一、字段
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AutoField(Field)
- int自增列,必须填入参数 primary_key=True
BigAutoField(AutoField)
- bigint自增列,必须填入参数 primary_key=True
注:当model中如果没有自增列,则自动会创建一个列名为id的列
from django.db import models
class UserInfo(models.Model):
# 自动创建一个列名为id的且为自增的整数列
username = models.CharField(max_length=32)
class Group(models.Model):
# 自定义自增列
nid = models.AutoField(primary_key=True)
name = models.CharField(max_length=32)
SmallIntegerField(IntegerField):
- 小整数 -32768 ~ 32767
PositiveSmallIntegerField(PositiveIntegerRelDbTypeMixin, IntegerField)
- 正小整数 0 ~ 32767
IntegerField(Field)
- 整数列(有符号的) -2147483648 ~ 2147483647
PositiveIntegerField(PositiveIntegerRelDbTypeMixin, IntegerField)
- 正整数 0 ~ 2147483647
BigIntegerField(IntegerField):
- 长整型(有符号的) -9223372036854775808 ~ 9223372036854775807
BooleanField(Field)
- 布尔值类型
NullBooleanField(Field):
- 可以为空的布尔值
CharField(Field)
- 字符类型
- 必须提供max_length参数, max_length表示字符长度
TextField(Field)
- 文本类型
EmailField(CharField):
- 字符串类型,Django Admin以及ModelForm中提供验证机制
IPAddressField(Field)
- 字符串类型,Django Admin以及ModelForm中提供验证 IPV4 机制
GenericIPAddressField(Field)
- 字符串类型,Django Admin以及ModelForm中提供验证 Ipv4和Ipv6
- 参数:
protocol,用于指定Ipv4或Ipv6, 'both',"ipv4","ipv6"
unpack_ipv4, 如果指定为True,则输入::ffff:192.0.2.1时候,可解析为192.0.2.1,开启刺功能,需要protocol="both"
URLField(CharField)
- 字符串类型,Django Admin以及ModelForm中提供验证 URL
SlugField(CharField)
- 字符串类型,Django Admin以及ModelForm中提供验证支持 字母、数字、下划线、连接符(减号)
CommaSeparatedIntegerField(CharField)
- 字符串类型,格式必须为逗号分割的数字
UUIDField(Field)
- 字符串类型,Django Admin以及ModelForm中提供对UUID格式的验证
FilePathField(Field)
- 字符串,Django Admin以及ModelForm中提供读取文件夹下文件的功能
- 参数:
path, 文件夹路径
match=None, 正则匹配
recursive=False, 递归下面的文件夹
allow_files=True, 允许文件
allow_folders=False, 允许文件夹
FileField(Field)
- 字符串,路径保存在数据库,文件上传到指定目录
- 参数:
upload_to = "" 上传文件的保存路径
storage = None 存储组件,默认django.core.files.storage.FileSystemStorage
ImageField(FileField)
- 字符串,路径保存在数据库,文件上传到指定目录
- 参数:
upload_to = "" 上传文件的保存路径
storage = None 存储组件,默认django.core.files.storage.FileSystemStorage
width_field=None, 上传图片的高度保存的数据库字段名(字符串)
height_field=None 上传图片的宽度保存的数据库字段名(字符串)
DateTimeField(DateField)
- 日期+时间格式 YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM[:ss[.uuuuuu]][TZ]
DateField(DateTimeCheckMixin, Field)
- 日期格式 YYYY-MM-DD
TimeField(DateTimeCheckMixin, Field)
- 时间格式 HH:MM[:ss[.uuuuuu]]
DurationField(Field)
- 长整数,时间间隔,数据库中按照bigint存储,ORM中获取的值为datetime.timedelta类型
FloatField(Field)
- 浮点型
DecimalField(Field)
- 10进制小数
- 参数:
max_digits,小数总长度
decimal_places,小数位长度
BinaryField(Field)
- 二进制类型
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
class UnsignedIntegerField(models.IntegerField):
def db_type(self, connection):
return 'integer UNSIGNED'
PS: 返回值为字段在数据库中的属性,Django字段默认的值为:
'AutoField': 'integer AUTO_INCREMENT',
'BigAutoField': 'bigint AUTO_INCREMENT',
'BinaryField': 'longblob',
'BooleanField': 'bool',
'CharField': 'varchar(%(max_length)s)',
'CommaSeparatedIntegerField': 'varchar(%(max_length)s)',
'DateField': 'date',
