常规循环引用内存泄漏和Closure内存泄漏
要了解javascript的内存泄漏问题，首先要了解的就是javascript的GC原理。
我记得原来在犀牛书《JavaScript: The Definitive Guide》中看到过，IE使用的GC算法是计数器，因此只碰到循环 引用就会造成memory leakage。后来一直觉得和观察到的现象很不一致，直到看到Eric的文章，才明白犀牛书的说法没有说得很明确，估计该书成文后IE升级过算法吧
。在IE 6中，对于javascript object内部，jscript使用的是mark-and-sweep算法，而对于javascript object与外部object(包括native object和vbscript object等等)的引用时，IE 6使用的才是计数器的算法。
Eric Lippert在http://blogs.msdn.com/ericlippert/archive/2003/09/17/53038.aspx
一文中提到IE 6中JScript的GC算法使用的是nongeneration mark-and-sweep。对于javascript对算法的实现缺陷，文章如是说：
"The benefits of this approach are numerous, but the principle benefit is that circular references are not leaked unless the circular reference involves an object not owned by JScript. "
也就是说，IE 6对于纯粹的Script Objects间的Circular References是可以正确处理的，可惜它处理不了的是JScript与Native Object(例如Dom、ActiveX Object)之间的Circular References。
所以，当我们出现Native对象(例如Dom、ActiveX Object)与Javascript对象间的循环引用时，内存泄露的问题就出现了。当然，这个bug在IE 7中已经被修复了［http://www.quirksmode.org/blog/archives/2006/04/ie_7_and_javasc.html］。
http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/en-us/IETechCol/dnwebgen/ie_leak_patterns.asp 中有个示意图和简单的例子体现了这个问题：
< head >
< script language = " JScript " >
var myGlobalObject;
function SetupLeak() // 产生循环引用，因此会造成内存泄露
{
// First set up the script scope to element reference
myGlobalObject =
document.getElementById( " LeakedDiv " );
// Next set up the element to script scope reference
document.getElementById( " LeakedDiv " ).expandoProperty =
myGlobalObject;
}
function BreakLeak() // 解开循环引用，解决内存泄露问题
{
document.getElementById( " LeakedDiv " ).expandoProperty =
null ;
}
</ script >
</ head >
< body onload = " SetupLeak() " onunload = " BreakLeak() " >
< div id = " LeakedDiv " ></ div >
</ body >
</ html >
尤其是当碰到Closure，当我们往Native对象(例如Dom对象、ActiveX Object)上绑定事件响应代码时，一个不小心，我们就会制造出Closure Memory Leak。其关键原因，其实和前者是一样的，也是一个跨javascript object和native object的循环引用。只是代码更为隐蔽，这个隐蔽性，是由于javascript的语言特性造成的。但在使用类似内嵌函数的时候，内嵌的函数有拥有一个reference指向外部函数的scope，包括外部函数的参数，因此也就很容易造成一个很隐蔽的循环引用，例如：
DOM_Node.onevent ->function_object.[ [ scope ] ] ->scope_chain ->Activation_object.nodeRef ->DOM_Node。
［http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/en-us/IETechCol/dnwebgen/ie_leak_patterns.asp］有个例子极深刻地显示了该隐蔽性：
< head >
< script language = " JScript " >
function AttachEvents(element)
{
// This structure causes element to ref ClickEventHandler //element有个引用指向函数ClickEventHandler()
element.attachEvent( " onclick " , ClickEventHandler);
function ClickEventHandler()
{
// This closure refs element //该函数有个引用指向AttachEvents(element)调用Scope，也就是执行了参数element。
}
}
function SetupLeak()
{
// The leak happens all at once
AttachEvents(document.getElementById( " LeakedDiv " ));
}
</ script >
</ head >
< body onload = " SetupLeak() " onunload = " BreakLeak() " >
< div id = " LeakedDiv " ></ div >
</ body >
</ html >
还有这个例子在IE 6中同样原因会引起泄露
function leakmaybe() {
var elm = document.createElement( " DIV " );
elm.onclick = function () {
return 2 + 2 ;
}
}
for ( var i = 0 ; i 10000 ; i ++ ) {
leakmaybe();
}
btw:
关于Closure的知识，大家可以看看http://jibbering.com/faq/faq_notes/closures.html这篇文章，习惯中文也可以看看zkjbeyond的blog，他对Closure这篇文章进行了简要的翻译：http://www.blogjava.net/zkjbeyond/archive/2006/05/19/47025.html。之所以会有这一系列的问题，关键就在于javascript是种函数式脚本解析语言，因此javascript中“函数中的变量的作用域是定义作用域，而不是动态作用域”，这点在犀牛书《JavaScript: The Definitive Guide》中的“Funtion”一章中有所讨论。
