飞舞的蝴蝶（GraphicsView框架）

飞舞的蝴蝶（GraphicsView框架）

一、简介

       GraphicsView框架结构主要包含三个主要的类QGraphicsScene（容器）、QGraphicsView（视图）、QGraphicsItem（图形项）。QGraphicsScene本身不可见必须通过与之相连的QGraphicsView视口类来显示及与外界进行互操作，主要提供项目的操作接口、传递事件和管理各个项目状态；QGraphicsView提供一个可视的窗口，用于显示场景中的项目，一个场景中可以有多个视口；QGraphicsItem是场景中各个项目的基础类。

二、关系图

（1）三者间的关系

（2）坐标系统

QGraphicsScene坐标系是以中心为原点(0,0)，QGraphicsView继承自QWidget以窗口的左上角作为自己坐标系的原点，而QGraphicsItem则有自己的坐标系其paint()函数重画时以此坐标系为基准。

（3）坐标映射

三个坐标系之间的相互转换函数及图形项与图形项之间的转换函数。

三、详解

1、运行图

2、解析

（1）利用定时器实现QGraphicsItem不停上下飞舞的蝴蝶的动画效果

#include <QGraphicsItem>
#include <QObject>

class Butterfly : public QObject, public QGraphicsItem
{
    Q_OBJECT
public:
    Butterfly();
    void timerEvent(QTimerEvent *);
    QRectF boundingRect() const;

protected:
    void paint(QPainter *painter, const QStyleOptionGraphicsItem *option, QWidget *widget);


private:
    bool up;
    QPixmap pix_up;
    QPixmap pix_down;

    qreal angle;

};

static const double PI = 3.14159265358979323846264338327950288419717;

Butterfly::Butterfly()
{
    setFlag(QGraphicsItem::ItemIsMovable);

    pix_up.load(":/images/butterfly1.PNG");
    pix_down.load(":/images/butterfly2.PNG");
    up = true;
    startTimer(100);
}

QRectF Butterfly::boundingRect() const
{
    qreal adjust = 8;
    return QRectF(-pix_up.width()/2-adjust,-pix_up.height()/2-adjust,
                pix_up.width()+adjust*2,pix_up.height()+2*adjust);
}

void Butterfly::paint(QPainter *painter, const QStyleOptionGraphicsItem *option, QWidget *widget)
{
    if(up)
    {
        painter->drawPixmap(boundingRect().topLeft(),pix_up);
        up = !up;
    }
    else
    {
        painter->drawPixmap(boundingRect().topLeft(),pix_down);
        up = !up;
    }
//    painter->setPen(Qt::NoPen);
//    painter->setBrush(Qt::darkGray);
//    painter->drawEllipse(-7,-7,40,40);

//    painter->setPen(QPen(Qt::black,0));
//    painter->setBrush(flash ? (Qt::red):(Qt::yellow));
//    painter->drawEllipse(-10,-10,40,40);

}

void Butterfly::timerEvent(QTimerEvent *)
{
    // edge controll
    qreal edgex = scene()->sceneRect().right()+boundingRect().width()/2;
    qreal edgetop = scene()->sceneRect().top()+boundingRect().height()/2;
    qreal edgebottom = scene()->sceneRect().bottom()+boundingRect().height()/2;
    //qDebug() << scene()->itemsBoundingRect();
    if (pos().x() >= edgex)
        setPos(scene()->sceneRect().left(),pos().y());
    if (pos().y() <= edgetop)
        setPos(pos().x(),scene()->sceneRect().bottom());
    if (pos().y() >= edgebottom)
        setPos(pos().x(),scene()->sceneRect().top());

    angle += (qrand()%10)/20.0;
    qreal dx = fabs(sin(angle*PI)*10.0);
    qreal dy = (qrand()%20)-10.0;

    setPos(mapToParent(dx,dy));
    update();
}

分析：在定时器的timeEvent()中对QGraphicsItem进行重画，重画paint()函数中飞舞的蝴蝶是由两幅图片组成，蝴蝶的移动边界做一个限定，dx和dy是相对于蝴蝶的坐标系而言的，调用setPos函数时使用mapToParent()函数映射成场景的坐标。setFlag(QGraphicsItem::ItemIsMovable);使蝴蝶可以通过鼠标移动。

