
Advertised pause frame use: Symmetric Receive-only
Advertised auto-negotiation: Yes #默认使用自适应模式
Link partner advertised link modes: 10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full
100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full
.....
Speed: 100Mb/s #现在网卡的速度是100Mb,网卡使用自适应模式，所以推测路由是100Mb，导致网卡从支持千兆，变成要支持百兆
Duplex: Full #全双工
.....
Link detected: yes #表示有网线连接，和路由是通的
其他
查看pci信息，即主板所有硬件槽信息。
lspci
00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation 2nd Generation Core Processor Family DRAM Controller (rev 09) #主板芯片
00:02.0 VGA compatible controller: Intel Corporation 2nd Generation Core Processor Family Integrated Graphics Controller (rev 09) #显卡
00:14.0 USB controller: Intel Corporation Panther Point USB xHCI Host Controller (rev 04) #usb控制器
00:16.0 Communication controller: Intel Corporation Panther Point MEI Controller #1 (rev 04)
00:1a.0 USB controller: Intel Corporation Panther Point USB Enhanced Host Controller #2 (rev 04)
00:1b.0 Audio device: Intel Corporation Panther Point High Definition Audio Controller (rev 04) #声卡
00:1c.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Panther Point PCI Express Root Port 1 (rev c4) #pci 插槽
00:1c.2 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Panther Point PCI Express Root Port 3 (rev c4)
00:1c.3 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Panther Point PCI Express Root Port 4 (rev c4)
00:1d.0 USB controller: Intel Corporation Panther Point USB Enhanced Host Controller #1 (rev 04)
00:1f.0 ISA bridge: Intel Corporation Panther Point LPC Controller (rev 04)
00:1f.2 IDE interface: Intel Corporation Panther Point 4 port SATA Controller [IDE mode] (rev 04) #硬盘接口
00:1f.3 SMBus: Intel Corporation Panther Point SMBus Controller (rev 04)
00:1f.5 IDE interface: Intel Corporation Panther Point 2 port SATA Controller [IDE mode] (rev 04) #硬盘接口
02:00.0 Ethernet controller: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL8111/8168B PCI Express Gigabit Ethernet controller (rev 06) #网卡
03:00.0 PCI bridge: Integrated Technology Express, Inc. Device 8893 (rev 41)
如果要更详细的信息:lspci -v 或者 lspci -vv
如果要看设备树:lscpi -t
查看bios信息
# dmidecode -t bios
......
BIOS Information
Vendor: American Megatrends Inc.
Version: 4.6.5
Release Date: 04/25/2012
.......
BIOS Revision: 4.6
......
dmidecode以一种可读的方式dump出机器的DMI(Desktop Management Interface)信息。这些信息包括了硬件以及BIOS，既可以得到当前的配置，也可以得到系统支持的最大配置，比如说支持的最大内存数等。
如果要查看所有有用信息
dmidecode -q
[root@dep5 ~]# dmidecode --help
Usage: dmidecode [OPTIONS]
Options are:
-d, --dev-mem FILE Read memory from device FILE (default: /dev/mem)
-h, --help Display this help text and exit
-q, --quiet Less verbose output
-s, --string KEYWORD Only display the value of the given DMI string
-t, --type TYPE Only display the entries of given type
-u, --dump Do not decode the entries
--dump-bin FILE Dump the DMI data to a binary file
--from-dump FILE Read the DMI data from a binary file
-V, --version Display the version and exit
里面包含了很多硬件信息