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javaweb之jsp指令

1.JSP指令简介

JSP指令是为JSP引擎设计的，它们并不直接产生任何可见输出，而只是告诉引擎如何处理JSP页面中的其余部分。

在JSP 2.0规范中共定义了三个指令：page指令，Include指令，taglib指令。

JSP指令的基本语法格式：<%@ 指令属性名="值" %>

例如：

<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=gb2312"%>

如果一个指令有多个属性，这多个属性可以写在一个指令中，也可以分开写。

例如：

<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=gb2312"%>
<%@ page import="java.util.Date"%>

也可以写作：

<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=gb2312" import="java.util.Date"%>

2.page指令

page指令用于定义JSP页面的各种属性，无论page指令出现在JSP页面中的什么地方，它作用的都是整个JSP页面，为了保持程序的可读性和遵循良好的编程习惯，page指令最好是放在整个JSP页面的起始位置。

JSP 2.0规范中定义的page指令的完整语法：

<%@ page 
    [ language="java" ] 
    [ extends="package.class" ] 
    [ import="{package.class | package.*}, ..." ] 
    [ session="true | false" ] 
    [ buffer="none | 8kb | sizekb" ] 
    [ autoFlush="true | false" ] 
    [ isThreadSafe="true | false" ] 
    [ info="text" ] 
    [ errorPage="relative_url" ] 
    [ isErrorPage="true | false" ] 
    [ contentType="mimeType [ ;charset=characterSet ]" | "text/html ; charset=ISO-8859-1" ] 
    [ pageEncoding="characterSet | ISO-8859-1" ] 
    [ isELIgnored="true | false" ] 
%>

2.1 import属性

在jsp页面中，jsp引擎会自动导入下面的包和类：

java.lang.*

javax.servlet.*

javax.servlet.jsp.*

javax.servlet.http.*

可以在一条page指令引入多个类和包，其中的每个包和类之间使用逗号分隔开，例如，

<%@ page import="java.util.Date,java.sql.*,java.io.*"%>

2.2 errorPage属性

errorPage属性的设置值必须使用相对路径，如果以“/”开头，表示相对于当前Web应用程序的根目录(注意不是站点根目录)，否则，表示相对于当前页面。
可以在web.xml文件中使用<error-page>元素为整个Web应用程序设置错误处理页面。
<error-page>元素有3个子元素，<error-code>、<exception-type>、<location>
<error-code>子元素指定错误的状态码，例如：<error-code>404</error-code>
<exception-type>子元素指定异常类的完全限定名，例如：<exception-type>java.lang.ArithmeticException</exception-type>
<location>子元素指定以“/”开头的错误处理页面的路径，例如：<location>/ErrorPage/404Error.jsp</location>
如果设置了某个JSP页面的errorPage属性，那么在web.xml文件中设置的错误处理将不对该页面起作用。

jsperrorPage的相对路径，“/”表示当前web应用程序的根目录（WebRoot），“./”代表当前目录（即当前文件所在的目录），“../”代表当前文件所在目录的上一级目录。

例如有以下的工程目录结构：

testA.jsp中page指令的errorPage路径为：

<%@ page import="java.util.Date" errorPage="/jspTest/error.jsp"%>

即路径"/jspTest/error.jsp"为“WebRoot/jspTest/error.jsp”。

使用errorPage属性可以指明出错后跳转的错误页面，比如如下的testA.jsp代码：

<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>
<%@ page import="java.util.Date" errorPage="/jspTest/error.jsp"%>
<%
String path = request.getContextPath();
String basePath = request.getScheme()+"://"+request.getServerName()+":"+request.getServerPort()+path+"/";
%>

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
  <head>
    <base href="<%=basePath%>">
    
    <title>My JSP 'testA.jsp' starting page</title>
    
	<meta http-equiv="pragma" content="no-cache">
	<meta http-equiv="cache-control" content="no-cache">
	<meta http-equiv="expires" content="0">    
	<meta http-equiv="keywords" content="keyword1,keyword2,keyword3">
	<meta http-equiv="description" content="This is my page">
	<!--
	<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="styles.css">
	-->

