0. 字节流与二进制文件
我的代码
package experiment.io;
import java.io.DataInputStream;
import java.io.DataOutputStream;
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
public class Experiment {
public static void main(String[] args) throws FileNotFoundException {
FileOutputStream outFile = new FileOutputStream("student.data");
FileInputStream inFile = new FileInputStream("student.data");
try (DataOutputStream dataOutput = new DataOutputStream(outFile);
DataInputStream dataInput = new DataInputStream(inFile)) {
/**
* 将学生信息写入student.data文件中
*/
Student st = new Student(2018211, "张三", 15, 3);
dataOutput.writeInt(st.getId());
dataOutput.writeUTF(st.getName());
dataOutput.writeInt(st.getAge());
dataOutput.writeDouble(st.getGrade());
dataOutput.flush();
/**
* 将student.data文件中的数据重新读出到newSt对象中
*/
Student newSt = new Student();
newSt.setId(dataInput.readInt());
newSt.setName(dataInput.readUTF());
newSt.setAge(dataInput.readInt());
newSt.setGrade(dataInput.readDouble());
System.out.println(newSt.toString());
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
我的总结
- 二进制文件与文本文件的区别：
- 二进制文件可以存储char/int/long等各种变量类型的值，实际上存储的是01字符串，这也表明存储数据字节大小的不同；而文本文件只能存储char型的字符变量，其每条数据是固定长度的，如ASCII码存储的每个字符为1字节。
- 二进制文件，它是将内存中的数据以二进制形式原样放到文件中，读取时候也不需要经过处理就可以直接放到内存中，读写速度快，但是如果不经过专门编译器的编译，其可读性差；而文本文件会有一个编码方式，如ASCII码，它会将内存中的数据转化为对应编码，再将编码写入文件，读取时需要解码，再将对应字符读出，读写速度较慢，但是可读性好。
- try...catch...finally注意事项 ：
- 即使try或catch语句中有return语句，也要执行完finally中的语句，程序才可能结束；finally常用于关闭资源。
- 执行一次try块只会执行一次catch块。
- 使用try..with...resouces关闭资源 可以简化关闭资源的步骤，直接将初始化资源代码写在try后的括号中即可。
1. 字符流与文本文件：使用 PrintWriter(写)，BufferedReader(读)
我的代码
package experiment.io;
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Scanner;
public class ExperimentFirst {
List<Student> students = new ArrayList<Student>();
public static void ListreadStudents(String fileName) throws FileNotFoundException, UnsupportedEncodingException {
ArrayList<Student> students = new ArrayList<Student>();
FileInputStream file = new FileInputStream("students.txt");
InputStreamReader in = new InputStreamReader(file, "UTF-8");// 解决中文乱码问题
String s = null;
try (BufferedReader buf = new BufferedReader(in)) {
while ((s = buf.readLine()) != null) {
String[] item = s.split("\s+");
Student st = null;
/**
* 出错行处理，增强程序的健壮性
*/
try {
st = new Student(Integer.parseInt(item[0]), item[1], Integer.parseInt(item[2]),
Integer.parseInt(item[3]));
students.add(st);
} catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
// 处理数组越界，即一行中内容过多或则内容缺少问题
System.out.println(e);
continue;
} catch (NumberFormatException e) {
// 处理数据类型不对应问题
System.out.println(e);
continue;
}
}
for (Student e : students) {
System.out.println(e.toString());
}
} catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
String fileName = sc.nextLine();
try {
ExperimentFirst.ListreadStudents(fileName);
} catch (FileNotFoundException | UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
}
/**
* 使用PrintWriter将Student对象写入文本文件
*/
List<Student> stuList = new ArrayList<>();
Student d1 = new Student(1,"x",18,99.5);
Student d2 = new Student(2,"x",19,100.0);
Student d3 = new Student(3,"x",20,59.5);
stuList.add(d1);
stuList.add(d2);
stuList.add(d3);
PrintWriter printWriter = null;
try {
System.out.println("请输入要写入数据的文件名：");
fileName = sc.nextLine();
printWriter = new PrintWriter(fileName);
for (Student e : stuList) {
printWriter.write(String.valueOf(e.getId()) + " ");
printWriter.write(e.getName() + " ");
printWriter.write(String.valueOf(e.getAge()) + " ");
printWriter.write(String.valueOf(e.getGrade()) + "
");
}
} catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
printWriter.close();// 关闭资源，保存
}
sc.close();
}
}
我的总结
- 中文乱码问题可以通过InputStreamReader方法解决，要在初始化时候传入编码方式，以告诉改变FileReader的默认编码方式，解决中文乱码问题。
- 在解决错误行问题时，对应的错误情况应用相应的catch块抓取即可解决。比如每行只有3个数据的错误，即说明它会出现数组越界的问题，增加ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException的catch块即可。
2. 缓冲流(结合使用JUint进行测试)
我的代码
代码1：使用PrintWriter往文件中写数据
package experiment.io;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.util.Random;
public class ExperimentSecond {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Random ra = new Random(100);
int num = 1000_0000;