'DateTimeField': 'datetime',
'DecimalField': 'numeric(%(max_digits)s, %(decimal_places)s)',
'DurationField': 'bigint',
'FileField': 'varchar(%(max_length)s)',
'FilePathField': 'varchar(%(max_length)s)',
'FloatField': 'double precision',
'IntegerField': 'integer',
'BigIntegerField': 'bigint',
'IPAddressField': 'char(15)',
'GenericIPAddressField': 'char(39)',
'NullBooleanField': 'bool',
'OneToOneField': 'integer',
'PositiveIntegerField': 'integer UNSIGNED',
'PositiveSmallIntegerField': 'smallint UNSIGNED',
'SlugField': 'varchar(%(max_length)s)',
'SmallIntegerField': 'smallint',
'TextField': 'longtext',
'TimeField': 'time',
'UUIDField': 'char(32)',
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1.触发Model中的验证和错误提示有两种方式:
a. Django Admin中的错误信息会优先根据Admiin内部的ModelForm错误信息提示,如果都成功,才来检查Model的字段并显示指定错误信息
b. 使用ModelForm
c. 调用Model对象的 clean_fields 方法,如:
# models.py
class UserInfo(models.Model):
nid = models.AutoField(primary_key=True)
username = models.CharField(max_length=32)
email = models.EmailField(error_messages={'invalid': '格式错了.'})
# views.py
def index(request):
obj = models.UserInfo(username='11234', email='uu')
try:
print(obj.clean_fields())
except Exception as e:
print(e)
return HttpResponse('ok')
# Model的clean方法是一个钩子,可用于定制操作,如:上述的异常处理。
2.Admin中修改错误提示
# admin.py
from django.contrib import admin
from model_club import models
from django import forms
class UserInfoForm(forms.ModelForm):
age = forms.IntegerField(initial=1, error_messages={'required': '请输入数值.', 'invalid': '年龄必须为数值.'})
class Meta:
model = models.UserInfo
# fields = ('username',)
fields = "__all__"
exclude = ['title']
labels = { 'name':'Writer', }
help_texts = {'name':'some useful help text.',}
error_messages={ 'name':{'max_length':"this writer name is too long"} }
widgets={'name':Textarea(attrs={'cols':80,'rows':20})}
class UserInfoAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
form = UserInfoForm
admin.site.register(models.UserInfo, UserInfoAdmin)
二、字段参数
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null 数据库中字段是否可以为空
db_column 数据库中字段的列名
default 数据库中字段的默认值
primary_key 数据库中字段是否为主键
db_index 数据库中字段是否可以建立索引
unique 数据库中字段是否可以建立唯一索引
unique_for_date 数据库中字段【日期】部分是否可以建立唯一索引
unique_for_month 数据库中字段【月】部分是否可以建立唯一索引
unique_for_year 数据库中字段【年】部分是否可以建立唯一索引
verbose_name Admin中显示的字段名称
blank Admin中是否允许用户输入为空
editable Admin中是否可以编辑
help_text Admin中该字段的提示信息
choices Admin中显示选择框的内容,用不变动的数据放在内存中从而避免跨表操作
如:gf = models.IntegerField(choices=[(0, '何穗'),(1, '大表姐'),],default=1)
error_messages 自定义错误信息(字典类型),从而定制想要显示的错误信息;
字典健:null, blank, invalid, invalid_choice, unique, and unique_for_date
如:{'null': "不能为空.", 'invalid': '格式错误'}
validators 自定义错误验证(列表类型),从而定制想要的验证规则
from django.core.validators import RegexValidator
from django.core.validators import EmailValidator,URLValidator,DecimalValidator,
MaxLengthValidator,MinLengthValidator,MaxValueValidator,MinValueValidator
如:
test = models.CharField(
max_length=32,
error_messages={
'c1': '优先错信息1',
'c2': '优先错信息2',
'c3': '优先错信息3',
},
validators=[