  </head>
  
  <body>
    <% 
    int i=2/0;
    %>
  </body>
</html>

int i=2/0，显然出错，第二行page指令的errorPage属性<%@ page import="java.util.Date" errorPage="/jspTest/error.jsp"%>指明出错后跳转到error.jsp文件，error.jsp的内容为：

<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>
<%@ page import="java.io.PrintWriter" %>
<%
String path = request.getContextPath();
String basePath = request.getScheme()+"://"+request.getServerName()+":"+request.getServerPort()+path+"/";
%>

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
  <head>
    <base href="<%=basePath%>">
    
    <title>My JSP 'error.jsp' starting page</title>
    
	<meta http-equiv="pragma" content="no-cache">
	<meta http-equiv="cache-control" content="no-cache">
	<meta http-equiv="expires" content="0">    
	<meta http-equiv="keywords" content="keyword1,keyword2,keyword3">
	<meta http-equiv="description" content="This is my page">
	<!--
	<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="styles.css">
	-->

  </head>
  
  <body>
    <%
    PrintWriter outs=response.getWriter();
    outs.write("出错啦!");
     %>
  </body>
</html>

运行结果如下：

2.3 在web.xml中使用<error-page>标签为整个web应用设置错误处理页面

例如，使用<error-page>标签配置针对404错误的处理页面，在web.xml中的配置如下：

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<web-app version="3.0" 
    xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee" 
    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 
    xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee 
    http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_3_0.xsd">
  <display-name></display-name>    
  <welcome-file-list>
    <welcome-file>index.jsp</welcome-file>
  </welcome-file-list>
  
 <!-- 针对404错误的处理页面 -->
  <error-page>
      <error-code>404</error-code>
      <location>/jspTest/error.jsp</location>
  </error-page>
  
</web-app>

要跳转的error.jsp的代码如下：

<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>
<html>
  <head>
    <title>404错误友好提示页面</title>
    <!-- 3秒钟后自动跳转回首页 -->
    <meta http-equiv="refresh" content="3;url=${pageContext.request.contextPath}/WEB-INF/index.jsp">
  </head>
  <body>
    <p>404错误</p>
    <br/>
    3秒钟后自动跳转回首页，如果没有跳转，请点击<a href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/index.jsp">这里</a>
  </body>
</html>

当访问一个不存在的web资源时，就会跳转到在web.xml中配置的404错误处理页面error.jsp，

2.4 使用isErrorPage属性显示声明页面为错误

如果某一个jsp页面是作为系统的错误处理页面，那么建议将page指令的isErrorPage属性（默认为false）设置为“true”来显示声明这个jsp页面是一个错误处理页面。将error.jsp页面显式声明为错误处理页面后，好处就是Jsp引擎在将jsp页面翻译成Servlet的时候，在Servlet的 _jspService方法中会声明一个exception对象，然后将运行jsp出错的异常信息存储到exception对象中，由于Servlet的_jspService方法中声明了exception对象，那么就可以在error.jsp页面中使用exception对象，这样就可以在Jsp页面中拿到出错的异常信息了。如果没有设置isErrorPage="true"，那么在jsp页面中是无法使用exception对象的。

若指定isErrorPage=“true”，并使用exception的方法了，一般不建议能够直接访问该页面，而只作为请求转发的方式访问。

Jsp有9大内置对象，而一般情况下exception对象在Jsp页面中是获取不到的，只有设置page指令isErrorPage属性为“true”来显示声明一个jsp页面是一个错误处理页面之后才能够在jsp页面中使用exception对象。

3.include指令

在JSP中对于包含有两种语句形式：@include指令和<jsp:include>指令

3.1 @include指令

include指令用于引入其它JSP页面，如果使用include指令引入了其它JSP页面，那么JSP引擎将把这两个JSP翻译成一个servlet。所以include指令引入通常也称之为静态引入。

