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  • Linux系统管理之网络管理

    管理Linux网络

    linux设备识别

    以太网卡   eth#  eth0  eth1

    无线网卡   wifi#  wifi0  wifi1

    拨号连接   ppp#  ppp0  ppp1

    本地环回网卡 lo

    临时更改IP地址设置

    立即生效,重启系统、重启网络服务后失效

    ifconfig

    查看网络连接的设置

    查看所有工作的网络连接

    [root@learn ~]# ifconfig

    查看eth1网卡的设置

    [root@learn ~]# ifconfig eth1

    禁用eth1网卡

    [root@learn ~]# ifdown eth1

    [root@learn ~]# ifconfig eth1 down

    启用eth1网卡

    [root@learn ~]# ifup eth1

    [root@learn ~]# ifconfig eth1 up

    能够看到所有网卡包括禁用的和启用的

    [root@learn ~]# ifconfig -a

    更改IP地址和网关

    [root@learn ~]# ifconfig eth1 192.168.1.100 netmask 255.255.255.0

    [root@learn ~]# ifconfig eth1 192.168.1.100/24

    不指定netmask就是默认子网掩码

    [root@learn ~]# ifconfig eth1 192.168.1.100

    更改网卡的MAC地址

    [root@learn ~]# ifconfig eth1 hw ether 00:0c:29:41:FA:1A

    route

    route -n  查看路由表

    route add -net 到某一个网段怎么走

    route add -host 到某个主机怎么走

    route add default gw 192.168.80.1添加默认路由

    route add -net 0.0.0.0 gw 192.168.80.1 添加默认路由

    添加默认网关

    [root@learn ~]# route add default gw 192.168.80.1

    添加到192.168.60.0/24网段的路由

    [root@learn ~]# route add -net 192.168.60.0/24 gw 192.168.80.2

    添加到192.168.50.0 255.255.255.0 网段的路由

    [root@learn ~]# route add -net 192.168.50.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 gw 192.168.80.2

    添加到主机192.168.50.3的路由

    [root@learn ~]# route add -host 192.168.50.3 gw 192.168.80.2

    查看路由表

    [root@learn ~]# route -n

    删除到某主机或某网段的路由

    [root@learn ~]# route del -net 192.168.50.0/24

    [root@learn ~]# route del -net 0.0.0.0

    [root@learn ~]# route del -host 192.168.50.3

     永久更改IP地址设置

    修改网卡配置文件(永久性更改),非立即生效需要重启系统或重启服务

    永久更改linux服务器名称

    [root@learn ~]# vim /etc/sysconfig/network

    网络服务是否禁用

    网关

    [root@learn ~]# cat /etc/sysconfig/network

    NETWORKING=yes

    HOSTNAME=learn  #服务器名称

    GATEWAY=192.168.80.1

    更改ip地址

    [root@learn ~]# vim /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0

    DEVICE=eth0   #网卡名

    HWADDR=00:0C:29:41:FA:11 #MAC地址

    TYPE=Ethernet  #以太网

    UUID=a316e175-f00b-4c7c-8ad2-7494256deba5

    ONBOOT=yes  #开机是否启用该网卡

    NM_CONTROLLED=yes #守护网络(改变配置文件立即生效,建议关掉)

    BOOTPROTO=dhcp  #none static dhcp bootp

    IPV6INIT=no

    USERCTL=no

    重启网卡服务

    [root@111 ~]# service network restart

    路由配置文件

    默认是没有的,需要单独创建,和网卡绑定

    [root@learn ~]# vim /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/route-eth0