（2）来回移动的星星

class StarItem : public QGraphicsItem
{
public:
    StarItem();

    QRectF boundingRect() const;
    void paint(QPainter *painter, const QStyleOptionGraphicsItem *option, QWidget *widget);

private:
    QPixmap pix;
};

StarItem::StarItem()
{
    pix.load(":/images/star.png");
}

QRectF StarItem::boundingRect() const
{
    return QRectF(-pix.width()/2,-pix.height()/2,pix.width(),pix.height());
}

void
StarItem::paint(QPainter *painter, const QStyleOptionGraphicsItem *option, QWidget *widget)
{
    painter->drawPixmap(boundingRect().topLeft(),pix);
}

{
    StarItem *star = new StarItem;
    QGraphicsItemAnimation *anim = new QGraphicsItemAnimation;
    anim->setItem(star);
    QTimeLine *timeLine = new QTimeLine(4000);
    timeLine->setCurveShape(QTimeLine::SineCurve);
    timeLine->setLoopCount(0);
    anim->setTimeLine(timeLine);

    int y = (qrand()%400) - 200;
    for (int i=0; i<400; i++)
    {
        anim->setPosAt(i/400.0, QPointF(i-200,y));
    }
    timeLine->start();
    scene->addItem(star);
}

分析：利用QGraphicsItemAnimation类和QTimeLine实现项目的动画效果（也可使用定时器QTimer结合重绘函数来实现）。

（3）简单正方形

{
    QGraphicsRectItem *item = new QGraphicsRectItem(QRectF(0,0,60,60));
    QPen pen;
    pen.setWidth(3);
    pen.setColor(QColor(qrand()%256,qrand()%256,qrand()%256));
    item->setPen(pen);
    item->setBrush(QColor(qrand()%256,qrand()%256,qrand()%256));
    item->setFlag(QGraphicsItem::ItemIsMovable);
    scene->addItem(item);
    //item->setPos((qrand()%int(scene->sceneRect().width()))-200,(qrand()%int(scene->sceneRect().height()))-200);
    item->setPos(-200, -200);
}

分析：利用继承QGraphicsItem的类QGraphicsRectItem添加一个正方形的图形项。

注意编译时会出现如下警告：

Warning::Class Butterfly imlements the interface QGraphicsItem but does not list it in Q_INTERFACES　；qobject_cast to QGraphicsItem will not work

原因：

QGraphicsItem的paint方法是在item被重绘时调用的，除了调用这个接口函数外，他还需要调用另外几个接口函数，你是不是在类中没有写呀？

需要添加的函数列表：
     QRectF boundingRect() const;
    QPainterPath shape() const;
    virtual void paint(QPainter *painter, const QStyleOptionGraphicsItem *item, QWidget *widget);
    void mousePressEvent(QGraphicsSceneMouseEvent *event);
    void mouseMoveEvent(QGraphicsSceneMouseEvent *event);
    void mouseReleaseEvent(QGraphicsSceneMouseEvent *event);
    void contextMenuEvent(QGraphicsSceneContextMenuEvent *event);
    void hoverEnterEvent(QGraphicsSceneHoverEvent * event);
    void hoverLeaveEvent(QGraphicsSceneHoverEvent * event);

一、简介

       GraphicsView支持事件传播体系结构，可以使图元在场景scene中得到提高了已被的精确交互能力。图形视图框架中的事件都是首先由视图进行接收，然后传递给场景，再由场景给相应的图形项。

       对于键盘鼠标事件，scene会传递给获得焦点的图形项。如果场景没有获得焦点，那键盘事件会丢弃；如果调用场景setFocus()或者场景中的一个图形项获得了焦点，那么场景会自动获得焦点；如果场景丢失了焦点（如调用clearFocus()）而其中一个图形项获得焦点那场景会保存这个图形项的焦点信息。

