一、str
在print输出的时候会自动调用__str__
我们在自定义的时候必须要有返回值,且必须为字符串
打印时触发
class Foo:
def __init__(self, name, age):
"""对象实例化的时候自动触发"""
self.name = name
self.age = age
def __str__(self):
print('打印的时候自动触发,但是其实不需要print即可打印')
return f'{self.name}:{self.age}' # 如果不返回字符串类型,则会报错
obj = Foo('nick', 18)
print(obj) # obj.__str__() # 打印的时候就是在打印返回值
====>打印的时候自动触发,但是其实不需要print即可打印
====>nick:18
obj2 = Foo('tank', 30)
print(obj2)
====>打印的时候自动触发,但是其实不需要print即可打印
====>tank:30
二、repr
str函数或者print函数—>obj.str()
repr或者交互式解释器—>obj.repr()
如果str没有被定义,那么就会使用repr来代替输出
注意:这俩方法的返回值必须是字符串,否则抛出异常
class School:
def __init__(self, name, addr, type):
self.name = name
self.addr = addr
self.type = type
def __repr__(self):
return 'School(%s,%s)' % (self.name, self.addr)
def __str__(self):
return '(%s,%s)' % (self.name, self.addr)
s1 = School('oldboy1', '北京', '私立')
print('from repr: ', repr(s1))
=====>from repr: School(oldboy1,北京)
print('from str: ', str(s1))
====>from str: (oldboy1,北京)
print(s1)
====>(oldboy1,北京)
s1 # jupyter属于交互式
====>School(oldboy1,北京)
三、实现迭代器(next__和__iter)
简单示例
死循环
class Foo:
def __init__(self, x):
self.x = x
def __iter__(self):
return self
def __next__(self):
self.x += 1
return self.x
f = Foo(3)
for i in f:
print(i)
加上StopIteration异常
class Foo:
def __init__(self, start, stop):
self.num = start
self.stop = stop
def __iter__(self):
return self
def __next__(self):
if self.num >= self.stop:
raise StopIteration
n = self.num
self.num += 1
return n
f = Foo(1, 5)
from collections import Iterable, Iterator
print(isinstance(f, Iterator))
====>True
for i in Foo(1, 5):
print(i)
====>1
====>2
====>3
====>4
模拟range
class Range:
def __init__(self, n, stop, step):
self.n = n
self.stop = stop
self.step = step
def __next__(self):
if self.n >= self.stop:
raise StopIteration
x = self.n
self.n += self.step
return x
def __iter__(self):
return self
for i in Range(1, 7, 3):
print(i)
====>1
====>4
斐波那契数列
class Fib:
def __init__(self):
self._a = 0
self._b = 1
def __iter__(self):
return self
def __next__(self):
self._a, self._b = self._b, self._a + self._b
return self._a
f1 = Fib()
for i in f1:
if i > 100:
break
print('%s ' % i, end='')
====>1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89
四、module
module 表示当前操作的对象在那个模块
print(obj.__module__) # 输出 lib.aa,即:输出模块
五、class
class表示当前操作的对象的类是什么
print(obj.__class__) # 输出 lib.aa.C,即:输出类
六、实现文件上下文管理(enter__和__exit)
我们知道在操作文件对象的时候可以这么写
with open('a.txt') as f:
'代码块'
上述叫做上下文管理协议,即with语句,为了让一个对象兼容with语句,必须在这个对象的类中声明enter和exit方法
上下文管理协议
class Open:
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
def __enter__(self):
print('出现with语句,对象的__enter__被触发,有返回值则赋值给as声明的变量')
# return self
def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
print('with中代码块执行完毕时执行我啊')
with Open('a.txt') as f:
print('=====>执行代码块')
# print(f,f.name)
出现with语句,对象的__enter__被触发,有返回值则赋值给as声明的变量
=====>执行代码块
with中代码块执行完毕时执行我啊
exit()中的三个参数分别代表异常类型,异常值和追溯信息,with语句中代码块出现异常,则with后的代码都无法执行
class Open:
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
def __enter__(self):
print('出现with语句,对象的__enter__被触发,有返回值则赋值给as声明的变量')
def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
print('with中代码块执行完毕时执行我啊')
print(exc_type)
print(exc_val)
print(exc_tb)
try:
with Open('a.txt') as f:
print('=====>执行代码块')
raise AttributeError('***着火啦,救火啊***')
except Exception as e:
print(e)
出现with语句,对象的__enter__被触发,有返回值则赋值给as声明的变量
=====>执行代码块
with中代码块执行完毕时执行我啊
<class 'AttributeError'>
***着火啦,救火啊***
<traceback object at 0x1065f1f88>
***着火啦,救火啊***
如果__exit()返回值为True,那么异常会被清空,就好像啥都没发生一样,with后的语句正常执行
class Open:
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
def __enter__(self):
print('出现with语句,对象的__enter__被触发,有返回值则赋值给as声明的变量')
def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
print('with中代码块执行完毕时执行我啊')
print(exc_type)
print(exc_val)
print(exc_tb)
return True
with Open('a.txt') as f:
print('=====>执行代码块')
raise AttributeError('***着火啦,救火啊***')
print('0' * 100) #------------------------------->会执行
出现with语句,对象的__enter__被触发,有返回值则赋值给as声明的变量
=====>执行代码块
with中代码块执行完毕时执行我啊
<class 'AttributeError'>
***着火啦,救火啊***
<traceback object at 0x1062ab048>
0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
模拟open
class Open:
def __init__(self, filepath, mode='r', encoding='utf-8'):
self.filepath = filepath
self.mode = mode
self.encoding = encoding
def __enter__(self):
# print('enter')
self.f = open(self.filepath, mode=self.mode, encoding=self.encoding)
return self.f
def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
# print('exit')
self.f.close()
return True
def __getattr__(self, item):
return getattr(self.f, item)
with Open('a.txt', 'w') as f:
print(f)
f.write('aaaaaa')
f.wasdf #抛出异常,交给__exit__处理
<_io.TextIOWrapper name='a.txt' mode='w' encoding='utf-8'>
优点:
1、使用with语句的目的就是把代码块放入with中执行,with结束后,自动完成清理工作,无须手动干预
2、在需要管理一些资源比如文件,网络连接和锁的编程环境中,可以在exit中定制自动释放资源的机制,你无须再去关系这个问题,这将大有用处