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从Java到C++——从union到VARIANT与CComVariant的深层剖析

我第一次用VARIANT和CComVariant的时候全然不明确它是怎么回事，为它什么数据类型都能够存放。什么数据都能够被能够初始化？里面究竟是怎么实现的？感觉又奇妙又迷惑！我们在上一节中讲了union的使用方法之后你或许想到了大概是怎么回事了。没错。union能够帮我们实现这一个奇妙的功能。并且VARIANT定义中确实使用了union。假设你还不明确，那我们就自己来模拟实现一个相似于CComVariant功能的类把，废话不多说，看代码：

CVariate.h:

#ifndef CVARIATE_H
#define CVARIATE_H

#include <string.h>

//======================================================
const unsigned int DEFAULT_STRLEN = 256;
//=======================================================

//自定义一个类用于存放随意类型的数据，以模拟类型VARIANT的功能。
class CVariate
{
public:
    CVariate() : type(INT), nVal(0){}               //默认构造函数。初始化nVal，值为0
    virtual ~CVariate(){};                          //虚构函数，不做不论什么处理
    CVariate(const CVariate& val) : type(val.type)  //拷贝构造函数
    {
        CopyUnion(val);
    }
    CVariate &operator=(char c)
    {
        type = CHAR;
        cVal = c;
        return *this;
    }
    CVariate &operator=(short int sn)
    {
        type = SHORT;
        snVal = sn;
        return *this;
    }
    CVariate &operator=(int i)
    {
        type = INT;
        nVal = i;
        return *this;
    }
    CVariate &operator=(long l)
    {
        type = LONG;
        lVal = l;
        return *this;
    }
    CVariate &operator=(float f)
    {
        type = FLOAT;
        fVal = f;
        return *this;
    }
    CVariate &operator=(double d)
    {
        type = DOUBLE;
        dVal = d;
        return *this;
    }
    CVariate &operator=(const char* str);
    void CopyUnion(const CVariate& val);                    //数据的拷贝
    void DisplayValue();
private:
    enum {CHAR, SHORT, INT, LONG, FLOAT, DOUBLE, STR}type;  //为不同的数据类型定义一个枚举值
    union                                                   //union，能够存入各种类型的数据
    {
        char cVal;
        short snVal;
        int nVal;
        long lVal;
        float fVal;
        double dVal;
        char strVal[DEFAULT_STRLEN];
    };
};

#endif // CVARIATE_H

CVariate.cpp:

#include "../include/CVariate.h"
#include <iostream>

CVariate& CVariate::operator=(const char* str)
{
    if(strlen(str) >= DEFAULT_STRLEN)
    {
        std::cerr << "The length of string is out of memory." << std::endl;
    } else
    {
        strcpy(strVal, str);
        type = STR;
    }
    return *this;
}

void CVariate::CopyUnion(const CVariate& val)
{
    switch(val.type)
    {
        case CVariate::CHAR:
            cVal = val.cVal;
            break;
        case CVariate::SHORT:
            snVal = val.snVal;
            break;
        case CVariate::INT:
            nVal = val.nVal;
            break;
        case CVariate::LONG:
            lVal = val.lVal;
            break;
        case CVariate::FLOAT:
            fVal = val.fVal;
            break;
        case CVariate::DOUBLE:
            dVal = val.dVal;
            break;
        case CVariate::STR:
            if(strlen(val.strVal) >= DEFAULT_STRLEN)
            {
                std::cerr << "The length of string is out of memory." << std::endl;
                break;
            } else
            {
                strcpy(strVal, val.strVal);
            }
            break;
        default:
            return;
    }
}


void CVariate::DisplayValue()
{
    switch(type)
    {
        case CVariate::CHAR:
            std::cout << cVal;
            break;
        case CVariate::SHORT:
            std::cout << snVal;
            break;
        case CVariate::INT:
            std::cout << nVal;
            break;
        case CVariate::LONG:
            std::cout << lVal;
            break;
        case CVariate::FLOAT:
            std::cout << fVal;
            break;
        case CVariate::DOUBLE:
            std::cout << dVal;
            break;
        case CVariate::STR:
            char s[255];
            strcpy(s, strVal);
            std::cout << s;
            break;
        default:
            return;
    }
    std::cout << std::endl;
}

Test.cpp:

int main()
{
    CVariate cVal;
    cVal.DisplayValue();
    cVal = 125;
    cVal.DisplayValue();
    CVariate cVal2(cVal);
    cVal2.DisplayValue();
    cVal2 = 188.598;
    cVal2.DisplayValue();
    cVal2 = "Hello World.";
    cVal2.DisplayValue();    
    return 0;
}