       图形项默认无法接收悬停事件，可以使用QGraphicsItem的setAcceptHoverEvents()函数使图形项可以接收悬停事件。 

二、运行图

（1）五个图形项的运行图如下图所示。

三、详解

1、QGraphicsScene

#ifndef MYSCENE_H
#define MYSCENE_H

#include <QGraphicsScene>
#include <QGraphicsSceneMouseEvent>
#include <QPaintEvent>
#include <QKeyEvent>

class MyScene : public QGraphicsScene
{
    Q_OBJECT
public:
    explicit MyScene(QObject *parent = 0);

protected:
    void keyPressEvent(QKeyEvent *event);
    void mousePressEvent(QGraphicsSceneMouseEvent *event);

signals:

public slots:

};

#endif // MYSCENE_H

#include "myscene.h"

MyScene::MyScene(QObject *parent) :
    QGraphicsScene(parent)
{
    clearFocus();
}

void MyScene::keyPressEvent(QKeyEvent *event)
{
    qDebug("*********MyScene::keyPressEvent***************");
    return QGraphicsScene::keyPressEvent(event);
}

void MyScene::mousePressEvent(QGraphicsSceneMouseEvent *event)
{
    qDebug("*********MyScene::mousePressEvent***************");
    QGraphicsScene::mousePressEvent(event);
}

2、QGraphicsView

#ifndef MYVIEW_H
#define MYVIEW_H

#include <QGraphicsView>

class MyView : public QGraphicsView
{
    Q_OBJECT
public:
    explicit MyView(QWidget *parent = 0);

protected:
    void keyPressEvent(QKeyEvent *event);
    void mousePressEvent(QMouseEvent *event);
    void paintEvent(QPaintEvent * event);
    void mouseMoveEvent(QMouseEvent *event);
signals:

public slots:

};

#endif // MYVIEW_H

#include "myview.h"
#include <QKeyEvent>

MyView::MyView(QWidget *parent) :
    QGraphicsView(parent)
{
}

void MyView::keyPressEvent(QKeyEvent *event)
{
   qDebug("*********MyView::keyPressEvent***************");
    switch (event->key())
    {
    case Qt::Key_Left :
        scale(1.2, 1.2);
        break;
    case Qt::Key_Right :
        scale(1 / 1.2, 1 / 1.2);
        break;
    case Qt::Key_Up :
        rotate(30);
        break;
    }
    QGraphicsView::keyPressEvent(event);
}

void MyView::mousePressEvent(QMouseEvent *event)
{
    qDebug("************MyView::mousePressEvent*****************");
    QGraphicsView::mousePressEvent(event);
}

void MyView::paintEvent(QPaintEvent *event)
{
    qDebug("************MyView::paintEvent*****************");
    QGraphicsView::paintEvent(event);
}

void MyView::mouseMoveEvent(QMouseEvent *event)
{
    //qDebug("************MyView::mouseMoveEvent*****************");
    QGraphicsView::mouseMoveEvent(event);
}

3、QGraphicsItem

#ifndef MYITEM_H
#define MYITEM_H

#include <QGraphicsItem>
#include <QGraphicsSceneEvent>
class MyItem : public QGraphicsItem
{
public:
    MyItem();
    QRectF boundingRect() const;
    void paint(QPainter *painter, const QStyleOptionGraphicsItem *option,
                  QWidget *widget);
    void setColor(const QColor &color) { brushColor = color; }

protected:
    void keyPressEvent(QKeyEvent *event);
    void mousePressEvent(QGraphicsSceneMouseEvent *event);
    void hoverEnterEvent(QGraphicsSceneHoverEvent *event);
    void hoverLeaveEvent (QGraphicsSceneHoverEvent * event);
    void contextMenuEvent(QGraphicsSceneContextMenuEvent *event);
    void mouseMoveEvent(QGraphicsSceneMouseEvent *event);
private:
    QColor brushColor;

};

