PHP是单继承的语言,在PHP 5.4 Traits出现之前,PHP的类无法同时从两个基类继承属性或方法。php的Traits和Go语言的组合功能有点类似,
通过在类中使用use关键字声明要组合的Trait名称,而具体某个Trait的声明使用trait关键词,Trait不能直接实例化。具体用法请看下面的代码:
<?php trait Drive { public $carName = 'BMW'; public function driving() { echo "driving {$this->carName} "; } } class Person { public function age() { echo "i am 18 years old "; } } class Student extends Person { use Drive; public function study() { echo "Learn to drive "; } } $student = new Student(); $student->study(); $student->age(); $student->driving();
Learn to drive i am 18 years old driving BMW
上面的例子中,Student类通过继承Person,有了age方法,通过组合Drive,有了driving方法和属性carName。
如果Trait、基类和本类中都存在某个同名的属性或者方法,最终会保留哪一个呢?通过下面的代码测试一下:
<?php trait Drive { public function hello() { echo "hello 周伯通 "; } public function driving() { echo "周伯通不会开车 "; } } class Person { public function hello() { echo "hello 大家好 "; } public function driving() { echo "大家都会开车 "; } } class Student extends Person { use Drive;//trait 的方法覆盖了基类Person中的方法,所以Person中的hello 和driving被覆盖 public function hello() { echo "hello 新学员 ";//当方法或属性同名时,当前类中的方法会覆盖 trait的 方法,所以此处hello会覆盖trait中的hello } } $student = new Student(); $student->hello(); $student->driving();
hello 新学员
周伯通不会开车
因此得出结论:当方法或属性同名时,当前类中的方法会覆盖 trait的 方法,而 trait 的方法又覆盖了基类中的方法。
如果要组合多个Trait,通过逗号分隔 Trait名称:
use Trait1, Trait2;
如果多个Trait中包含同名方法或者属性时,会怎样呢?答案是当组合的多个Trait包含同名属性或者方法时,需要明确声明解决冲突,否则会产生一个致命错误。
<?php trait Trait1 { public function hello() { echo "Trait1::hello "; } public function hi() { echo "Trait1::hi "; } } trait Trait2 { public function hello() { echo "Trait2::hello "; } public function hi() { echo "Trait2::hi "; } } class Class1 { use Trait1, Trait2; }
//输出:Fatal error: Trait method hello has not been applied, because there are collisions with other trait methods on Class1 in
使用insteadof和as操作符来解决冲突,insteadof是使用某个方法替代另一个,而as是给方法取一个别名,具体用法请看代码:
<?php trait Trait1 { public function hello() { echo "Trait1::hello "; } public function hi() { echo "Trait1::hi "; } } trait Trait2 { public function hello() { echo "Trait2::hello "; } public function hi() { echo "Trait2::hi "; } } class Class1 { use Trait1, Trait2 { Trait2::hello insteadof Trait1; Trait1::hi insteadof Trait2; } } class Class2 { use Trait1, Trait2 { Trait2::hello insteadof Trait1; Trait1::hi insteadof Trait2; Trait2::hi as hei; Trait1::hello as hehe; } } $Obj1 = new Class1(); $Obj1->hello(); $Obj1->hi(); echo " "; $Obj2 = new Class2(); $Obj2->hello(); $Obj2->hi(); $Obj2->hei(); $Obj2->hehe();
Trait2::hello
Trait1::hi
Trait2::hello
Trait1::hi
Trait2::hi
Trait1::hello
as关键词还有另外一个用途,那就是修改方法
的访问控制:
<?php trait Hello { public function hello() { echo "hello,我是周伯通 "; } } class Class1 { use Hello { hello as protected; } } class Class2 { use Hello { Hello::hello as private hi; } } $Obj1 = new Class1(); $Obj1->hello(); # 报致命错误,因为hello方法被修改成受保护的 $Obj2 = new Class2(); $Obj2->hello(); # 输出: hello,我是周伯通,因为原来的hello方法仍然是公共的 $Obj2->hi(); # 报致命错误,因为别名hi方法被修改成私有的
Uncaught Error: Call to protected method Class1::hello() from context '' in D:webmytestp.php:18
Trait 也能组合Trait,Trait中支持抽象方法、静态属性及静态方法,测试代码如下:
<?php trait Hello { public function sayHello() { echo "Hello 我是周伯通 "; } } trait World { use Hello; public function sayWorld() { echo "hello world "; } abstract public function getWorld(); public function inc() { static $c = 0; $c = $c + 1; echo "$c "; } public static function doSomething() { echo "Doing something "; } } class HelloWorld { use World; public function getWorld() { return 'do you get World ?'; } } $Obj = new HelloWorld(); $Obj->sayHello(); $Obj->sayWorld(); echo $Obj->getWorld() . " "; HelloWorld::doSomething(); $Obj->inc(); $Obj->inc();
Hello 我是周伯通 hello world do you get World ? Doing something 1 2