try(PrintWriter pw = new PrintWriter(new FileOutputStream("student.txt"))){
for (int i = 0; i < num; i++) {
pw.println(ra.nextInt(11));
}
} catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
代码2：使用JUint进行测试 BufferedReader与Scanner 的读取效率
package experiment.io;
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.util.Scanner;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
class ReadTest {
@Test
void testBufferedReader() throws IOException {
int count = 0;
int sum = 0;
FileInputStream file = new FileInputStream("student.txt");
InputStreamReader in = new InputStreamReader(file);
try(BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(in)) {
String s = null;
while((s = br.readLine()) != null) {
count++;
sum += Integer.parseInt(s);
}
}
System.out.printf("testBufferedReader: count = %d, sum = %d, avg = %.5f
", count, sum, sum * 1.0 / count);
}
@Test
void testScanner() throws FileNotFoundException {
int count = 0;
int sum = 0;
FileInputStream file = new FileInputStream("student.txt");
try(Scanner sc = new Scanner(file)) {
while(sc.hasNextLine()) {
count += 1;
sum += Integer.parseInt(sc.nextLine());
}
}
System.out.printf("testScanner: count = %d, sum = %d, avg = %.5f
", count, sum, sum * 1.0 / count);
}
}
我的总结
- 在JUint中进行测试代码时，对测试的方法要加上@Test，否则会发生错误。
- 格式化输出的format方法基本上和printf一致。
- 测试代码效率时，应设置基本相同的代码，以确保测试变量的单一性。
- Scanner的方法中,hashNextXXX应该与nextXXXX对应使用，否则会提示错误信息。
3. 字节流之对象流
我的代码
package experiment.io;
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.ObjectInputStream;
import java.io.ObjectOutputStream;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
public class ExperimentThird {
/**
* 通过ObjectOutputStream和FileOutputStream将Student对象写出到文件中。
* @param stuList 代表要写入文件中的若干个Student数据。
* @throws IOException
*/
public static void writeStudent(List<Object> stuList) throws IOException {
FileOutputStream file = new FileOutputStream("student.txt");
Student[] students = new Student[stuList.size()];
for (int i = 0; i < students.length; i++) {
students[i] = (Student)stuList.get(i);
}
try (ObjectOutputStream out = new ObjectOutputStream(file)) {
out.writeObject(students);
}
}
/**
* 通过ObjectInOutputStream和FileInputStream将Student对象读入到变量中。
* @param fileName 表示要访问的文件名
* @return 一个带有若干个Student对象的List
* @throws FileNotFoundException
* @throws ClassNotFoundException
*/
public static List<Object> readStudents(String fileName) throws FileNotFoundException, ClassNotFoundException {
List<Object> newStuList = new ArrayList<>();
FileInputStream file = new FileInputStream(fileName);
Student[] students = null;
try (ObjectInputStream in = new ObjectInputStream(file)) {
students = (Student[])in.readObject();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
for (Student st : students) {
newStuList.add(st);
}
return newStuList;
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
List<Object> stuList = new ArrayList<>();
Student st1 = new Student(1, "a", 18, 10);
Student st2 = new Student(2, "b", 19, 11);
Student st3 = new Student(3, "c", 20, 12);
stuList.add(st1);
stuList.add(st2);
stuList.add(st3);
ExperimentThird.writeStudent(stuList);
List<Object> newStuList = ExperimentThird.readStudents("student.txt");
for (Object e : newStuList) {
System.out.println(e);
}
}
}
我的总结
- 使用ObjectInputStream和ObjectOutputStream读写文件时，读写的对象对应的那个类应该进行序列化，即实现Serializable接口。上面代码中的Student类就实现了该接口。
- 序列化的作用就是为了保存各种对象的状态在内存中，并且可以把保存的对象状态再读出来。且序列化时只对对象进行保存，不管对象的方法。
- 在读写序列化后的对象时，可以通过writeObject和readObject的方法读取一个数组，如例子中的Student[] students 数组。
5. 文件操作
我的代码
package experiment.io;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.nio.file.Path;
import java.nio.file.Paths;
import java.util.Scanner;
/**
* @version 1.00 05 Sep 1997
* @author Gary Cornell
*/
public class ExperimentFifth {
public static void findFile(Path dir,String fileName) {
try {
File pathName = new File(dir.toString()); //将路径转化为String形式，传入pathName中
String[] fileNames = pathName.list(); // 获得该路径下所有目录
for (int i = 0; i < fileNames.length; i++) { // 遍历这些目录
File f = new File(pathName.getPath(), fileNames[i]);
if(fileNames[i].contains(fileName)) {
System.out.println(f.getCanonicalPath());
}
if (f.isDirectory()) {
