Concise Sample of Managed DirectDraw (9.0c)

自批：读者注意，以下都是肤浅之谈，诚不足作为参考。

今天查了一下Managed DirectX 9.0的情况。据我所知现在有三种DirectX开发方式：C-C++/COM Raw-Interface、VB/COM Component、.Net/Managed DirectX；其中当然是使用COM的原始接口方式最快，其实目前我并不看好Managed DirectX，总体感觉其接口目前还处于不稳定状态，简直就是一片一片的subject to change/deprecated--! 使用这种方式的商业游戏也几乎没有，而且托管方式又为程序的加速增加了一层额外的burden，尤其是在现在普遍对托管方式执行效率不是那么了解的环境下，但是我还是很好奇号称未来DirectX开发潮流的Managed DirectX究竟能有多快，至少应该要比GDI+快吧，至少应该要比Flash快吧，汗.... 小试了一把2D的，M$现在推荐大家使用Direct3D里面的2D渲染接口，也就是Texture + Sprite + Direct3DDevice方式，M$到底是M$，果然有够激进的: )  而传统的DirectDraw接口在DX7.0之后已经开始被M$亮黄牌了——has been deprecated，9.0c SDK里面的资料已严重不全，但还是有Managed的接口支持，下面是个Managed DirectDraw的简明实例，C#写的，保证稳定: ) 需要Managed DirectX的Assembly。至于使用感受么...hmmm....原有的DDraw有的缺点Managed DDraw都有，对错误流程控制要求高、消息循环交互性要求高、多任务友好程度需要额外注意(100% CPU占有率)、需要进行Surface Lost控制.....中个痛苦，试试便知: ) 据说Direct3D里这些方面都是由DX自动管理的，不知效果如何，过两天我再写个Direct3D方式的2D实例。

BTW，罗嗦一句，经试验发现，Managed DirectX 9里面的GraphicsStream类数据操作效率不要太高，显然是经过刻意优化的，像我这种又喜欢直接改写显存又懒的人总算找到救命稻草了，哈哈

#define FULLSCREEN

using System;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Collections;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Threading;

using Microsoft.DirectX.DirectDraw;

namespace MDDraw
{
    public class AppForm : System.Windows.Forms.Form
    {
        乱七八糟#region 乱七八糟
        /**//// <summary>
        /// 必需的设计器变量。
        /// </summary>
        private System.ComponentModel.Container components = null;

        /**//// <summary>
        /// 清理所有正在使用的资源。
        /// </summary>
        protected override void Dispose( bool disposing )
        {
            if( disposing )
            {
                if (components != null) 
                {
                    components.Dispose();
                }
            }
            base.Dispose( disposing );
        }

        Windows 窗体设计器生成的代码#region Windows 窗体设计器生成的代码
        /**//// <summary>
        /// 设计器支持所需的方法 - 不要使用代码编辑器修改
        /// 此方法的内容。
        /// </summary>
        private void InitializeComponent()
        {
            // 
            // AppForm
            // 
            this.AutoScaleBaseSize = new System.Drawing.Size(5, 13);
            this.ClientSize = new System.Drawing.Size(292, 266);
            this.Name = "AppForm";
            this.Text = "Managed DirectDraw";
            this.KeyPress += new System.Windows.Forms.KeyPressEventHandler(this.AppForm_KeyPress);

        }
        #endregion

        #endregion

        public AppForm()
        {
            // Windows 窗体设计器支持所必需的
            InitializeComponent();        

            #if FULLSCREEN
                FormBorderStyle = FormBorderStyle.None;
            #else
                FormBorderStyle = FormBorderStyle.Sizable;
            #endif

            InitDirectDraw();
        }
    
        /**//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
        private Device display;
        private Surface front = null;
        private Surface back = null;
        private Surface title = null;
        private Clipper clip = null;    
        string titlescreen = "../../02.bmp";

        private void InitDirectDraw()
        {
            /**/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
            初始化DirectDrawDevice#region 初始化DirectDrawDevice
            SurfaceDescription description = new SurfaceDescription();
            display = new Device();