结果例如以下：

VARIANT的结构能够參考头文件VC98IncludeOAIDL.H中关于结构体tagVARIANT的定义例如以下：

struct tagVARIANT {
union {
struct __tagVARIANT {
VARTYPE vt;
WORD wReserved1;
WORD wReserved2;
WORD wReserved3;
union {
ULONGLONG ullVal; ---VT_UI8
LONGLONG llVal; ---VT_I8
LONG lVal; ---VT_I4 */
BYTE bVal; ---VT_UI1 */
SHORT iVal; ---VT_I2 */
FLOAT fltVal; ---VT_R4 */
DOUBLE dblVal; ---VT_R8 */
VARIANT_BOOL boolVal;   ---VT_BOOL */
_VARIANT_BOOL bool; ---(obsolete) */
SCODE scode; ---VT_ERROR */
CY cyVal; ---VT_CY */
DATE date; ---VT_DATE */
BSTR bstrVal; ---VT_BSTR */
IUnknown * punkVal; ---VT_UNKNOWN */
IDispatch * pdispVal; ---VT_DISPATCH */
SAFEARRAY * parray; ---VT_ARRAY */
BYTE * pbVal; ---VT_BYREF|VT_UI1 */
SHORT * piVal; ---VT_BYREF|VT_I2 */
LONG * plVal; ---VT_BYREF|VT_I4 */
LONGLONG * pllVal; ---VT_BYREF|VT_I8 */
FLOAT * pfltVal; ---VT_BYREF|VT_R4 */
DOUBLE * pdblVal; ---VT_BYREF|VT_R8 */
VARIANT_BOOL *pboolVal; ---VT_BYREF|VT_BOOL */
_VARIANT_BOOL *pbool; ---(obsolete) */
SCODE * pscode; ---VT_BYREF|VT_ERROR */
CY * pcyVal; ---VT_BYREF|VT_CY */
DATE * pdate; ---VT_BYREF|VT_DATE */
BSTR * pbstrVal; ---VT_BYREF|VT_BSTR */
IUnknown ** ppunkValVARIANT的结构能够參考头文件VC98IncludeOAIDL.H中关于结构体tagVARIANT的定义。


struct tagVARIANT {

union {

struct __tagVARIANT {

VARTYPE vt;

WORD wReserved1;

WORD wReserved2;

WORD wReserved3;

union {

ULONGLONG ullVal; ---VT_UI8

LONGLONG llVal; ---VT_I8

LONG lVal; ---VT_I4 */

BYTE bVal; ---VT_UI1 */

SHORT iVal; ---VT_I2 */

FLOAT fltVal; ---VT_R4 */

DOUBLE dblVal; ---VT_R8 */

VARIANT_BOOL boolVal;   ---VT_BOOL */

_VARIANT_BOOL bool; ---(obsolete) */

SCODE scode; ---VT_ERROR */

CY cyVal; ---VT_CY */

DATE date; ---VT_DATE */

BSTR bstrVal; ---VT_BSTR */

IUnknown * punkVal; ---VT_UNKNOWN */

IDispatch * pdispVal; ---VT_DISPATCH */

SAFEARRAY * parray; ---VT_ARRAY */

BYTE * pbVal; ---VT_BYREF|VT_UI1 */

SHORT * piVal; ---VT_BYREF|VT_I2 */

LONG * plVal; ---VT_BYREF|VT_I4 */

LONGLONG * pllVal; ---VT_BYREF|VT_I8 */

FLOAT * pfltVal; ---VT_BYREF|VT_R4 */

DOUBLE * pdblVal; ---VT_BYREF|VT_R8 */

VARIANT_BOOL *pboolVal; ---VT_BYREF|VT_BOOL */

_VARIANT_BOOL *pbool; ---(obsolete) */

SCODE * pscode; ---VT_BYREF|VT_ERROR */

CY * pcyVal; ---VT_BYREF|VT_CY */

DATE * pdate; ---VT_BYREF|VT_DATE */

BSTR * pbstrVal; ---VT_BYREF|VT_BSTR */

IUnknown ** ppunkVal; ---VT_BYREF|VT_UNKNOWN */

IDispatch ** ppdispVal; ---VT_BYREF|VT_DISPATCH */

SAFEARRAY ** pparray; ---VT_BYREF|VT_ARRAY */

VARIANT * pvarVal; ---VT_BYREF|VT_VARIANT */

PVOID byref; ---Generic ByRef */

CHAR cVal; ---VT_I1 */

USHORT uiVal; ---VT_UI2 */

ULONG ulVal; ---VT_UI4 */

INT intVal; ---VT_INT */
VARIANT的结构能够參考头文件VC98IncludeOAIDL.H中关于结构体tagVARIANT的定义。

struct tagVARIANT {

union {

struct __tagVARIANT {

VARTYPE vt;

