C/C++ 数据结构与算法

• 线性表（Linear List）
  • 顺序存储结构
    • 顺序表（Sequence List）
    • 顺序栈（Sequence Stack）
    • 循环队列（Circular Queue）
  • 链式存储结构
    • 单链表（Singly Linked List）
    • 双链表（Doubly Linked List）
    • 循环链表（Circular Linked List）
    • 链栈（Linked Stack）
    • 链队列（Linked Queue）

#ifndef _H_LINEARLIST
#define _H_LINEARLIST

#include <iostream>
#include <stdexcept>
using namespace std;

// 线性表头文件（Linear List header file）
// 导入各种数据结构头文件

// 线性表的顺序存储
#include "SequenceList.h"        // 顺序表
#include "SequenceStack.h"        // 顺序栈
#include "CircularQueue.h"        // 循环队列
// 线性表的链式存储
#include "SinglyLinkedLIst.h"    // 单链表
#include "LinkedStack.h"        // 链栈
#include "LinkedQueue.h"        // 链队列

#endif

#ifndef _H_SEQUENCELIST
#define _H_SEQUENCELIST

// 顺序表定义头文件（Sequence List）

namespace SequenceList 
{
    // SqList，顺序表类，成员有存储MAXSIZE个T类型数据的数组
    template <typename T, size_t MAXSIZE>
    class SqList 
    {
    private:
        T *data;
        size_t length;
        size_t size;
    public:
        // 初始化SqList
        SqList() 
        {
            this->size = MAXSIZE;
            this->data = new T[this->size]; 
            this->length = 0; 
        }
        // 析构化SqList
        ~SqList() { free(this->data); }
        // 是否为空
        bool Empty() const { return this->length == 0; }
        // 是否已满
        bool Full() const { return this->length == this->size; }
        // 返回长度
        size_t Length() const { return this->length; }
        // 返回大小
        size_t Size() { return this->size; }
        // 清除顺序表
        void Clear() 
        { 
            free(this->data); 
            this->size = MAXSIZE;
            this->data = new T[this->size]; 
            this->length = 0; 
        }
        // 获得index上的数据
        T GetElem(const size_t &index)
        {
            if (this->Empty())
            {
                throw out_of_range("SqList<T>: List is empty!
");
            }
            else if (index <= 0 || index > this->length)
            {
                throw out_of_range("SqList<T>: Index out of range!
");
            }
            else
            {
                return this->data[index-1];
            }
        }
        // 返回elem在SqList中的索引，如果找不到，返回0
        size_t LocateElem(const T &elem)
        {
            size_t index = 1;
            for (int i = 0; i < this->length; ++i, ++index)
            {
                if (this->data[i] == elem)
                {
                    return index;
                }
            }
            return 0;
        }
        // 在index位置上插入元素elem，所有index之后的元素向后移动一位
        void InsertElem(const size_t &index, const T &elem)
        {
            if (this->Full())
            {
                throw out_of_range("SqList<T>: List is full!
");
            }
            else if (index <= 0 || index > this->length + 1)
            {
                throw out_of_range("SqList<T>: Index out of range!
");
            }
            else
            {
                int i;
                for (i = this->length; i > index-1; --i)
                {
                    this->data[i] = this->data[i-1];
                }
                this->data[i] = elem;
                ++this->length;
            }
        }
        // 删除index上的元素elem，所有index之后的元素向前一位
        void DeleteElem(const size_t &index)
        {
            if (this->Empty())
            {
                throw out_of_range("SqList<T>: List is empty!
");
            }
            else if (index <= 0 || index > this->length)
            {
                throw out_of_range("SqList<T>: Index out of range!
");
            }
            else
            {
                for (int i = index-1; i < this->length - 1; ++i)
                {
                    this->data[i] = this->data[i+1];
                }
                --this->length;
            }
        }
        // 扩大顺序表，size += extra
        void Expand(size_t extra)
        {
            if (extra != 0)
            {
                T *tmp = this->data;
                this->data = new T[this->size + extra];
                // memcpy(destination, source, size)
                memcpy(this->data, tmp, this->length * sizeof(T));
                free(tmp);
                this->size += extra;
            }
        }
        // 打印SqList
        friend ostream &operator<<(ostream &os, const SqList &sql)
        {
            if (sql.Empty()) 
            {
                os << "SqList<T>[0]: {}" << endl;
            }
            else
            {
                os << "SqList<T>[" << sql.length << ", " << sql.size << "]: {";
                for (int i = 0; i < sql.length; ++i)
                {
                    os << sql.data[i] << ", ";
                }
                os << "}" << endl;
            }
            return os;
        }
    };
}


