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  • 红帽学习笔记[RHCE]网络配置与路由转发

    网络配置基本的IPV4与IPV6

    拓扑图

    image-20191119104238692

    最终要实现的目标

    1. 虚拟机RHEL1RHEL2能够通过IPV6地址互相Ping
    2. 通过/etc/hosts配置,使用RHEL1RHEL2可以通过域名Ping
    3. RHEL1RHEL2的 IPV4地址能够互相Ping
    4. 物理机能够通过IPV6的地址 SSH到任何一台虚拟机上

    操作

    新加一块网卡

    1. VMWare -> 编辑 -> 虚拟网络编辑器 -> 添加网络 -> 选择一块网卡,我选择了VMnet16

    注: Win10 需要点击下面的用管理员运行的按钮更改设置

    1. 配置网卡
    1. 仅主机模式
    2. 选中`将主机虚拟适配器连接到此网络`
    3. 子网IP `192.168.22.0`,子网掩码不用改`255.255.255.0`
    
    1. 点击确定
    2. 此时在物理机上尝试ping 192.168.22.1应该是可以Ping通的。WMware会吧这个网段上192.168.22.1这个ip分给物理机。n

    将增加的网卡分别加到两台虚拟机上

    1. 右键虚拟机 -> 设置 -> 添加 -> 网络适配器 -> 完成
    2. 选中刚才添加的网络适配器进行配置
    1. 设备状态不需要更改
    2. 网络连接 选中`自定义(U):特定虚拟网络`
    3. 在下拉列表中选中自己添加的网卡,我的是`VMnet16`
    4. 确定
    
    1. 第二台虚拟机做同样的操作

    在两台虚拟机上配置IPV4IPV6

    在两台虚拟机上 ip addr

    # 第一台
    [root@rhel1 Desktop]# ip addr
    4: eno16777736: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
        link/ether 00:0c:29:fb:7d:19 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    # 第二台
    [root@rhel2 ~]# ip addr    
    8: eno16777736: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
        link/ether 00:0c:29:10:6a:95 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    

    注: 本次添加后,两块网卡的名称切好都是eno16777736,而其实未必是这样,本次恰好两台虚拟机都是配置的第一块网卡是VMnet16,如果配置时 第几块不一样的时候,名称也将不同。

    配置IPV4网络

    VMnet16 网段是 192.168.22.0 对应的物理机IP是 192.168.22.1

    • 第一台设备
    ##添加配置
    [root@rhel1 Desktop]# nmcli connection add con-name ipv4-ipv6 ifname eno16777736 type ethernet ip4 192.168.22.10/24
    Connection 'ipv4-ipv6' (2371b109-1edb-4e73-b4e1-b03068581d96) successfully added.
    ## 启动
    [root@rhel1 Desktop]# nmcli connection up ipv4-ipv6 
    Connection successfully activated (D-Bus active path: /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveConnection/8)
    ## 查看 
    [root@rhel1 Desktop]# nmcli connection show 
    NAME       UUID                                  TYPE            DEVICE       
    ipv4-ipv6  2371b109-1edb-4e73-b4e1-b03068581d96  802-3-ethernet  eno16777736 
    ## 查看 `ip addr`
    [root@rhel1 Desktop]# ip addr
    4: eno16777736: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
        link/ether 00:0c:29:fb:7d:19 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
        inet 192.168.22.10/24 brd 192.168.22.255 scope global eno16777736
           valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
        inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fefb:7d19/64 scope link 
           valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    ## 在物理机上ping这个IP
    C:Userskanewang>ping 192.168.22.10
    
    Pinging 192.168.22.10 with 32 bytes of data:
    Reply from 192.168.22.10: bytes=32 time<1ms TTL=64
    Reply from 192.168.22.10: bytes=32 time=1ms TTL=64
    Reply from 192.168.22.10: bytes=32 time=1ms TTL=64
    Reply from 192.168.22.10: bytes=32 time<1ms TTL=64
    
    Ping statistics for 192.168.22.10:
        Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
    Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
        Minimum = 0ms, Maximum = 1ms, Average = 0ms
    