WORD wReserved1;

WORD wReserved2;

WORD wReserved3;

union {

ULONGLONG ullVal; ---VT_UI8

LONGLONG llVal; ---VT_I8

LONG lVal; ---VT_I4 */

BYTE bVal; ---VT_UI1 */

SHORT iVal; ---VT_I2 */

FLOAT fltVal; ---VT_R4 */

DOUBLE dblVal; ---VT_R8 */

VARIANT_BOOL boolVal;   ---VT_BOOL */

_VARIANT_BOOL bool; ---(obsolete) */

SCODE scode; ---VT_ERROR */

CY cyVal; ---VT_CY */

DATE date; ---VT_DATE */

BSTR bstrVal; ---VT_BSTR */

IUnknown * punkVal; ---VT_UNKNOWN */

IDispatch * pdispVal; ---VT_DISPATCH */

SAFEARRAY * parray; ---VT_ARRAY */

BYTE * pbVal; ---VT_BYREF|VT_UI1 */

SHORT * piVal; ---VT_BYREF|VT_I2 */

LONG * plVal; ---VT_BYREF|VT_I4 */

LONGLONG * pllVal; ---VT_BYREF|VT_I8 */

FLOAT * pfltVal; ---VT_BYREF|VT_R4 */

DOUBLE * pdblVal; ---VT_BYREF|VT_R8 */

VARIANT_BOOL *pboolVal; ---VT_BYREF|VT_BOOL */

_VARIANT_BOOL *pbool; ---(obsolete) */

SCODE * pscode; ---VT_BYREF|VT_ERROR */

CY * pcyVal; ---VT_BYREF|VT_CY */

DATE * pdate; ---VT_BYREF|VT_DATE */

BSTR * pbstrVal; ---VT_VARIANT的结构能够參考头文件VC98IncludeOAIDL.H中关于结构体tagVARIANT的定义。


struct tagVARIANT {

union {

struct __tagVARIANT {

VARTYPE vt;

WORD wReserved1;

WORD wReserved2;

WORD wReserved3;

union {

ULONGLONG ullVal; ---VT_UI8

LONGLONG llVal; ---VT_I8

LONG lVal; ---VT_I4 */

BYTE bVal; ---VT_UI1 */

SHORT iVal; ---VT_I2 */

FLOAT fltVal; ---VT_R4 */

DOUBLE dblVal; ---VT_R8 */

VARIANT_BOOL boolVal;   ---VT_BOOL */

_VARIANT_BOOL bool; ---(obsolete) */

SCODE scode; ---VT_ERROR */

CY cyVal; ---VT_CY */

DATE date; ---VT_DATE */

BSTR bstrVal; ---VT_BSTR */

IUnknown * punkVal; ---VT_UNKNOWN */

IDispatch * pdispVal; ---VT_DISPATCH */

SAFEARRAY * parray; ---VT_ARRAY */

BYTE * pbVal; ---VT_BYREF|VT_UI1 */

SHORT * piVal; ---VT_BYREF|VT_I2 */

LONG * plVal; ---VT_BYREF|VT_I4 */

LONGLONG * pllVal; ---VT_BYREF|VT_I8 */

FLOAT * pfltVal; ---VT_BYREF|VT_R4 */

DOUBLE * pdblVal; ---VT_BYREF|VT_R8 */

VARIANT_BOOL *pboolVal; ---VT_BYREF|VT_BOOL */

_VARIANT_BOOL *pbool; ---(obsolete) */

SCODE * pscode; ---VT_BYREF|VT_ERROR */

CY * pcyVal; ---VT_BYREF|VT_CY */

DATE * pdate; ---VT_BYREF|VT_DATE */

BSTR * pbstrVal; ---VT_BYREF|VT_BSTR */

IUnknown ** ppunkVal; ---VT_BYREF|VT_UNKNOWN */

IDispatch ** ppdispVal; ---VT_BYREF|VT_DISPATCH */

SAFEARRAY ** pparray; ---VT_BYREF|VT_ARRAY */

VARIANT * pvarVal; ---VT_BYREF|VT_VARIANT */

PVOID byref; ---Generic ByRef */

CHAR cVal; ---VT_I1 */

USHORT uiVal; ---VT_UI2 */

ULONG ulVal; ---VT_UI4 */

INT intVal; ---VT_INT */

UINT uintVal; ---VT_UINT */

DECIMAL * pdecVal; ---VT_BYREF|VT_DECIMAL */

CHAR * pcVal; ---VT_BYREF|VT_I1 */

USHORT * puiVal; ---VT_BYREF|VT_UI2 */

ULONG * pulVal; ---VT_BYREF|VT_UI4 */

ULONGLONG * pullVal; --- VT_BYREF|VT_UI8 */

INT * pintVal; ---VT_BYREF|VT_INT */

UINT * puintVal; ---VT_BYREF|VT_UINT

struct __tagBRECORD {

PVOID pvRecord;