http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=KB;EN-US;830555中也对这个问题举了很详细的例子。
一些 简单的解决方案
目前大多数ajax前端的javascript framework都利用对事件的管理，解决了该问题。
如果你需要自己解决这个问题，可以参考以下的一些方法：
-
http://youngpup.net/2005/0221010713
中提到：可以利用递归Dom树，解除event绑定，从而解除循环引用：if (window.attachEvent) {
var clearElementProps = [
'data',
'onmouseover',
'onmouseout',
'onmousedown',
'onmouseup',
'ondblclick',
'onclick',
'onselectstart',
'oncontextmenu'
];
window.attachEvent("onunload", function() {
var el;
for(var d = document.all.length;d--;){
el = document.all[d];
for(var c = clearElementProps.length;c--;){
el[clearElementProps[c]] = null;
}
}
});
}
-
而http://novemberborn.net/javascript/event-cache
一文中则通过增加EventCache，从而给出一个相对结构化的解决方案/* EventCache Version 1.0
Copyright 2005 Mark Wubben
Provides a way for automagically removing events from nodes and thus preventing memory leakage.
See <http://novemberborn.net/javascript/event-cache> for more information.
This software is licensed under the CC-GNU LGPL <http://creativecommons.org/licenses/LGPL/2.1/>
*/
/* Implement array.push for browsers which don't support it natively.
Please remove this if it's already in other code */
if (Array.prototype.push == null ){
Array.prototype.push = function (){
for ( var i = 0 ; i < arguments.length; i ++ ){
this [ this .length] = arguments[i];
};
return this .length;
};
};
/* Event Cache uses an anonymous function to create a hidden scope chain.
This is to prevent scoping issues. */
var EventCache = function (){
var listEvents = [];
return {
listEvents : listEvents,
add : function (node, sEventName, fHandler, bCapture){
listEvents.push(arguments);
},
flush : function (){
var i, item;
for (i = listEvents.length - 1 ; i >= 0 ; i = i - 1 ){
item = listEvents[i];
if (item[ 0 ].removeEventListener){
item[ 0 ].removeEventListener(item[ 1 ], item[ 2 ], item[ 3 ]);
};
/* From this point on we need the event names to be prefixed with 'on" */
if (item[ 1 ].substring( 0 , 2 ) != " on " ){
item[ 1 ] = " on " + item[ 1 ];
};
if (item[ 0 ].detachEvent){
item[ 0 ].detachEvent(item[ 1 ], item[ 2 ]);
};
item[ 0 ][item[ 1 ]] = null ;
};
}
};
}(); -
使用方法也很简单：
<script type="text/javascript">function addEvent(oEventTarget, sEventType, fDest){
if(oEventTarget.attachEvent){
oEventTarget.attachEvent("on" + sEventType, fDest);
} elseif(oEventTarget.addEventListener){
oEventTarget.addEventListener(sEventType, fDest, true);
} elseif(typeof oEventTarget[sEventType] == "function"){
var fOld = oEventTarget[sEventType];
oEventTarget[sEventType] = function(e){ fOld(e); fDest(e); };
} else {
oEventTarget[sEventType] = fDest;
};
/* Implementing EventCache for all event systems */
EventCache.add(oEventTarget, sEventType, fDest, true);
};
function createLeak(){
var body = document.body;
function someHandler(){return body;
};
addEvent(body, "click", someHandler);
};
window.onload = function(){
var i = 500;
while(i > 0){
createLeak();
i = i - 1;
}
};
window.onunload = EventCache.flush;
</script>
-
http://talideon.com/weblog/2005/03/js-memory-leaks.cfm
一文中的方法类似：/*
* EventManager.js
* by Keith Gaughan
*
* This allows event handlers to be registered unobtrusively, and cleans
* them up on unload to prevent memory leaks.