    • 第二台设备做同样操作

    IP 是 192.168.22.11

    ## 在物理机上ping
    C:Userskanewang>ping 192.168.22.11
    
    Pinging 192.168.22.11 with 32 bytes of data:
    Reply from 192.168.22.11: bytes=32 time=3ms TTL=64
    Reply from 192.168.22.11: bytes=32 time=2ms TTL=64
    Reply from 192.168.22.11: bytes=32 time=1ms TTL=64
    Reply from 192.168.22.11: bytes=32 time<1ms TTL=64
    
    Ping statistics for 192.168.22.11:
        Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
    Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
        Minimum = 0ms, Maximum = 3ms, Average = 1ms
    ## 在第一台虚拟机上ping
    [root@rhel1 Desktop]# ping 192.168.22.11
    PING 192.168.22.11 (192.168.22.11) 56(84) bytes of data.
    64 bytes from 192.168.22.11: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.753 ms
    64 bytes from 192.168.22.11: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=3.82 ms
    ^C
    --- 192.168.22.11 ping statistics ---
    2 packets transmitted, 2 received, 0% packet loss, time 1001ms
    rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.753/2.288/3.823/1.535 ms
    
    • nmcli connect add命令
    # 敲到 add 这一级别后 按两次 `Tab` 都有提示
    [root@rhel1 Desktop]# nmcli connection add 
    autoconnect  con-name     help         ifname       type 
    1. autoconnect 是否自动连接
    2. con-name    显示名称
    3. help		   帮助
    4. ifname	   网卡的名称 本次是`eno16777736`打eno两次tab也能出来
    5. type 	   连接方式
    6. ip4		   配置ipv4的IP
    

    配置IPV6网络

    IPV6我们同样使用这块网卡,但是WMware并没有给物理机配置IPV6我们需要手动配置。

    • 配置物理机在网卡VMnet16上的IPV6地址:2019:ffff::1

    注:::IPV6中的意思是缩写,代表:连续多组0

    1. 物理机 -> 控制面板 -> Network and Internet -> Network and Sharing Center -> 左边栏 Change adapter settings -> VMware Network Adapter VMnet16
    2. 右键 -> Properties 属性 -> 点一下 Internet Protocol Version 6(TCP/IPV6)
    3. 此时下面的Properties 属性按钮可点击。点击。
    4. 勾中Use the following IPV6 address:分别填入
    IPv6 address (IPv6地址):      			2019:ffff::1 
    Subnet prefix length(子网前缀长度):        64
    
    1. 点击确定
    2. 本机测试一下
    C:Userskanewang>ping -6 2019:ffff::1
    
    Pinging 2019:ffff::1 with 32 bytes of data:
    Reply from 2019:ffff::1: time<1ms
    Reply from 2019:ffff::1: time<1ms
    Reply from 2019:ffff::1: time=1ms
    Reply from 2019:ffff::1: time<1ms
    
    Ping statistics for 2019:ffff::1:
        Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
    Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
        Minimum = 0ms, Maximum = 1ms, Average = 0ms
    
    • 配置第一台虚拟机的IPV6
    ## 修改 `ipv4-ipv6`的链接配置
    # 一定要加上  ipv6.method manual
    [root@rhel1 Desktop]# nmcli connection modify ipv4-ipv6 ipv6.addresses "2019:ffff::100/64" ipv6.method manual
    ## 重启
    [root@rhel1 Desktop]# nmcli connection up ipv4-ipv6 
    Connection successfully activated (D-Bus active path: /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveConnection/10)
    ## 查看
    [root@rhel1 Desktop]# ip addr
    4: eno16777736: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
        link/ether 00:0c:29:fb:7d:19 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
        inet 192.168.22.10/24 brd 192.168.22.255 scope global eno16777736
           valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
        inet6 2019:ffff::100/64 scope global 
           valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
        inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fefb:7d19/64 scope link 
           valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    ## 物理机ping一下
    C:Userskanewang>ping -6 2019:ffff::100
    
    Pinging 2019:ffff::100 with 32 bytes of data:
    Reply from 2019:ffff::100: time=10ms
    Reply from 2019:ffff::100: time<1ms
    Reply from 2019:ffff::100: time=1ms
    Reply from 2019:ffff::100: time<1ms
    
    Ping statistics for 2019:ffff::100:
        Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
    Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
        Minimum = 0ms, Maximum = 10ms, Average = 2ms
    