            #if FULLSCREEN
                display.SetCooperativeLevel(this, CooperativeLevelFlags.FullscreenExclusive);
                display.SetDisplayMode(1024, 768, 32, 0, false);
            #else
                display.SetCooperativeLevel(this, CooperativeLevelFlags.Normal);        
            #endif
            #endregion
            /**/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
            初始化Primary Surface#region 初始化Primary Surface
            description.SurfaceCaps.PrimarySurface = true;
            #if FULLSCREEN
                description.SurfaceCaps.Flip = true;
                description.SurfaceCaps.Complex = true;
                description.BackBufferCount = 1;

                front = new Surface(description, display);
            #else
                front = new Surface(description, display);
            #endif
            #endregion
            /**/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
            初始化Backup Surface#region 初始化Backup Surface
            description.Clear();
            #if FULLSCREEN
                SurfaceCaps caps = new SurfaceCaps();
                caps.BackBuffer = true;

                back = front.GetAttachedSurface(caps);
            #else
                description.Width = front.SurfaceDescription.Width;
                description.Height = front.SurfaceDescription.Height;
                description.SurfaceCaps.OffScreenPlain = true;

                back = new Surface(description, display);
            #endif
            #endregion
            /**/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
            初始化裁剪器#region 初始化裁剪器
            clip = new Clipper(display);
            clip.Window = this;
            
            #if FULLSCREEN
            
            #else
                front.Clipper = clip;
                back.Clipper=clip;        
            #endif
            #endregion
            /**/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
            初始化Off-Screen Surface#region 初始化Off-Screen Surface
            description.Clear();
            title = new Surface(titlescreen, description, display);
            #endregion
        }

        public void Draw()
        {        
            if (front == null || this.WindowState == FormWindowState.Minimized)
                return;
            
            if (!display.TestCooperativeLevel())
                return; //非常关键! 没有这句话必Crash!

            try
            {    
                绘制或者切换Primary Surface#region 绘制或者切换Primary Surface
                #if FULLSCREEN
                    back.Draw(new Rectangle(0,0,1024,768),title,new Rectangle(0,0,1024,768),DrawFlags.Wait);
                    back.DrawText(0, 0, "Press ENTER or ESC to exit.", false);
                #else
                    Point p=this.PointToScreen(new Point(0,0));
                    int srcw=Width>1024?1024:Width;
                    int srch=Height>1024?1024:Height;
                    back.Draw(new Rectangle(p.X,p.Y,this.Width,this.Height),title,new Rectangle(0,0,srcw,srch),DrawFlags.Wait);
                    back.DrawText(p.X, p.Y, "Press ENTER or ESC to exit.", false);
                #endif
                                
                #if FULLSCREEN
                    front.Flip(back, FlipFlags.Wait);
                #else
                    front.Draw(back, DrawFlags.Wait);
                #endif
                #endregion
            }
            catch(WasStillDrawingException)
            {
                return;
            }
            catch(CannotCreateDeviceContextException)
            {
                return;
            }
            catch(SurfaceLostException)
            {
                RestoreSurfaces();
            }
            catch(Exception e)
            {
                Close();
            }
        }

        private void RestoreSurfaces()
        {
            try 
            {
                display.RestoreAllSurfaces();
                SurfaceDescription description = new SurfaceDescription();
                title.Dispose();
                title = null;
                title = new Surface(titlescreen,description, display);
            } 
            catch (WrongModeException e)
            {
                return;
            }
            catch (UnsupportedModeException e)
            {
                return;
            }
            catch (Exception e)
            {
                Close();
            }
            return;
        }

        private void AppForm_KeyPress(object sender, System.Windows.Forms.KeyPressEventArgs e)
        {
            if (e.KeyChar==(char)13 || e.KeyChar==(char)27)
            {
                this.Close();
            }
        }
    }

    public class App
    {
        [STAThread]
        static void Main() 
        {
            AppForm frm=new AppForm();
            
            frm.Show();

            消息循环#region 消息循环
            while(frm.Created)
            {
                Thread.Sleep(1000/60); //近似60fps即可，防止CPU 100%占用
                
                frm.Draw();
                
                //分派完当前消息队列中所有的消息方退出，避免某些窗口中间状态
                Application.DoEvents();
            }
            #endregion
        }
    }
}