*
* Copyright (c) Keith Gaughan, 2005.
*
* All rights reserved. This program and the accompanying materials
* are made available under the terms of the Common Public License v1.0
* (CPL) which accompanies this distribution, and is available at
* http://www.opensource.org/licenses/cpl.php
*
* This software is covered by a modified version of the Common Public License
* (CPL), where Keith Gaughan is the Agreement Steward, and the licensing
* agreement is covered by the laws of the Republic of Ireland.
*/
// For implementations that don't include the push() methods for arrays.
if ( ! Array.prototype.push) {
Array.prototype.push = function (elem) {
this [ this .length] = elem;
}
}
var EventManager = {
_registry: null ,
Initialise: function () {
if ( this ._registry == null ) {
this ._registry = [];
// Register the cleanup handler on page unload.
EventManager.Add(window, " unload " , this .CleanUp);
}
},
/* *
* Registers an event and handler with the manager.
*
* @param obj Object handler will be attached to.
* @param type Name of event handler responds to.
* @param fn Handler function.
* @param useCapture Use event capture. False by default.
* If you don't understand this, ignore it.
*
* @return True if handler registered, else false.
*/
Add: function (obj, type, fn, useCapture) {
this .Initialise();
// If a string was passed in, it's an id.
if ( typeof obj == " string " ) {
obj = document.getElementById(obj);
}
if (obj == null || fn == null ) {
return false ;
}
// Mozilla/W3C listeners?
if (obj.addEventListener) {
obj.addEventListener(type, fn, useCapture);
this ._registry.push({obj: obj, type: type, fn: fn, useCapture: useCapture});
return true ;
}
// IE-style listeners?
if (obj.attachEvent && obj.attachEvent( " on " + type, fn)) {
this ._registry.push({obj: obj, type: type, fn: fn, useCapture: false });
return true ;
}
return false ;
},
/* *
* Cleans up all the registered event handlers.
*/
CleanUp: function () {
for ( var i = 0 ; i < EventManager._registry.length; i ++ ) {
with (EventManager._registry[i]) {
// Mozilla/W3C listeners?
if (obj.removeEventListener) {
obj.removeEventListener(type, fn, useCapture);
}
// IE-style listeners?
else if (obj.detachEvent) {
obj.detachEvent( " on " + type, fn);
}
}
}
// Kill off the registry itself to get rid of the last remaining
// references.
EventManager._registry = null ;
}
};
使用起来也很简单
<html><head>
<script type=text/javascript src=EventManager.js></script>
<script type=text/javascript>
function onLoad() {
EventManager.Add(document.getElementById(testCase),click,hit );
returntrue;
}
function hit(evt) {
alert(click);
}
</script>
</head>
<body onload='javascript: onLoad();'>
<div id='testCase' style='100%; height: 100%; background-color: yellow;'>
<h1>Click me!</h1>
</div>
</body>
</html>
- google map api同样提供了一个类似的函数用在页面的unload事件中，解决Closure带来的内存泄露问题。
-
当然，如果你不嫌麻烦，你也可以为每个和native object有关的就阿vascript object编写一个destoryMemory函数，用来手动调用，从而手动解除Dom对象的事件绑定。
-
还有一种就是不要那么OO,抛弃Dom的一些特性，用innerHTML代替appendChild，避开循环引用。详细见http://birdshome.cnblogs.com/archive/2005/02/16/104967.html
中的讨论贴。
Cross-Page Leaks
Cross-Page Leaks和下一节提到的Pseudo-Leaks在我看来，就是IE的bug， 虽然MS死皮赖脸不承认:)
大家可以看看这段例子代码:
< head >
< script language = " JScript " >