RegexValidator(regex='root_d+', message='错误了', code='c1'),
RegexValidator(regex='root_112233d+', message='又错误了', code='c2'),
EmailValidator(message='又错误了', code='c3'), ]
)
三、元信息
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
class UserInfo(models.Model):
nid = models.AutoField(primary_key=True)
username = models.CharField(max_length=32)
class Meta:
# 数据库中生成的表名称 默认 app名称 + 下划线 + 类名
db_table = "table_name"
# 联合索引
index_together = [
("pub_date", "deadline"),
]
# 联合唯一索引
unique_together = (("driver", "restaurant"),)
# admin中显示的表名称
verbose_name
# verbose_name加s
verbose_name_plural
更多:https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.10/ref/models/options/
四、多表关系以及参数
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ForeignKey(ForeignObject) # ForeignObject(RelatedField)
to, # 要进行关联的表名
to_field=None, # 要关联的表中的字段名称
on_delete=None, # 当删除关联表中的数据时,当前表与其关联的行的行为
- models.CASCADE,删除关联数据,与之关联也删除
- models.DO_NOTHING,删除关联数据,引发错误IntegrityError
- models.PROTECT,删除关联数据,引发错误ProtectedError
- models.SET_NULL,删除关联数据,与之关联的值设置为null(前提FK字段需要设置为可空)
- models.SET_DEFAULT,删除关联数据,与之关联的值设置为默认值(前提FK字段需要设置默认值)
- models.SET,删除关联数据,
a. 与之关联的值设置为指定值,设置:models.SET(值)
b. 与之关联的值设置为可执行对象的返回值,设置:models.SET(可执行对象)
def func():
return 10
class MyModel(models.Model):
user = models.ForeignKey(
to="User",
to_field="id"
on_delete=models.SET(func),)
related_name=None, # 反向操作时,使用的字段名,用于代替 【表名_set】 如: obj.表名_set.all()
related_query_name=None, # 反向操作时,使用的连接前缀,用于替换【表名】 如: models.UserGroup.objects.filter(表名__字段名=1).values('表名__字段名')
limit_choices_to=None, # 在Admin或ModelForm中显示关联数据时,提供的条件:
# 如:
- limit_choices_to={'nid__gt': 5}
- limit_choices_to=lambda : {'nid__gt': 5}
from django.db.models import Q
- limit_choices_to=Q(nid__gt=10)
- limit_choices_to=Q(nid=8) | Q(nid__gt=10)
- limit_choices_to=lambda : Q(Q(nid=8) | Q(nid__gt=10)) & Q(caption='root')
db_constraint=True # 是否在数据库中创建外键约束
parent_link=False # 在Admin中是否显示关联数据
OneToOneField(ForeignKey)
to, # 要进行关联的表名
to_field=None # 要关联的表中的字段名称
on_delete=None, # 当删除关联表中的数据时,当前表与其关联的行的行为
###### 对于一对一 ######
# 1. 一对一其实就是 一对多 + 唯一索引
# 2.当两个类之间有继承关系时,默认会创建一个一对一字段
# 如下会在A表中额外增加一个c_ptr_id列且唯一:
class C(models.Model):
nid = models.AutoField(primary_key=True)
part = models.CharField(max_length=12)
class A(C):
id = models.AutoField(primary_key=True)
code = models.CharField(max_length=1)
ManyToManyField(RelatedField)
to, # 要进行关联的表名
related_name=None, # 反向操作时,使用的字段名,用于代替 【表名_set】 如: obj.表名_set.all()
related_query_name=None, # 反向操作时,使用的连接前缀,用于替换【表名】 如: models.UserGroup.objects.filter(表名__字段名=1).values('表名__字段名')
limit_choices_to=None, # 在Admin或ModelForm中显示关联数据时,提供的条件:
# 如:
- limit_choices_to={'nid__gt': 5}
- limit_choices_to=lambda : {'nid__gt': 5}
from django.db.models import Q
- limit_choices_to=Q(nid__gt=10)
- limit_choices_to=Q(nid=8) | Q(nid__gt=10)
- limit_choices_to=lambda : Q(Q(nid=8) | Q(nid__gt=10)) & Q(caption='root')
symmetrical=None, # 仅用于多对多自关联时,symmetrical用于指定内部是否创建反向操作的字段
# 做如下操作时,不同的symmetrical会有不同的可选字段
models.BB.objects.filter(...)