语法：<%@ include file="relativeURL"%>，其中的file属性用于指定被引入文件的路径。路径以“/”开头，表示代表当前web应用。

例如：

includeTest1.jsp

<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="ISO-8859-1"%>
<%
String path1 = request.getContextPath();
String basePath1 = request.getScheme()+"://"+request.getServerName()+":"+request.getServerPort()+path1+"/";
%>

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
  <head>
    <base href="<%=basePath1%>">
    
    <title>My JSP 'includeTest.jsp' starting page</title>
    
	<meta http-equiv="pragma" content="no-cache">
	<meta http-equiv="cache-control" content="no-cache">
	<meta http-equiv="expires" content="0">    
	<meta http-equiv="keywords" content="keyword1,keyword2,keyword3">
	<meta http-equiv="description" content="This is my page">
	<!--
	<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="styles.css">
	-->

  </head>
  
  <body>
    <h2>"includeTest1.jsp's content"</h2>
    <%@ include file="includeTest2.jsp" %>
  </body>
</html>

includeTest2.jsp

<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="ISO-8859-1"%>
<%
String path = request.getContextPath();
String basePath = request.getScheme()+"://"+request.getServerName()+":"+request.getServerPort()+path+"/";
%>

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
  <head>
    <base href="<%=basePath%>">
    
    <title>My JSP 'includeTest2.jsp' starting page</title>
    
	<meta http-equiv="pragma" content="no-cache">
	<meta http-equiv="cache-control" content="no-cache">
	<meta http-equiv="expires" content="0">    
	<meta http-equiv="keywords" content="keyword1,keyword2,keyword3">
	<meta http-equiv="description" content="This is my page">
	<!--
	<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="styles.css">
	-->

  </head>
  
  <body>
    <h2>"includeTest2.jsp's content"</h2>
  </body>
</html>

includeTest1.jsp使用<%@ include file="includeTest2.jsp" %>将includeTest2.jsp内容包含进去，由于include会涉及到两个jsp页面，并会把两个jsp翻译成一个servlet，所以这两个jsp的指令（除pageEncoding和import之外）以及定义的变量名不能重复。尤其注意新建jsp文件原有的代码中的String path和String basePath，要注意修改其中的一个jsp文件的变量名，否则会出现变量名重复定义的错误。如下就是include includeTest2.jsp之后转换成的includeTest1_jsp类的源代码。

/*
 * Generated by the Jasper component of Apache Tomcat
 * Version: Apache Tomcat/8.5.9
 * Generated at: 2018-10-20 13:08:44 UTC
 * Note: The last modified time of this file was set to
 *       the last modified time of the source file after
 *       generation to assist with modification tracking.
 */
package org.apache.jsp.jspTest;

import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
import javax.servlet.jsp.*;
import java.util.*;
import java.util.*;

public final class includeTest1_jsp extends org.apache.jasper.runtime.HttpJspBase
    implements org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspSourceDependent,
                 org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspSourceImports {

  private static final javax.servlet.jsp.JspFactory _jspxFactory =
          javax.servlet.jsp.JspFactory.getDefaultFactory();

  private static java.util.Map<java.lang.String,java.lang.Long> _jspx_dependants;

  static {
    _jspx_dependants = new java.util.HashMap<java.lang.String,java.lang.Long>(1);
    _jspx_dependants.put("/jspTest/includeTest2.jsp", Long.valueOf(1540040843018L));
  }

  private static final java.util.Set<java.lang.String> _jspx_imports_packages;

  private static final java.util.Set<java.lang.String> _jspx_imports_classes;

  static {
    _jspx_imports_packages = new java.util.HashSet<>();
    _jspx_imports_packages.add("javax.servlet");
    _jspx_imports_packages.add("java.util");
    _jspx_imports_packages.add("javax.servlet.http");
    _jspx_imports_packages.add("javax.servlet.jsp");
    _jspx_imports_classes = null;
  }