#endif

// SequenceStack.h
#ifndef _H_SEQUENCESTACK
#define _H_SEQUENCESTACK

// 顺序栈定义头文件（Sequence Stack）

namespace SequenceStack
{
    template <typename T, size_t MAXSIZE>
    class SqStack
    {
    private:
        T *data;            // 数组
        size_t topPtr;         // 栈顶指针
        size_t length;        // 长度
        size_t size;        // 大小
    public:
        // 初始化
        SqStack()
        {
            this->size = MAXSIZE;
            this->data = new T[this->size];
            this->length = 0;
            this->topPtr = -1;
        }
        // 析构化
        ~SqStack() { free(this->data); }
        // 是否为空
        bool Empty() const { return this->length == 0; };
        // 是否已满
        bool Full() const { return this->length == this->size; }
        // 返回长度
        size_t Length() const { return this->length; }
        // 返回大小
        size_t Size() const { return this->size; }
        // 清除顺序栈
        void Clear()
        {
            free(this->data);
            this->size = MAXSIZE;
            this->data = new T[this->size];
            this->length = 0;
            this->topPtr = -1;
        }
        // 获取栈顶指针数据
        T Top() 
        { 
            if (this->Empty())
            {
                throw out_of_range("SqStack<T>: stack is empty!
");
            }
            else
            {
                return this->data[this->topPtr]; 
            }
        }
        // 压入栈
        void Push(const T &elem) 
        {
            if (this->Full())
            {
                throw out_of_range("SqStack<T>: stack is full!
");
            }
            else
            {
                ++this->topPtr;
                this->data[this->topPtr] = elem;
                ++this->length;
            }
        }
        // 弹出栈
        void Pop()
        {
            if (this->Empty())
            {
                throw out_of_range("SqStack<T>: stack is empty!
");
            }
            else
            {
                --this->topPtr;
                --this->length;
            }
        }
        // 扩大顺序栈，size += extra
        void Expand(const size_t &extra)
        {
            if (extra != 0)
            {
                T *tmp = this->data;
                this->data = new T[this->size + extra];
                // memcpy(destination, source, size)
                memcpy(this->data, tmp, this->length * sizeof(T));
                free(tmp);
                this->size += extra;
            }
        }
        // 打印栈
        friend ostream &operator<<(ostream &os, const SqStack &sq)
        {
            os << "SqStack<T>[" << sq.length << ", " << sq.size << "] {";
            if (sq.Empty())
            {
                os << "}" << endl;
            }
            else
            {
                for (int i = sq.topPtr; i >= 0; --i)
                {
                    os << sq.data[i] << ", ";
                }
                os << "}" << endl;
            }
            return os;
        }
    };    
}