# 可选字段有:code, id, m1
class BB(models.Model):
code = models.CharField(max_length=12)
m1 = models.ManyToManyField('self',symmetrical=True)
# 可选字段有: bb, code, id, m1
class BB(models.Model):
code = models.CharField(max_length=12)
m1 = models.ManyToManyField('self',symmetrical=False)
through=None, # 自定义第三张表时,使用字段用于指定关系表
through_fields=None, # 自定义第三张表时,使用字段用于指定关系表中那些字段做多对多关系表
from django.db import models
class Person(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
class Group(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(max_length=128)
members = models.ManyToManyField(
Person,
through='Membership',
through_fields=('group', 'person'),
)
class Membership(models.Model):
group = models.ForeignKey(Group, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
person = models.ForeignKey(Person, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
inviter = models.ForeignKey(
Person,
on_delete=models.CASCADE,
related_name="membership_invites",
)
invite_reason = models.CharField(max_length=64)
db_constraint=True, # 是否在数据库中创建外键约束
db_table=None, # 默认创建第三张表时,数据库中表的名称
五、ORM操作
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# 增
#
# models.Tb1.objects.create(c1='xx', c2='oo') 增加一条数据,可以接受字典类型数据 **kwargs
# obj = models.Tb1(c1='xx', c2='oo')
# obj.save()
# 查
#
# models.Tb1.objects.get(id=123) # 获取单条数据,不存在则报错(不建议)
# models.Tb1.objects.all() # 获取全部
# models.Tb1.objects.filter(name='seven') # 获取指定条件的数据
# models.Tb1.objects.exclude(name='seven') # 获取指定条件的数据
# 删
#
# models.Tb1.objects.filter(name='seven').delete() # 删除指定条件的数据
# 改
# models.Tb1.objects.filter(name='seven').update(gender='0') # 将指定条件的数据更新,均支持 **kwargs
# obj = models.Tb1.objects.get(id=1)
# obj.c1 = '111'
# obj.save() # 修改单条数据
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
# 获取个数
#
# models.Tb1.objects.filter(name='seven').count()
# 大于,小于
#
# models.Tb1.objects.filter(id__gt=1) # 获取id大于1的值
# models.Tb1.objects.filter(id__gte=1) # 获取id大于等于1的值
# models.Tb1.objects.filter(id__lt=10) # 获取id小于10的值
# models.Tb1.objects.filter(id__lte=10) # 获取id小于10的值
# models.Tb1.objects.filter(id__lt=10, id__gt=1) # 获取id大于1 且 小于10的值
# in
#
# models.Tb1.objects.filter(id__in=[11, 22, 33]) # 获取id等于11、22、33的数据
# models.Tb1.objects.exclude(id__in=[11, 22, 33]) # not in
# isnull
# Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__isnull=True)
# contains
#
# models.Tb1.objects.filter(name__contains="ven")
# models.Tb1.objects.filter(name__icontains="ven") # icontains大小写不敏感
# models.Tb1.objects.exclude(name__icontains="ven")
# range
#
# models.Tb1.objects.filter(id__range=[1, 2]) # 范围bettwen and
# 其他类似
#
# startswith,istartswith, endswith, iendswith,
# order by
#
# models.Tb1.objects.filter(name='seven').order_by('id') # asc
# models.Tb1.objects.filter(name='seven').order_by('-id') # desc
# group by
#
# from django.db.models import Count, Min, Max, Sum
# models.Tb1.objects.filter(c1=1).values('id').annotate(c=Count('num'))
# SELECT "app01_tb1"."id", COUNT("app01_tb1"."num") AS "c" FROM "app01_tb1" WHERE "app01_tb1"."c1" = 1 GROUP BY "app01_tb1"."id"
# limit 、offset
#
# models.Tb1.objects.all()[10:20]
# regex正则匹配,iregex 不区分大小写
#
# Entry.objects.get(title__regex=r'^(An?|The) +')
# Entry.objects.get(title__iregex=r'^(an?|the) +')
# date
#
# Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__date=datetime.date(2005, 1, 1))
# Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__date__gt=datetime.date(2005, 1, 1))
# year
#
# Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__year=2005)
# Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__year__gte=2005)
# month
#
# Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__month=12)
# Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__month__gte=6)
# day
#
# Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__day=3)
# Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__day__gte=3)
# week_day
#
# Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__week_day=2)
# Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__week_day__gte=2)
# hour
#
# Event.objects.filter(timestamp__hour=23)
# Event.objects.filter(time__hour=5)
# Event.objects.filter(timestamp__hour__gte=12)
# minute
#
# Event.objects.filter(timestamp__minute=29)
# Event.objects.filter(time__minute=46)
# Event.objects.filter(timestamp__minute__gte=29)
# second
#
# Event.objects.filter(timestamp__second=31)
# Event.objects.filter(time__second=2)
# Event.objects.filter(timestamp__second__gte=31)
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
# extra
#
# extra(self, select=None, where=None, params=None, tables=None, order_by=None, select_params=None)
# Entry.objects.extra(select={'new_id': "select col from sometable where othercol > %s"}, select_params=(1,))
# Entry.objects.extra(where=['headline=%s'], params=['Lennon'])
# Entry.objects.extra(where=["foo='a' OR bar = 'a'", "baz = 'a'"])
# Entry.objects.extra(select={'new_id': "select id from tb where id > %s"}, select_params=(1,), order_by=['-nid'])
# F
#
# from django.db.models import F
# models.Tb1.objects.update(num=F('num')+1)
# Q
#
# 方式一:
# Q(nid__gt=10)
# Q(nid=8) | Q(nid__gt=10)
# Q(Q(nid=8) | Q(nid__gt=10)) & Q(caption='root')
# 方式二:
# con = Q()
# q1 = Q()
# q1.connector = 'OR'
# q1.children.append(('id', 1))
# q1.children.append(('id', 10))
# q1.children.append(('id', 9))
# q2 = Q()
# q2.connector = 'OR'
# q2.children.append(('c1', 1))
# q2.children.append(('c1', 10))
# q2.children.append(('c1', 9))
# con.add(q1, 'AND')
# con.add(q2, 'AND')
#
# models.Tb1.objects.filter(con)
# 执行原生SQL
#
# from django.db import connection, connections
# cursor = connection.cursor() # cursor = connections['default'].cursor()
# cursor.execute("""SELECT * from auth_user where id = %s""", [1])
# row = cursor.fetchone()
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##################################################################
# PUBLIC METHODS THAT ALTER ATTRIBUTES AND RETURN A NEW QUERYSET #
##################################################################
def all(self)
# 获取所有的数据对象
def filter(self, *args, **kwargs)
# 条件查询
# 条件可以是:参数,字典,Q
def exclude(self, *args, **kwargs)
# 条件查询
# 条件可以是:参数,字典,Q
def select_related(self, *fields)
性能相关:表之间进行join连表操作,一次性获取关联的数据。
model.tb.objects.all().select_related()
model.tb.objects.all().select_related('外键字段')
model.tb.objects.all().select_related('外键字段__外键字段')
def prefetch_related(self, *lookups)
性能相关:多表连表操作时速度会慢,使用其执行多次SQL查询在Python代码中实现连表操作。
# 获取所有用户表
# 获取用户类型表where id in (用户表中的查到的所有用户ID)
models.UserInfo.objects.prefetch_related('外键字段')