    • 第二台设备同样操作

    IP是 2019:ffff::101

    ## 查看
    [root@rhel2 ~]# ip addr
    8: eno16777736: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
        link/ether 00:0c:29:10:6a:95 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
        inet 192.168.22.11/24 brd 192.168.22.255 scope global eno16777736
           valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
        inet6 2019:ffff::101/128 scope global 
           valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
        inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe10:6a95/64 scope link 
           valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    ## 物理机 ping
    C:Userskanewang>ping -6 2019:ffff::101
    
    Pinging 2019:ffff::101 with 32 bytes of data:
    Reply from 2019:ffff::101: time=25ms
    Reply from 2019:ffff::101: time<1ms
    Reply from 2019:ffff::101: time<1ms
    Reply from 2019:ffff::101: time<1ms
    
    Ping statistics for 2019:ffff::101:
        Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
    Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
        Minimum = 0ms, Maximum = 25ms, Average = 6ms
    ## 第一个设备 ping 一下
    [root@rhel1 Desktop]# ping6 2019:ffff::101
    PING 2019:ffff::101(2019:ffff::101) 56 data bytes
    64 bytes from 2019:ffff::101: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=4.36 ms
    64 bytes from 2019:ffff::101: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=11.9 ms
    ^C
    --- 2019:ffff::101 ping statistics ---
    2 packets transmitted, 2 received, 0% packet loss, time 1003ms
    rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 4.364/8.157/11.951/3.794 ms
    

    注意

    1. 设置ip时, 后面跟的子网前缀的长度,一定要与字码掩码对应上。
    2. ipv4.method manual , ipv6.method manual在修改connection时最好都加上。

    配置域名访问

    • 在虚拟机上设置域名
    ## 虚拟机1
    [root@rhel1 Desktop]# hostname rhel1.node.com
    [root@rhel1 Desktop]# hostnamectl set-hostname rhel1.node.com
    ## 虚拟机2 
    [root@rhel2 Desktop]# hostname rhel2.node.com
    [root@rhel2 Desktop]# hostnamectl set-hostname rhel2.node.com
    
    • 更改 /etc/hosts
    [root@rhel1 Desktop]# cat /etc/hosts
    127.0.0.1   localhost localhost.localdomain localhost4 localhost4.localdomain4
    ::1         localhost localhost.localdomain localhost6 localhost6.localdomain6
    192.168.22.11	rhel2.node.com
    [root@rhel2 ~]# cat /etc/hosts
    127.0.0.1   localhost localhost.localdomain localhost4 localhost4.localdomain4
    ::1         localhost localhost.localdomain localhost6 localhost6.localdomain6
    2019:ffff::100 rhel1.node.com
    ## 配置 IPV4 与 IPV6地址都是可以的 
    

    拓展路由转发

    拓扑图

    image-20191119134722969

    最终实现目标:

    1. 物理机使用 网卡VMnet11可以SSH到三台虚拟机上
    2. RHEL1RHEL2 之间通过 VMnet12连接
    3. RHEL2RHEL3 之间通过 VMnet13连接
    4. RHEL1 可以直接访问到 RHEL3

    操作

    注:做这个实验的时候,删除了所有网卡。三台虚机都增加了VMnet11、VMnet12、WMnet13三块网卡,包括网卡的顺序都相同。

    # 保证 虚拟机的网卡号与正真网卡一一匹配
    VMnet11->eno16777736
    VMnet12->eno33554992
    VMnet13->eno50332216
    

    关于网关设置

    实现上面的需求,是把RHEL2当做路由转发,所以RHEL1-RHEL2连接 RHEL1的网关必须是RHEL2RHEL2-RHEL3连接RHEL3 的网关也必须是RHEL2

    重新配置一下网络

    1. 物理机通过三台虚拟机的第一块网卡VMnet11连接虚拟机
    物理机  ipv4 192.168.143.1  ipv6 2019:ac18::1
    RHEL1  ipv4 192.168.143.10  ipv6 2019:ac18::100
    RHEL2  ipv4 192.168.143.11  ipv6 2019:ac18::101
    RHEL3  ipv4 192.168.143.12  ipv6 2019:ac18::102
    