function LeakMemory() // 这个函数会引发Cross-Page Leaks
{
var hostElement = document.getElementById( " hostElement " );
// Do it a lot, look at Task Manager for memory response
for (i = 0 ; i < 5000 ; i ++ )
{
var parentDiv =
document.createElement( " <div onClick='foo()'> " );
var childDiv =
document.createElement( " <div onClick='foo()'> " );
// This will leak a temporary object
parentDiv.appendChild(childDiv);
hostElement.appendChild(parentDiv);
hostElement.removeChild(parentDiv);
parentDiv.removeChild(childDiv);
parentDiv = null ;
childDiv = null ;
}
hostElement = null ;
}
function CleanMemory() // 而这个函数不会引发Cross-Page Leaks
{
var hostElement = document.getElementById( " hostElement " );
// Do it a lot, look at Task Manager for memory response
for (i = 0 ; i < 5000 ; i ++ )
{
var parentDiv = document.createElement( " <div onClick='foo()'> " );
var childDiv = document.createElement( " <div onClick='foo()'> " );
// Changing the order is important, this won't leak
hostElement.appendChild(parentDiv);
parentDiv.appendChild(childDiv);
hostElement.removeChild(parentDiv);
parentDiv.removeChild(childDiv);
parentDiv = null ;
childDiv = null ;
}
hostElement = null ;
}
</ script >
</ head >
< body >
< button onclick = " LeakMemory() " > Memory Leaking Insert </ button >
< button onclick = " CleanMemory() " > Clean Insert </ button >
< div id = " hostElement " ></ div >
</ body >
</ html >
LeakMemory和CleanMemory这两段函数的唯一区别就在于他们的代码的循序，从代码上看，两段代码的逻辑都没有错。
但LeakMemory却会造成泄露。原因是LeakMemory()会先建立起parentDiv和childDiv之间的连接，这时候，为了让 childDiv能够获知parentDiv的信息，因此IE需要先建立一个临时的scope对象。而后parentDiv建立了和 hostElement对象的联系，parentDiv和childDiv直接使用页面document的scope。可惜的是，IE不会释放刚才那个临时的scope对象的内存空间，直到我们跳转页面，这块空间才能被释放。而CleanMemory函数不同，他先把parentDiv和 hostElement建立联系，而后再把childDiv和parentDiv建立联系，这个过程不需要单独建立临时的scope，只要直接使用页面 document的scope就可以了， 所以也就不会造成内存泄露了
详细原因，大家可以看看http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/en-us/IETechCol/dnwebgen/ie_leak_patterns.asp这篇文章。
btw:
IE 6中垃圾回收算法，就是从那些直接"in scope"的对象开始进行mark清除的：
Every variable which is "in scope" is called a "scavenger". A scavenger may refer to a number, an object, a string, whatever. We maintain a list of scavengers – variables are moved on to the scav list when they come into scope and off the scav list when they go out of scope.
Pseudo-Leaks
这个被称为“秀逗泄露”真是恰当啊：）
看看这个例子:
< head >
< script language = " JScript " >
function LeakMemory()
{
// Do it a lot, look at Task Manager for memory response
for (i = 0 ; i < 5000 ; i ++ )
{
hostElement.text = " function foo() { } " ;／／看内存会不断增加
}
}
</ script >
</ head >
< body >
< button onclick = " LeakMemory() " > Memory Leaking Insert </ button >
< script id = " hostElement " > function foo() { } </ script >
</ body >
</ html >
MS是这么解释的，这不是内存泄漏。如果您创建了许多无法获得也无法释放的对象，那才是内存泄漏。在这里，您将创建许多元素，Internet Explorer 需要保存它们以正确呈现页面。Internet Explorer 并不知道您以后不会运行操纵您刚刚创建的所有这些对象的脚本。当页面消失时（当您浏览完，离开浏览器时）会释放内存。它不会泄漏。当销毁页面时，会中断循环引用。
唉~~~
详细原因，大家可以看看http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/en-us/IETechCol/dnwebgen/ie_leak_patterns.asp这篇文章。
其它一些琐碎的注意点
变量定义一定要用var，否则隐式声明出来的变量都是全局变量，不是局部变量；
全局变量没用时记得要置null；
注意正确使用delete，删除没用的一些函数属性；
注意正确使用try...cache，确保去处无效引用的代码能被正确执行；
open出来的窗口即使close了，它的window对象还是存在的，要记得删除引用；
frame和iframe的情况和窗口的情况类似。