from django.db.models import Count, Case, When, IntegerField
Article.objects.annotate(
numviews=Count(Case(
When(readership__what_time__lt=treshold, then=1),
output_field=CharField(),
))
)
students = Student.objects.all().annotate(num_excused_absences=models.Sum(
models.Case(
models.When(absence__type='Excused', then=1),
default=0,
output_field=models.IntegerField()
)))
def annotate(self, *args, **kwargs)
# 用于实现聚合group by查询
from django.db.models import Count, Avg, Max, Min, Sum
v = models.UserInfo.objects.values('u_id').annotate(uid=Count('u_id'))
# SELECT u_id, COUNT(ui) AS `uid` FROM UserInfo GROUP BY u_id
v = models.UserInfo.objects.values('u_id').annotate(uid=Count('u_id')).filter(uid__gt=1)
# SELECT u_id, COUNT(ui_id) AS `uid` FROM UserInfo GROUP BY u_id having count(u_id) > 1
v = models.UserInfo.objects.values('u_id').annotate(uid=Count('u_id',distinct=True)).filter(uid__gt=1)
# SELECT u_id, COUNT( DISTINCT ui_id) AS `uid` FROM UserInfo GROUP BY u_id having count(u_id) > 1
def distinct(self, *field_names)
# 用于distinct去重
models.UserInfo.objects.values('nid').distinct()
# select distinct nid from userinfo
注:只有在PostgreSQL中才能使用distinct进行去重
def order_by(self, *field_names)
# 用于排序
models.UserInfo.objects.all().order_by('-id','age')
def extra(self, select=None, where=None, params=None, tables=None, order_by=None, select_params=None)
# 构造额外的查询条件或者映射,如:子查询
Entry.objects.extra(select={'new_id': "select col from sometable where othercol > %s"}, select_params=(1,))
Entry.objects.extra(where=['headline=%s'], params=['Lennon'])
Entry.objects.extra(where=["foo='a' OR bar = 'a'", "baz = 'a'"])
Entry.objects.extra(select={'new_id': "select id from tb where id > %s"}, select_params=(1,), order_by=['-nid'])
def reverse(self):
# 倒序
models.UserInfo.objects.all().order_by('-nid').reverse()
# 注:如果存在order_by,reverse则是倒序,如果多个排序则一一倒序
def defer(self, *fields):
models.UserInfo.objects.defer('username','id')
或
models.UserInfo.objects.filter(...).defer('username','id')
#映射中排除某列数据
def only(self, *fields):
#仅取某个表中的数据
models.UserInfo.objects.only('username','id')
或
models.UserInfo.objects.filter(...).only('username','id')
def using(self, alias):
指定使用的数据库,参数为别名(setting中的设置)
##################################################
# PUBLIC METHODS THAT RETURN A QUERYSET SUBCLASS #
##################################################
def raw(self, raw_query, params=None, translations=None, using=None):
# 执行原生SQL
models.UserInfo.objects.raw('select * from userinfo')
# 如果SQL是其他表时,必须将名字设置为当前UserInfo对象的主键列名
models.UserInfo.objects.raw('select id as nid from 其他表')
# 为原生SQL设置参数
models.UserInfo.objects.raw('select id as nid from userinfo where nid>%s', params=[12,])
# 将获取的到列名转换为指定列名
name_map = {'first': 'first_name', 'last': 'last_name', 'bd': 'birth_date', 'pk': 'id'}
Person.objects.raw('SELECT * FROM some_other_table', translations=name_map)
# 指定数据库
models.UserInfo.objects.raw('select * from userinfo', using="default")
################### 原生SQL ###################
from django.db import connection, connections
cursor = connection.cursor() # cursor = connections['default'].cursor()
cursor.execute("""SELECT * from auth_user where id = %s""", [1])
row = cursor.fetchone() # fetchall()/fetchmany(..)
