Hibernate HQL 语法大全(下)

11.子查询

对于支持子查询的数据库，Hibernate支持在查询中使用子查询。一个子查询必须被圆括号包围起来（经常是SQL聚集函数的圆括号）。甚至相互关联的子查询（引用到外部查询中的别名的子查询）也是允许的。

from Cat as fatcat where fatcat.weight > ( select avg(cat.weight) from DomesticCat cat )

from DomesticCat as cat where cat.name = some ( select name.nickName from Name as name )

from Cat as cat where not exists ( from Cat as mate where mate.mate = cat )

from DomesticCat as cat where cat.name not in ( select name.nickName from Name as name )

在select列表中包含一个表达式以上的子查询，你可以使用一个元组构造符（tuple constructors）：

from Cat as cat where not ( cat.name, cat.color ) in ( select cat.name, cat.color from DomesticCat cat )

注意在某些数据库中（不包括Oracle与HSQL），你也可以在其他语境中使用元组构造符， 比如查询用户类型的组件与组合：

from Person where name = ('Gavin', 'A', 'King')

该查询等价于更复杂的：

from Person where name.first = 'Gavin' and name.initial = 'A' and name.last = 'King')

有两个很好的理由使你不应当作这样的事情：首先，它不完全适用于各个数据库平台；其次，查询现在依赖于映射文件中属性的顺序。

12.HQL示例

Hibernate查询可以非常的强大与复杂。实际上，Hibernate的一个主要卖点就是查询语句的威力。这里有一些例子，它们与我在最近的一个项目中使用的查询非常相似。注意你能用到的大多数查询比这些要简单的多！

下面的查询对于某个特定的客户的所有未支付的账单，在给定给最小总价值的情况下，返回订单的id，条目的数量和总价值，返回值按照总价值的结果进行排序。为了决定价格，查询使用了当前目录。作为转换结果的SQL查询，使用了ORDER, ORDER_LINE, PRODUCT, CATALOG 和PRICE 库表。

select order.id, sum(price.amount), count(item) from Order as order join order.lineItems as item join item.product as product, Catalog as catalog join catalog.prices as price where order.paid = false and order.customer = :customer and price.product = product and catalog.effectiveDate < sysdate and catalog.effectiveDate >= all ( select cat.effectiveDate from Catalog as cat where cat.effectiveDate < sysdate ) group by order having sum(price.amount) > :minAmount order by sum(price.amount) desc

这简直是一个怪物！实际上，在现实生活中，我并不热衷于子查询，所以我的查询语句看起来更像这个：

select order.id, sum(price.amount), count(item) from Order as order join order.lineItems as item join item.product as product, Catalog as catalog join catalog.prices as price where order.paid = false and order.customer = :customer and price.product = product and catalog = :currentCatalog group by order having sum(price.amount) > :minAmount order by sum(price.amount) desc

下面一个查询计算每一种状态下的支付的数目，除去所有处于AWAITING_APPROVAL状态的支付，因为在该状态下当前的用户作出了状态的最新改变。该查询被转换成含有两个内连接以及一个相关联的子选择的SQL查询，该查询使用了表 PAYMENT, PAYMENT_STATUS 以及 PAYMENT_STATUS_CHANGE。

select count(payment), status.name from Payment as payment join payment.currentStatus as status join payment.statusChanges as statusChange where payment.status.name <> PaymentStatus.AWAITING_APPROVAL or ( statusChange.timeStamp = ( select max(change.timeStamp) from PaymentStatusChange change where change.payment = payment ) and statusChange.user <> :currentUser ) group by status.name, status.sortOrder order by status.sortOrder

如果我把statusChanges实例集映射为一个列表（list）而不是一个集合（set）, 书写查询语句将更加简单.

select count(payment), status.name from Payment as payment join payment.currentStatus as status where payment.status.name <> PaymentStatus.AWAITING_APPROVAL or payment.statusChanges[ maxIndex(payment.statusChanges) ].user <> :currentUser group by status.name, status.sortOrder order by status.sortOrder

下面一个查询使用了MS SQL Server的 isNull()函数用以返回当前用户所属组织的组织帐号及组织未支付的账。它被转换成一个对表ACCOUNT, PAYMENT, PAYMENT_STATUS, ACCOUNT_TYPE, ORGANIZATION以及 ORG_USER进行的三个内连接，一个外连接和一个子选择的SQL查询。

select account, payment from Account as account left outer join account.payments as payment where :currentUser in elements(account.holder.users) and PaymentStatus.UNPAID = isNull(payment.currentStatus.name, PaymentStatus.UNPAID) order by account.type.sortOrder, account.accountNumber, payment.dueDate

对于一些数据库，我们需要弃用（相关的）子选择。

select account, payment from Account as account join account.holder.users as user left outer join account.payments as payment where :currentUser = user and PaymentStatus.UNPAID = isNull(payment.currentStatus.name, PaymentStatus.UNPAID) order by account.type.sortOrder, account.accountNumber, payment.dueDate

13.批量的UPDATE & DELETE语句

HQL现在支持UPDATE与DELETE语句.

14.小技巧 & 小窍门

你可以统计查询结果的数目而不必实际的返回他们：

( (Integer) session.iterate("select count(*) from ....").next() ).intValue()

若想根据一个集合的大小来进行排序，可以使用如下的语句：

select usr.id, usr.name from User as usr left join usr.messages as msg group by usr.id, usr.name order by count(msg)

如果你的数据库支持子选择，你可以在你的查询的where子句中为选择的大小（selection size）指定一个条件:

from User usr where size(usr.messages) >= 1

如果你的数据库不支持子选择语句，使用下面的查询：

select usr.id, usr.name from User usr.name join usr.messages msg group by usr.id, usr.name having count(msg) >= 1

因为内连接（inner join）的原因，这个解决方案不能返回含有零个信息的User 类的实例, 所以这种情况下使用下面的格式将是有帮助的:

select usr.id, usr.name from User as usr left join usr.messages as msg group by usr.id, usr.name having count(msg) = 0

JavaBean的属性可以被绑定到一个命名查询（named query）的参数上：

Query q = s.createQuery("from foo Foo as foo where foo.name=:name and foo.size=:size"); q.setProperties(fooBean); // fooBean包含方法getName()与getSize() List foos = q.list();

通过将接口Query与一个过滤器（filter）一起使用，集合（Collections）是可以分页的：

Query q = s.createFilter( collection, "" ); // 一个简单的过滤器 q.setMaxResults(PAGE_SIZE); q.setFirstResult(PAGE_SIZE * pageNumber); List page = q.list();

通过使用查询过滤器（query filter）可以将集合（Collection）的原素分组或排序:

Collection orderedCollection = s.filter( collection, "order by this.amount" ); Collection counts = s.filter( collection, "select this.type, count(this) group by this.type" );

不用通过初始化，你就可以知道一个集合（Collection）的大小：

( (Integer) session.iterate("select count(*) from ....").next() ).intValue();