#endif // MYITEM_H

#include "myitem.h"
#include <QPainter>
#include <QCursor>
#include <QKeyEvent>
#include <QGraphicsSceneHoverEvent>
#include <QGraphicsSceneContextMenuEvent>
#include <QMenu>

MyItem::MyItem()
{
    brushColor = Qt::red;
    setFlag(QGraphicsItem::ItemIsFocusable);
    setFlag(QGraphicsItem::ItemIsMovable);
    //setAcceptHoverEvents(true);
}

QRectF MyItem::boundingRect() const
{
    qreal adjust = 0.5;
    return QRectF(-10 - adjust, -10 - adjust,
                  20 + adjust, 20 + adjust);
}

void MyItem::paint(QPainter *painter, const QStyleOptionGraphicsItem *option,
                   QWidget *widget)
{   qDebug("************MyItem::paint*****************");
    if(hasFocus()) {
        painter->setPen(QPen(QColor(255,255,255,200)));
    } else {
        painter->setPen(QPen(QColor(100,100,100,100)));
    }
    painter->setBrush(brushColor);
    painter->drawRect(-10, -10, 20, 20);
}

// 鼠标按下事件处理函数，设置被点击的图形项获得焦点，并改变光标外观
void MyItem::mousePressEvent(QGraphicsSceneMouseEvent *event)
{
    qDebug("************MyItem::mousePressEvent*****************");
    setFocus();
    setCursor(Qt::ClosedHandCursor);
}

// 键盘按下事件处理函数，判断是否是向下方向键，如果是，则向下移动图形项
void MyItem::keyPressEvent(QKeyEvent *event)
{
    qDebug("************MyItem::keyPressEvent*****************");
    if(event->key() == Qt::Key_Down)
        moveBy(0, 10);
}

// 悬停事件处理函数，设置光标外观和提示
void MyItem::hoverEnterEvent(QGraphicsSceneHoverEvent *event)
{
    qDebug("************MyItem::hoverEnterEvent*****************");
    setCursor(Qt::OpenHandCursor);
    setToolTip("I am item");
}

void MyItem::hoverLeaveEvent(QGraphicsSceneHoverEvent *event)
{
    qDebug("************MyItem::hoverLeaveEvent*****************");
    setCursor(Qt::ArrowCursor);
}


// 右键菜单事件处理函数，为图形项添加一个右键菜单
void MyItem::contextMenuEvent(QGraphicsSceneContextMenuEvent *event)
{
    QMenu menu;
    QAction *moveAction = menu.addAction("move back");
    QAction *actAction = menu.addAction("test");
    QAction *selectedAction = menu.exec(event->screenPos());
    if(selectedAction == moveAction) {
        setPos(0, 0);
    }
}

void MyItem::mouseMoveEvent(QGraphicsSceneMouseEvent *event)
{
    qDebug("************MyItem::mouseMoveEvent*****************");
    QGraphicsItem::mouseMoveEvent(event);
}

4、main及运行

#include <QApplication>
#include "myitem.h"
#include "myview.h"
#include "myscene.h"
#include <QTime>

int main(int argc,char* argv[ ])
{
    QApplication app(argc,argv);

    qsrand(QTime(0, 0, 0).secsTo(QTime::currentTime()));

    MyScene scene;
    scene.setSceneRect(-200, -150, 400, 300);
    for(int i = 0; i < 5; ++i) {
        MyItem *item = new MyItem;
        item->setColor(QColor(qrand() % 256, qrand() % 256, qrand() % 256));
        item->setPos(i * 50 - 90, -50);
        scene.addItem(item);
    }


    MyView view;
    view.setScene(&scene);
    view.setBackgroundBrush(QPixmap(":/background.png"));
    view.show();

    return app.exec();
}

分析：keyPressEvent键盘按下事件由View—Scene—Item

分析：mousePressEven鼠标按下事件由View—Scene—Item

分析：事件项Item没有获得焦点时，mousePressEven鼠标按下事件只由View传递到Scene。

分析：事件项Item的悬停事件，在构造函数中设置了setAcceptHoverEvents(true)。