def values(self, *fields):
# 获取每行数据为字典格式
def values_list(self, *fields, **kwargs):
# 获取每行数据为元祖
def dates(self, field_name, kind, order='ASC'):
# 根据时间进行某一部分进行去重查找并截取指定内容
# kind只能是:"year"(年), "month"(年-月), "day"(年-月-日)
# order只能是:"ASC" "DESC"
# 并获取转换后的时间
- year : 年-01-01
- month: 年-月-01
- day : 年-月-日
models.DatePlus.objects.dates('ctime','day','DESC')
def datetimes(self, field_name, kind, order='ASC', tzinfo=None):
# 根据时间进行某一部分进行去重查找并截取指定内容,将时间转换为指定时区时间
# kind只能是 "year", "month", "day", "hour", "minute", "second"
# order只能是:"ASC" "DESC"
# tzinfo时区对象
models.DDD.objects.datetimes('ctime','hour',tzinfo=pytz.UTC)
models.DDD.objects.datetimes('ctime','hour',tzinfo=pytz.timezone('Asia/Shanghai'))
"""
pip3 install pytz
import pytz
pytz.all_timezones
pytz.timezone(‘Asia/Shanghai’)
"""
def none(self):
# 空QuerySet对象
####################################
# METHODS THAT DO DATABASE QUERIES #
####################################
def aggregate(self, *args, **kwargs):
# 聚合函数,获取字典类型聚合结果
from django.db.models import Count, Avg, Max, Min, Sum
result = models.UserInfo.objects.aggregate(k=Count('u_id', distinct=True), n=Count('nid'))
===> {'k': 3, 'n': 4}
def count(self):
# 获取个数
def get(self, *args, **kwargs):
# 获取单个对象
def create(self, **kwargs):
# 创建对象
def bulk_create(self, objs, batch_size=None):
# 批量插入
# batch_size表示一次插入的个数
objs = [
models.DDD(name='r11'),
models.DDD(name='r22')
]
models.DDD.objects.bulk_create(objs, 10)
def get_or_create(self, defaults=None, **kwargs):
# 如果存在,则获取,否则,创建
# defaults 指定创建时,其他字段的值
obj, created = models.UserInfo.objects.get_or_create(username='root1', defaults={'email': '1111111','u_id': 2, 't_id': 2})
def update_or_create(self, defaults=None, **kwargs):
# 如果存在,则更新,否则,创建
# defaults 指定创建时或更新时的其他字段
obj, created = models.UserInfo.objects.update_or_create(username='root1', defaults={'email': '1111111','u_id': 2, 't_id': 1})
def first(self):
# 获取第一个
def last(self):
# 获取最后一个
def in_bulk(self, id_list=None):
# 根据主键ID进行查找
id_list = [11,21,31]
models.DDD.objects.in_bulk(id_list)
def delete(self):
# 删除
def update(self, **kwargs):
# 更新
def exists(self):
# 是否有结果
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
...