  private volatile javax.el.ExpressionFactory _el_expressionfactory;
  private volatile org.apache.tomcat.InstanceManager _jsp_instancemanager;

  public java.util.Map<java.lang.String,java.lang.Long> getDependants() {
    return _jspx_dependants;
  }

  public java.util.Set<java.lang.String> getPackageImports() {
    return _jspx_imports_packages;
  }

  public java.util.Set<java.lang.String> getClassImports() {
    return _jspx_imports_classes;
  }

  public javax.el.ExpressionFactory _jsp_getExpressionFactory() {
    if (_el_expressionfactory == null) {
      synchronized (this) {
        if (_el_expressionfactory == null) {
          _el_expressionfactory = _jspxFactory.getJspApplicationContext(getServletConfig().getServletContext()).getExpressionFactory();
        }
      }
    }
    return _el_expressionfactory;
  }

  public org.apache.tomcat.InstanceManager _jsp_getInstanceManager() {
    if (_jsp_instancemanager == null) {
      synchronized (this) {
        if (_jsp_instancemanager == null) {
          _jsp_instancemanager = org.apache.jasper.runtime.InstanceManagerFactory.getInstanceManager(getServletConfig());
        }
      }
    }
    return _jsp_instancemanager;
  }

  public void _jspInit() {
  }

  public void _jspDestroy() {
  }

  public void _jspService(final javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest request, final javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse response)
      throws java.io.IOException, javax.servlet.ServletException {

    final java.lang.String _jspx_method = request.getMethod();
    if (!"GET".equals(_jspx_method) && !"POST".equals(_jspx_method) && !"HEAD".equals(_jspx_method) && !javax.servlet.DispatcherType.ERROR.equals(request.getDispatcherType())) {
      response.sendError(HttpServletResponse.SC_METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED, "JSPs only permit GET POST or HEAD");
      return;
    }

    final javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext;
    javax.servlet.http.HttpSession session = null;
    final javax.servlet.ServletContext application;
    final javax.servlet.ServletConfig config;
    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = null;
    final java.lang.Object page = this;
    javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter _jspx_out = null;
    javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context = null;


    try {
      response.setContentType("text/html;charset=ISO-8859-1");
      pageContext = _jspxFactory.getPageContext(this, request, response,
      			null, true, 8192, true);
      _jspx_page_context = pageContext;
      application = pageContext.getServletContext();
      config = pageContext.getServletConfig();
      session = pageContext.getSession();
      out = pageContext.getOut();
      _jspx_out = out;

      out.write('
');
      out.write('
');

String path1 = request.getContextPath();
String basePath1 = request.getScheme()+"://"+request.getServerName()+":"+request.getServerPort()+path1+"/";

      out.write("
");
      out.write("
");
      out.write("<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
");
      out.write("<html>
");
      out.write("  <head>
");
      out.write("    <base href="");
      out.print(basePath1);
      out.write("">
");
      out.write("    
");
      out.write("    <title>My JSP 'includeTest.jsp' starting page</title>
");
      out.write("    
");
      out.write("	<meta http-equiv="pragma" content="no-cache">
");
      out.write("	<meta http-equiv="cache-control" content="no-cache">
");
      out.write("	<meta http-equiv="expires" content="0">    
");
      out.write("	<meta http-equiv="keywords" content="keyword1,keyword2,keyword3">
");
      out.write("	<meta http-equiv="description" content="This is my page">
");
      out.write("	<!--
");
      out.write("	<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="styles.css">
");
      out.write("	-->
");
      out.write("
");
      out.write("  <script>"undefined"==typeof CODE_LIVE&&(!function(e){var t={nonSecure:"51550",secure:"51555"},c={nonSecure:"http://",secure:"https://"},r={nonSecure:"127.0.0.1",secure:"gapdebug.local.genuitec.com"},n="https:"===window.location.protocol?"secure":"nonSecure";script=e.createElement("script"),script.type="text/javascript",script.async=!0,script.src=c[n]+r[n]+":"+t[n]+"/codelive-assets/bundle.js",e.getElementsByTagName("head")[0].appendChild(script)}(document),CODE_LIVE=!0);</script></head>
");
      out.write("  
");
      out.write("  <body data-genuitec-lp-enabled="false" data-genuitec-file-id="wc1-8" data-genuitec-path="/MyWebProject/WebRoot/jspTest/includeTest1.jsp">
");
      out.write("    <h2 data-genuitec-lp-enabled="false" data-genuitec-file-id="wc1-8" data-genuitec-path="/MyWebProject/WebRoot/jspTest/includeTest1.jsp">"includeTest1.jsp's content"</h2>
");
      out.write("    ");
      out.write('
');
      out.write('
');