    192.168.20.0/24 via 192.168.80.2

    192.168.40.0/24 via 192.168.80.3

    192.168.40.5/32 via 192.168.80.4

    网段          路由

    [root@learn ~]# service network restart

    更改DNS

    如果网卡设置中没有指定DNS/etc/resolv.conf 文件的设置生效,如果是dhcp或网卡中有设置应用网卡设置。

    [root@learn ~]# vim /etc/resolv.conf

    [root@learn ~]# cat /etc/resolv.conf

    ; generated by /sbin/dhclient-script

    search lan

    nameserver 192.168.99.1  #DNS

    nameserver 61.139.2.69

    更改hosts

    计算机优先解析本地dns文件 /etc/hosts

    应用顺序 etc/hosts --> /etc/resolv.conf -->

    [root@learn ~]# vim /etc/hosts

    127.0.0.1   localhost localhost.localdomain localhost4 localhost4.localdomain4

    ::1         localhost localhost.localdomain localhost6 localhost6.localdomain6

    222.213.2.100 www.baidu.com  #

    查看网络服务状态

    service NetworkManager status

    service network status  

    网卡服务级别

    chkconfig --list #应用启动级别列表

    chkconfig --lecel 2345 NetworkManager off #关闭网络应用2345启动级别

     

    网络相关的命令

    ping

    icmp协议

    -c 指定发送几个数据包

    -i 指定等待几秒钟发一个ping

    -w 指定ping命令执行多少秒

    -t 指定数据包 ttl

    -s 指定发送数据包大小

    arping

    arping -I eth0 192.168.0.22 #检查子网内有无IP冲突

    traceroute

    [root@learn ~]# traceroute 61.139.2.69

    traceroute to 61.139.2.69 (61.139.2.69), 30 hops max, 60 byte packets

     1  xyun.co (192.168.99.1)  2.728 ms  7.534 ms  6.247 ms

     2  100.64.0.1 (100.64.0.1)  22.862 ms  22.681 ms  22.574 ms

     3  61.157.151.205 (61.157.151.205)  8.269 ms  8.234 ms  8.173 ms

     4  171.208.198.153 (171.208.198.153)  9.648 ms  8.771 ms  8.700 ms

     5  * * 171.208.199.74 (171.208.199.74)  9.300 ms

     6  61.139.113.54 (61.139.113.54)  8.313 ms  10.821 ms  10.843 ms

     7  ns.sc.cninfo.net (61.139.2.69)  12.120 ms  10.483 ms  10.385 ms

    [root@learn ~]# traceroute 192.168.99.1

    traceroute to 192.168.99.1 (192.168.99.1), 30 hops max, 60 byte packets

     1  xyun.co (192.168.99.1)  1.381 ms  3.234 ms  3.196 ms

    nslookup

    [root@learn ~]# nslookup baidu.com

    Server: 192.168.99.1

    Address: 192.168.99.1#53

     

    Non-authoritative answer:

    Name: baidu.com

    Address: 111.13.101.208

    Name: baidu.com

    Address: 123.125.114.144

    Name: baidu.com

    Address: 180.149.132.47

    Name: baidu.com

    Address: 220.181.57.217

     

    [root@learn ~]# nslookup

    > qq.com

    Server: 192.168.99.1

    Address: 192.168.99.1#53

    > set type=mx  #解析邮件服务器

    > qq.com

    Server: 192.168.99.1

    Address: 192.168.99.1#53

     

    Non-authoritative answer:

    qq.com mail exchanger = 30 mx1.qq.com.

    qq.com mail exchanger = 10 mx3.qq.com.

    qq.com mail exchanger = 20 mx2.qq.com.

     

    Authoritative answers can be found from:

    mx2.qq.com internet address = 59.37.97.124

    mx2.qq.com internet address = 14.17.41.170

    mx2.qq.com has AAAA address 240e:ff:f040:28::f

    mx1.qq.com internet address = 183.57.48.35

    mx1.qq.com has AAAA address 240e:ff:f040:28::f

    mx3.qq.com internet address = 183.57.48.35

    mx3.qq.com has AAAA address 240e:ff:f040:28::f

    > set type=a   #解析网站

    Server: 192.168.99.1

    Address: 192.168.99.1#53

     