    命令

    [root@rhel1 Desktop]#  nmcli connection add con-name control_connect ifname eno16777736 autoconnect yes type ethernet ip4 192.168.143.10/24 gw4 192.168.143.1 ip6  2019:ac18::100/64 gw6 2019:ac18::1
    [root@rhel2 Desktop]#  nmcli connection add con-name control_connect ifname eno16777736 autoconnect yes type ethernet ip4 192.168.143.11/24 gw4 192.168.143.1 ip6  2019:ac18::101/64 gw6 2019:ac18::1
    [root@rhel3 Desktop]#  nmcli connection add con-name control_connect ifname eno16777736 autoconnect yes type ethernet ip4 192.168.143.12/24 gw4 192.168.143.1 ip6  2019:ac18::102/64 gw6 2019:ac18::1
    
    1. 虚拟机RHEL1RHEL2通过他们的第二块网卡VMnet12进行连接
    RHEL1  ipv4 192.168.27.10  ipv6 2019:ac18:1::100
    RHEL1  gw4 192.168.27.11   gw6 2019:ac18:1::101 # 网关配置成RHEL2的
    RHEL2  ipv4 192.168.27.11  ipv6 2019:ac18:1::101
    
    [root@rhel1 Desktop]#  nmcli connection add con-name connection12 ifname eno33554992 autoconnect yes type ethernet ip4 192.168.140.10/24 gw4 192.168.140.11 ip6  2019:ac18:1::100/64 gw6 2019:ac18:1::101
    [root@rhel2 ~]# nmcli connection add con-name connection12 ifname eno33554992 autoconnect yes type ethernet ip4 192.168.140.11/24 ip6  2019:ac18:1::101/64 
    
    1. 虚拟机RHEL2RHEL3通过他们的第三块网卡VMnet13进行连接
    RHEL3  ipv4 192.168.245.10  ipv6 2019:ac18:2::100
    RHEL3  gw4 192.168.245.11   gw6 2019:ac18:2::101 # 网关配置成RHEL2的
    RHEL2  ipv4 192.168.245.11  ipv6 2019:ac18:2::101
    

    命令

    [root@rhel2 ~]# nmcli connection add con-name connection23 ifname eno50332216 autoconnect yes type ethernet ip4 192.168.245.11/24 ip6  2019:ac18:2::101/64 
    [root@rhel3 ~]#  nmcli connection add con-name connection23 ifname eno50332216 autoconnect yes type ethernet ip4 192.168.245.10/24 gw4 192.168.245.11 ip6  2019:ac18:2::100/64 gw6 2019:ac18:2::101
    
    
    1. RHEL2上开启IPV4IPV6进行路由转发,并开启防火墙的masquerade
    ## 临时开启 ipv6转发
    echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv6/conf/all/forwarding
    ## 临时开启 ipv4转发
    echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/all/forwarding
    ## 永久开启 ipv4转发
    vim /etc/sysctl.conf # 增加下面的行
    net.ipv4.ip_forward=1
    
    [root@rhel2 ~]# firewall-cmd --add-masquerade
    [root@rhel2 ~]# firewall-cmd --add-masquerade --permanent
    注:`masquerade` 地址伪装,算是snat中的一种特例,可以实现自动化的snat。
    

    结果

    # IPV4
    [root@rhel1 Desktop]# ping 192.168.245.10
    PING 192.168.245.10 (192.168.245.10) 56(84) bytes of data.
    64 bytes from 192.168.245.10: icmp_seq=1 ttl=63 time=8.52 ms
    ^C
    --- 192.168.245.10 ping statistics ---
    1 packets transmitted, 1 received, 0% packet loss, time 0ms
    rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 8.525/8.525/8.525/0.000 ms
    # IPV6
    [root@rhel1 Desktop]# ping6 2019:ac18:2::101
    PING 2019:ac18:2::101(2019:ac18:2::101) 56 data bytes
    64 bytes from 2019:ac18:2::101: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=2.64 ms
    64 bytes from 2019:ac18:2::101: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=3.34 ms
    ^C
    --- 2019:ac18:2::101 ping statistics ---
    2 packets transmitted, 2 received, 0% packet loss, time 1003ms
    rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 2.649/2.996/3.344/0.351 ms
    
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/primadonna/p/11920493.html
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