IRecordInfo * pRecInfo;

} __VARIANT_NAME_4; --- VT_RECORD

} __VARIANT_NAME_3;

} __VARIANT_NAME_2;

DECIMAL decVal;

} __VARIANT_NAME_1;

};BYREF|VT_BSTR */

IUnknown ** ppunkVal; ---VT_BYREF|VT_UNKNOWN */

IDispatch ** ppdispVal; ---VT_BYREF|VT_DISPATCH */

SAFEARRAY ** pparray; ---VT_BYREF|VT_ARRAY */

VARIANT * pvarVal; ---VT_BYREF|VT_VARIANT */

PVOID byref; ---Generic ByRef */

CHAR cVal; ---VT_I1 */

USHORT uiVal; ---VT_UI2 */

ULONG ulVal; ---VT_UI4 */

INT intVal; ---VT_INT */

UINT uintVal; ---VT_UINT */

DECIMAL * pdecVal; ---VT_BYREF|VT_DECIMAL */

CHAR * pcVal; ---VT_BYREF|VT_I1 */

USHORT * puiVal; ---VT_BYREF|VT_UI2 */

ULONG * pulVal; ---VT_BYREF|VT_UI4 */

ULONGLONG * pullVal; --- VT_BYREF|VT_UI8 */

INT * pintVal; ---VT_BYREF|VT_INT */

UINT * puintVal; ---VT_BYREF|VT_UINT

struct __tagBRECORD {

PVOID pvRecord;

IRecordInfo * pRecInfo;

} __VARIANT_NAME_4; --- VT_RECORD

} __VARIANT_NAME_3;

} __VARIANT_NAME_2;

DECIMAL decVal;

} __VARIANT_NAME_1;

};
UINT uintVal; ---VT_UINT */

DECIMAL * pdecVal; ---VT_BYREF|VT_DECIMAL */

CHAR * pcVal; ---VT_BYREF|VT_I1 */

USHORT * puiVal; ---VT_BYREF|VT_UI2 */

ULONG * pulVal; ---VT_BYREF|VT_UI4 */

ULONGLONG * pullVal; --- VT_BYREF|VT_UI8 */

INT * pintVal; ---VT_BYREF|VT_INT */

UINT * puintVal; ---VT_BYREF|VT_UINT

struct __tagBRECORD {

PVOID pvRecord;

IRecordInfo * pRecInfo;

} __VARIANT_NAME_4; --- VT_RECORD

} __VARIANT_NAME_3;

} __VARIANT_NAME_2;

DECIMAL decVal;

} __VARIANT_NAME_1;

};; ---VT_BYREF|VT_UNKNOWN */
IDispatch ** ppdispVal; ---VT_BYREF|VT_DISPATCH */
SAFEARRAY ** pparray; ---VT_BYREF|VT_ARRAY */
VARIANT * pvarVal; ---VT_BYREF|VT_VARIANT */
PVOID byref; ---Generic ByRef */
CHAR cVal; ---VT_I1 */
USHORT uiVal; ---VT_UI2 */
ULONG ulVal; ---VT_UI4 */
INT intVal; ---VT_INT */
UINT uintVal; ---VT_UINT */
DECIMAL * pdecVal; ---VT_BYREF|VT_DECIMAL */
CHAR * pcVal; ---VT_BYREF|VT_I1 */
USHORT * puiVal; ---VT_BYREF|VT_UI2 */
ULONG * pulVal; ---VT_BYREF|VT_UI4 */
ULONGLONG * pullVal; --- VT_BYREF|VT_UI8 */
INT * pintVal; ---VT_BYREF|VT_INT */
UINT * puintVal; ---VT_BYREF|VT_UINT
struct __tagBRECORD {
PVOID pvRecord;
IRecordInfo * pRecInfo;
} __VARIANT_NAME_4; --- VT_RECORD
} __VARIANT_NAME_3;
} __VARIANT_NAME_2;
DECIMAL decVal;
} __VARIANT_NAME_1;
};