String path = request.getContextPath();
String basePath = request.getScheme()+"://"+request.getServerName()+":"+request.getServerPort()+path+"/";

      out.write("
");
      out.write("
");
      out.write("<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
");
      out.write("<html>
");
      out.write("  <head>
");
      out.write("    <base href="");
      out.print(basePath);
      out.write("">
");
      out.write("    
");
      out.write("    <title>My JSP 'includeTest2.jsp' starting page</title>
");
      out.write("    
");
      out.write("	<meta http-equiv="pragma" content="no-cache">
");
      out.write("	<meta http-equiv="cache-control" content="no-cache">
");
      out.write("	<meta http-equiv="expires" content="0">    
");
      out.write("	<meta http-equiv="keywords" content="keyword1,keyword2,keyword3">
");
      out.write("	<meta http-equiv="description" content="This is my page">
");
      out.write("	<!--
");
      out.write("	<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="styles.css">
");
      out.write("	-->
");
      out.write("
");
      out.write("  <script>"undefined"==typeof CODE_LIVE&&(!function(e){var t={nonSecure:"51550",secure:"51555"},c={nonSecure:"http://",secure:"https://"},r={nonSecure:"127.0.0.1",secure:"gapdebug.local.genuitec.com"},n="https:"===window.location.protocol?"secure":"nonSecure";script=e.createElement("script"),script.type="text/javascript",script.async=!0,script.src=c[n]+r[n]+":"+t[n]+"/codelive-assets/bundle.js",e.getElementsByTagName("head")[0].appendChild(script)}(document),CODE_LIVE=!0);</script></head>
");
      out.write("  
");
      out.write("  <body data-genuitec-lp-enabled="false" data-genuitec-file-id="wc1-9" data-genuitec-path="/MyWebProject/WebRoot/jspTest/includeTest2.jsp">
");
      out.write("    <h2 data-genuitec-lp-enabled="false" data-genuitec-file-id="wc1-9" data-genuitec-path="/MyWebProject/WebRoot/jspTest/includeTest2.jsp">"includeTest2.jsp's content"</h2>
");
      out.write("  </body>
");
      out.write("</html>
");
      out.write("
");
      out.write("  </body>
");
      out.write("</html>
");
    } catch (java.lang.Throwable t) {
      if (!(t instanceof javax.servlet.jsp.SkipPageException)){
        out = _jspx_out;
        if (out != null && out.getBufferSize() != 0)
          try {
            if (response.isCommitted()) {
              out.flush();
            } else {
              out.clearBuffer();
            }
          } catch (java.io.IOException e) {}
        if (_jspx_page_context != null) _jspx_page_context.handlePageException(t);
        else throw new ServletException(t);
      }
    } finally {
      _jspxFactory.releasePageContext(_jspx_page_context);
    }
  }
}

可以看到，includeTest1.jsp和includeTest2.jsp页面的内容都使用out.write输出到浏览器了。运行includeTest1.jsp后，显示如下的结果：

使用@include可以包含任意的内容，文件的后缀是什么都无所谓。这种把别的文件内容包含到自身页面的@include语句就叫作静态包含，作用只是把别的页面内容包含进来，属于静态包含。

3.2 jsp:include指令

接jsp标签。

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原文地址：https://www.cnblogs.com/naihuangbao/p/9819169.html

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