    ** server can't find set: NXDOMAIN

     

    netstat

    查看Linux路由表

    [root@learn ~]# netstat -r

    Kernel IP routing table

    Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags   MSS Window  irtt Iface

    192.168.99.0    *               255.255.255.0   U         0 0          0 eth0

    192.168.10.0    *               255.255.255.0   U         0 0          0 eth1

    link-local      *               255.255.0.0     U         0 0          0 eth1

    default         xyun.co         0.0.0.0         UG        0 0          0 eth0

    查看侦听的端口

    netstat -l

    netstat -n

    [root@learn ~]# netstat -ln

    Active Internet connections (only servers)

    Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address               Foreign Address             State      

    tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:22                  0.0.0.0:*                   LISTEN

    查看什么服务侦听的什么端口

    netstat -lnp|grep "tcp"

    查看建立的链接

    netstat -n |grep "tcp"

    查看所有协议统计信息

    netstat -s

    查看tcp协议统计信息

    netstat -s |grep -A 10 "Tcp:"    #-A选项找到关键字及以下10

     

    高级网络设置

    给网卡绑定多个ip地址

    临时给网卡增加ip地址

    [root@learn ~]# ifconfig eth0:0 192.168.99.166/24

    [root@learn ~]# ifdown eth0:0 down  #虚拟网卡down后启不来

    通过配置文件给一个网络增加多个ip地址

    [root@learn ~]# cd /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/

    [root@learn network-scripts]# cp ifcfg-eth0  ifcfg-eth0:0

    [root@learn network-scripts]# vim ifcfg-eth0:0   #编辑配置文件

    DEVICE=eth0:0  #更改

    HWADDR=00:0C:29:41:FA:11  #不需要更改

    TYPE=Ethernet

    ONBOOT=yes

    NM_CONTROLLED=yes

    BOOTPROTO=none  #更改

    IPADDR=192.168.99.166   #更改

    PREFIX=24   #掩码位数

    将多个网卡绑定成一个网卡

    负载均衡

    网卡冗余(备用网卡)

    模式0  负载均衡

    模式1  网卡冗余 主备模式

    模式3  多块网卡同时发送相同的数据

    1.创建绑定网卡配置文件

    [root@WebServer ~]# vim /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-bond0

    DEVICE=bond0

    IPADDR=192.168.80.240

    PREFIX=24

    GATEWAY=192.168.80.1

    ONBOOT=yes

    USERCTL=no

    BOOTPROTO=none

    BONDING_OPTS="mode=0 miimon=50"

    2.修改eth0eth1网卡配置文件

    [root@WebServer ~]# vi /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0

    DEVICE=eth0

    ONBOOT=yes

    BOOTPROTO=none

    MASTER=bond0

    SLAVE=yes

    USERCTL=no

    [root@WebServer ~]# vi /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth1

    DEVICE=eth1

    ONBOOT=yes

    BOOTPROTO=none

    MASTER=bond0

    SLAVE=yes

    USERCTL=no

    3.添加驱动支持bond0

    [root@WebServer ~]# vi /etc/modprobe.d/bonding.conf

    alias bond0 bonding

    4.重启network服务

    [root@WebServer ~]# service network restart

    arp绑定mac地址和ip地址

     arp 绑定

    [root@WebS1 ~]# arp -s 192.168.80.111 00:0c:29:7b:54:d1

    [root@WebS1 ~]# arp -d 192.168.80.111

     [root@WebS1 ~]# cat /proc/net/arp                      

    IP address       HW type     Flags       HW address            Mask     Device

    192.168.80.1     0x1         0x2         00:50:56:e1:89:93     *        eth0

    192.168.80.199   0x1         0x2         00:50:56:c0:00:08     *        eth0

    192.168.80.111   0x1         0x6         00:0c:29:7b:54:d1     *   

    将静态映射添加到配置文件

    [root@WebS1 ~]# vi /etc/ethers

    # see man ethers for syntax

    192.168.80.111 00:0c:29:7b:54:d2

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/pathping/p/7252555.html
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