#endif

// CircularQueue.h
#ifndef _H_CIRCULARQUEUE
#define _H_CIRCULARQUEUE

// 循环队列定义头文件（Circular Queue）
namespace CircularQueue
{
    template <typename T, size_t MAXSIZE>
    class CuQueue
    {
    private:
        T *data;        // 数组
        size_t head;    // 头指针
        size_t rear;    // 尾指针
        size_t length;    // 长度
        size_t size;    // 大小
    public:
        // 构造器
        CuQueue()
        {
            this->head = 0;
            this->rear = 0;
            this->length = 0;
            this->size = MAXSIZE;
            this->data = new T[this->size];
        }
        // 析构器
        ~CuQueue() { free(this->data); }
        // 是否为空
        bool Empty() const { return this->length == 0; }
        // 是否已满
        bool Full() const { return this->size == this->length; }
        // 返回长度
        size_t Length() const { return this->length; }
        // 返回大小
        size_t Size() const { return this->size; }
        // 清除队列
        void Clear()
        {
            free(this->data);
            this->size = MAXSIZE;
            this->data = new T[this->size];
            this->length = 0;
            this->head = 0;
            this->rear = 0;
        }
        // 返回队列头元素
        T Head()
        {
            if (this->Empty())
            {
                throw out_of_range("CuQueue<T>: queue is empty!
");
            }
            else
            {
                return this->data[this->head];
            }
        }
        // 进列
        void EnQueue(const T &elem)
        {
            if (this->Full())
            {
                throw out_of_range("CuQueue<T>: queue is full!
");
            }
            else
            {
                // 当head和rear指向同一个位置时，队列为空
                this->data[this->rear] = elem;
                ++this->rear;
                ++this->length;
                if (this->rear == this->size)
                {
                    this->rear = 0;
                }
            }
        }
        // 出列
        void DeQueue()
        {
            if (this->Empty())
            {
                throw out_of_range("CuQueue<T>: queue is empty!
");
            }
            else
            {
                ++this->head;
                --this->length;
                if (this->head == this->size)
                {
                    this->head = 0;
                }
            }
        }
        // 扩大循环队列，size += extra
        void Expand(const size_t &extra)
        {
            if (extra != 0)
            {
                T *tmp = this->data;
                this->data = new T[this->size + extra];
                // memcpy(destination, source, size)
                memcpy(this->data, tmp, this->length * sizeof(T));
                free(tmp);
                this->size += extra;
            }
        }
        // 打印循环队列
        friend ostream &operator<<(ostream &os, const CuQueue &cq)
        {
            os << "CuQueue<T>:[" << cq.length << ", " << cq.size << "][" << cq.head << ", " << cq.rear << "]: {";
            if (cq.Empty()) 
            {
                os << "}" << endl;
            }
            else
            {
                int index = cq.head;
                for (int i = 0; i < cq.length; ++i, ++index)
                {
                    if (index == cq.size) { index = 0; }
                    os << cq.data[index] << ", "; 
                }
                os << "}" << endl;
            }
            return os;
        }
    };
}

#endif

#ifndef _H_SINGLYLINKEDLIST
#define _H_SINGLYLINKEDLIST

// 单链表定义头文件（Singly Linked List）

namespace SinglyLinkedList
{
    template <typename T>
    class SgNode
    {
    private:
        T elem;
        SgNode<T> *next;
    public:
        template <typename I> friend class SgList;
        T Elem() { return this->elem; }
        SgNode<T> *Next() { return this->next; }
        SgNode() {}
    };

    template <typename T>
    class SgList 
    {
    private:
        SgNode<T> *head;
        size_t length;
    public:
        // 初始化
        SgList() 
        {
            this->head = NULL;
            this->length = 0;
        }
        // 析构，删除每个节点
        ~SgList()
        {
            SgNode<T> *tmp;
            for (SgNode<T> *node = this->head; node;)
            {
                tmp = node;
                node = node->next;
                delete tmp;
            }
        }
        // 是否为空
        bool Empty() const { return this->length == 0; }
        // 长度
        size_t Length() const { return this->length; }
        // 清除单链表 
        void Clear()
        {
            SgNode<T> *tmp;
            for (SgNode<T> *node = this->head; node;)
            {
                tmp = node;
                node = node->next;
                delete tmp;
            }
            this->head = NULL;
            this->length = 0;
        }
        // 获取index上的elem
        T GetElem(const size_t &index)
        {
            if (this->Empty())
            {
                throw out_of_range("SgList<T>: List is empty!
");
            }
            else if (index <= 0 || index > this->length)
            {
                throw out_of_range("SgList<T>: Index out of range!
");
            }
            else
            {
                SgNode<T> *node = this->head;
                for (int i = 1; i < index; ++i)
                {
                    node = node->next;
                }
                return node->elem;
            }
        }
        // 返回elem在单链表中的索引
        size_t LocateElem(const T &elem)
        {
            size_t index = 1;
            for (SgNode<T> *node = this->head; node; node = node->next, ++index) 
            {
                if (node->elem == elem)
                {
                    return index;
                }
            }
            return 0;
        }
        // 在index位置插入elem
        void InsertElem(const size_t &index, const T &elem)
        {
            if (index <= 0 || index > this->length + 1)
            {
                throw out_of_range("SgList<T>: Index out of range!
");
            }
            else
            {
                SgNode<T> *node = new SgNode<T>;
                node->elem = elem;
                if (index == 1)
                {
                    if (this->head == NULL)
                    {
                        node->next = NULL;
                        this->head = node;
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        node->next = this->head;
                        this->head = node;
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    // 找到index-1上的节点
                    SgNode<T> *prior = this->head;
                    for (int i = 1; i < index - 1; ++i)
                    {
                        prior = prior->next;
                    }
                    node->next = prior->next;
                    prior->next = node;
                }
                ++this->length;
            }
        }
        // 删除index位置上的elem
        void DeleteElem(const size_t &index)
        {
            if (this->Empty())
            {
                throw out_of_range("SgList<T>: List is empty!
");
            }
            else if (index <= 0 || index > this->length)
            {
                throw out_of_range("SgList<T>: Index out of range!
");
            }
            else
            {
                if (index == 1)
                {
                    SgNode<T> *node = this->head;
                    this->head = this->head->next;
                    delete node;
                }
                else
                {
                    // 找到index-1上的节点
                    SgNode<T> *prior = this->head;
                    for (int i = 1; i < index-1; ++i)
                    {
                        prior = prior->next;
                    }
                    SgNode<T> *node = prior->next;
                    prior->next = prior->next->next;
                    delete node;
                }
                --this->length;
            }
        }
        // 打印SgList
        friend ostream &operator<<(ostream &os, const SgList &sg)
        {
            os << "SgList<T>[" << sg.length << "]: {";
            if (sg.Empty())
            {
                os << "NULL}" << endl;
            }
            else
            {
                for (SgNode<T> *node = sg.head; node; node = node->Next())
                {
                    os << node->Elem() << " -> ";
                }
                os << "NUll}" << endl;
            }