六、其他
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
import pymysql
from django.db import connection, connections
connection.connect()
conn = connection.connection
cursor = conn.cursor(cursor=pymysql.cursors.DictCursor)
cursor.execute("""SELECT * from app01_userinfo""")
row = cursor.fetchone()
connection.close()
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
# 数字自增
from django.db.models import F
models.UserInfo.objects.update(num=F('num') + 1)
# 字符串更新
from django.db.models.functions import Concat
from django.db.models import Value
models.UserInfo.objects.update(name=Concat('name', 'pwd'))
models.UserInfo.objects.update(name=Concat('name', Value('666')))
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
# ########### 基础函数 ###########
# 1. Concat,用于做类型转换
# v = models.UserInfo.objects.annotate(c=Cast('pwd', FloatField()))
# 2. Coalesce,从前向后,查询第一个不为空的值
# v = models.UserInfo.objects.annotate(c=Coalesce('name', 'pwd'))
# v = models.UserInfo.objects.annotate(c=Coalesce(Value('666'),'name', 'pwd'))
# 3. Concat,拼接
# models.UserInfo.objects.update(name=Concat('name', 'pwd'))
# models.UserInfo.objects.update(name=Concat('name', Value('666')))
# models.UserInfo.objects.update(name=Concat('name', Value('666'),Value('999')))
# 4.ConcatPair,拼接(仅两个参数)
# v = models.UserInfo.objects.annotate(c=ConcatPair('name', 'pwd'))
# v = models.UserInfo.objects.annotate(c=ConcatPair('name', Value('666')))
# 5.Greatest,获取比较大的值;least 获取比较小的值;
# v = models.UserInfo.objects.annotate(c=Greatest('id', 'pwd',output_field=FloatField()))
# 6.Length,获取长度
# v = models.UserInfo.objects.annotate(c=Length('name'))
# 7. Lower,Upper,变大小写
# v = models.UserInfo.objects.annotate(c=Lower('name'))
# v = models.UserInfo.objects.annotate(c=Upper('name'))
# 8. Now,获取当前时间
# v = models.UserInfo.objects.annotate(c=Now())
# 9. substr,子序列
# v = models.UserInfo.objects.annotate(c=Substr('name',1,2))
# ########### 时间类函数 ###########
# 1. 时间截取,不保留其他:Extract, ExtractDay, ExtractHour, ExtractMinute, ExtractMonth,ExtractSecond, ExtractWeekDay, ExtractYear,
# v = models.UserInfo.objects.annotate(c=functions.ExtractYear('ctime'))
# v = models.UserInfo.objects.annotate(c=functions.ExtractMonth('ctime'))
# v = models.UserInfo.objects.annotate(c=functions.ExtractDay('ctime'))
#
# v = models.UserInfo.objects.annotate(c=functions.Extract('ctime', 'year'))
# v = models.UserInfo.objects.annotate(c=functions.Extract('ctime', 'month'))
# v = models.UserInfo.objects.annotate(c=functions.Extract('ctime', 'year_month'))
"""
MICROSECOND
SECOND
MINUTE
HOUR
DAY
WEEK
MONTH
QUARTER
YEAR
SECOND_MICROSECOND
MINUTE_MICROSECOND
MINUTE_SECOND
HOUR_MICROSECOND
HOUR_SECOND
HOUR_MINUTE
DAY_MICROSECOND
DAY_SECOND
DAY_MINUTE
DAY_HOUR
YEAR_MONTH
"""
# 2. 时间截图,保留其他:Trunc, TruncDate, TruncDay,TruncHour, TruncMinute, TruncMonth, TruncSecond, TruncYear
# v = models.UserInfo.objects.annotate(c=functions.TruncHour('ctime'))
# v = models.UserInfo.objects.annotate(c=functions.TruncDate('ctime'))
# v = models.UserInfo.objects.annotate(c=functions.Trunc('ctime','year'))
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif)
from django.db.models.functions.base import Func
class CustomeFunc(Func):
function = 'DATE_FORMAT'
template = '%(function)s(%(expressions)s,%(format)s)'
def __init__(self, expression, **extra):
expressions = [expression]
super(CustomeFunc, self).__init__(*expressions, **extra)
v = models.UserInfo.objects.annotate(c=CustomeFunc('ctime',format="'%%Y-%%m'"))
![](https://images.cnblogs.com/cnblogs_com/wupeiqi/662608/o_Warning.png)
作者:武沛齐
出处:http://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/
本文版权归作者和博客园共有,欢迎转载,但未经作者同意必须保留此段声明,且在文章页面明显位置给出原文连接。