            return os;
        }
    };
}

#endif

#ifndef _H_LINKEDQUEUE
#define _H_LINKEDQUEUE

// 链队列的数据结构定义

namespace LinkedQueue
{
    template <typename T>
    class LiNode
    {
    private:
        T elem;
        LiNode<T> *next;
    public:
        template <typename I> friend class LiQueue;
        LiNode() {}
        T Elem() { return this->elem; }
        LiNode<T> *Next() { return this->next; }
    };

    template <typename T>
    class LiQueue
    {
    private:
        LiNode<T> *head;
        LiNode<T> *rear;
        size_t length;
    public:
        // 构造器
        LiQueue() 
        {
            this->head = NULL;
            this->rear = NULL;
            this->length = 0;
        }
        // 析构器
        ~LiQueue()
        {
            LiNode<T> *tmp;
            for (LiNode<T> *node = this->head; node;)
            {
                tmp = node;
                node = node->next;
                delete tmp;
            }
        }
        // 是否为空
        bool Empty() const { return this->length == 0; }
        // 长度
        size_t Length() const { return this->length; }
        // 清除链队列
        void Clear()
        {
            LiNode<T> *tmp;
            for (LiNode<T> *node = this->head; node;)
            {
                tmp = node;
                node = node->next;
                delete tmp;
            }
            this->head = NULL;
            this->rear = NULL;
            this->length = 0;
        }
        // 返回头部元素
        T Head()
        {
            if (this->Empty())
            {
                throw out_of_range("LiQueue<T>: queue is empty!
");
            }
            else
            {
                return this->head->elem;
            }
        }
        // 入队
        void EnQueue(T elem)
        {
            LiNode<T> *node = new LiNode<T>;
            node->elem = elem;
            node->next = NULL;
            if (this->Empty())
            {
                
                this->head = node;
                this->rear = node;
            }
            else
            {    
                this->rear->next = node;
                this->rear = node;
            }
            ++this->length;
        }    
        // 出队 
        void DeQueue()
        {
            if (this->Empty())
            {
                throw out_of_range("LiQueue<T>: queue is empty!
");
            }
            else
            {
                if (this->length == 1)
                {
                    delete this->head;
                    this->head = NULL;
                    this->rear = NULL;
                }
                else
                {
                    LiNode<T> *node = this->head;
                    this->head = this->head->next;
                    delete node;
                }
                --this->length;
            }
        }
        // 打印链队列
        friend ostream &operator<<(ostream &os, LiQueue &li)
        {
            os << "LiQueue<T>[" << li.length << "]: {";
            if (li.Empty()) 
            {
                os << "}" << endl;
            }
            else
            {
                for (LiNode<T> *node = li.head; node; node = node->Next())
                {
                    os << node->Elem() << ", ";
                }
                os << "}" << endl;
            }
            return os;
        }
    };
}

#endif

• 算法（Algorithms）
  • 斐波那契数列（Fibonacci）

#ifndef _H_ALGORITHMS
#define _H_ALGORITHMS

// 斐波那契数列
size_t Fibonacci(size_t i)
{
    if (i < 2)
        return i == 0 ? 0 : 1;
    else
        return Fibonacci(i-1) + Fibonacci(i-2);
}

#endif