findFile(f.toPath(), fileName);
}
}
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("输入根路径信息：");
String path = sc.nextLine();
Path dir = Paths.get(path);
System.out.println("输入要查找的文件名：");
String fileName = sc.nextLine();
ExperimentFifth.findFile(dir, fileName);
sc.close();
}
}
在"G:/eclipse-workspace"根路径下找到的所有包含”Experiment“关键字文件路径如下：
输入根路径信息：
G:\eclipse-workspace
输入要查找的文件名：
Experiment
G:eclipse-workspace.metadata.pluginsorg.eclipse.debug.core.launchesExperiment (1).launch
G:eclipse-workspace.metadata.pluginsorg.eclipse.debug.core.launchesExperiment.launch
G:eclipse-workspace.metadata.pluginsorg.eclipse.debug.core.launchesExperimentFifth.launch
G:eclipse-workspace.metadata.pluginsorg.eclipse.debug.core.launchesExperimentFirst.launch
G:eclipse-workspace.metadata.pluginsorg.eclipse.debug.core.launchesExperimentSecond.launch
G:eclipse-workspace.metadata.pluginsorg.eclipse.debug.core.launchesExperimentSixth.launch
G:eclipse-workspace.metadata.pluginsorg.eclipse.debug.core.launchesExperimentThird.launch
G:eclipse-workspaceIOinexperimentioExperiment.class
G:eclipse-workspaceIOinexperimentioExperimentFifth.class
G:eclipse-workspaceIOinexperimentioExperimentFirst.class
G:eclipse-workspaceIOinexperimentioExperimentSecond.class
G:eclipse-workspaceIOinexperimentioExperimentSixth.class
G:eclipse-workspaceIOinexperimentioExperimentThird.class
G:eclipse-workspaceIOsrcexperimentioExperiment.java
G:eclipse-workspaceIOsrcexperimentioExperimentFifth.java
G:eclipse-workspaceIOsrcexperimentioExperimentFirst.java
G:eclipse-workspaceIOsrcexperimentioExperimentSecond.java
G:eclipse-workspaceIOsrcexperimentioExperimentSixth.java
G:eclipse-workspaceIOsrcexperimentioExperimentThird.java
G:eclipse-workspacejavaLearninExperimentSix
G:eclipse-workspacejavaLearnsrcExperimentSix
我的总结
- 该查找路径的方法是通过递归实现的，首先获得一个目录下的所有文件目录，存入数组中，再对数组中的每个数据遍历；如果发现包含fileName关键字，则输出其路径；如果发现是一个文件，则递归继续寻找该文件下的目录，以此类推。
- 这里要注意的一点就是通过File中的list()方法来获得目录底下的所有文件或文本字符信息。
6. 正则表达式
我的代码
package experiment.io;
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
import java.util.regex.*;
/**
* This program displays all URLs in a web page by matching a regular expression
* that describes the <a href=...> HTML tag. Start the program as <br>
* java HrefMatch URL
*
* @version 1.01 2004-06-04
* @author Cay Horstmann
*/
public class ExperimentSixth {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
// get URL string from command line or use default
String urlString;
if (args.length > 0)
urlString = args[0];
else
urlString = "http://cec.jmu.edu.cn/index.jsp";
// open reader for URL
InputStreamReader in = new InputStreamReader(new URL(urlString).openStream());
// InputStreamReader in = new InputStreamReader(new
// FileInputStream("集美大学-计算机工程学院.htm"));
// read contents into string builder
StringBuilder input = new StringBuilder();
int ch;
while ((ch = in.read()) != -1)
input.append((char) ch);
// search for all occurrences of pattern
String patternString = "<a\s+href\s*=\s*("[^"]*"|[^\s>]*)\s*>";
String patternImgString = "[+-]?[0-9]+"; // 匹配所有数字字符串
String patternChineseString = "[u4e00-u9fa5]"; // 匹配文档中的所有中文
String patternPictureString = "img(.*?)(src=)(.*?)(jpg|gif)"";// 匹配所有图片
Pattern pattern = Pattern.compile(patternPictureString, Pattern.CASE_INSENSITIVE);
Matcher matcher = pattern.matcher(input);
while (matcher.find()) {
int start = matcher.start();
int end = matcher.end();
String match = input.substring(start, end);
System.out.println(match);
}
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (PatternSyntaxException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
IMG src="images/jimei12.jpg"
IMG src="images/1_dh_01.gif"
IMG src="images/1_dh_03.gif"
IMG src="images/1_dhs_01.gif"
IMG src="images/1_dhs_03.gif"
IMG src="images/1_body_01.gif"
IMG border="0" src="images/1_more.gif"
IMG src="images/1_huandeng_01.gif"
imgdiv" style="padding:0px;border:0px;"><a id="u_u2_url" target="_blank"><img id="u_u2_pic" border=0 src="/system/resource/images/space.gif"
IMG border="0" src="images/1_more.gif"
IMG src="images/1_ad001.gif"
IMG src="images/1_ico001.gif"
IMG border="0" src="images/1_more.gif"
IMG src="images/1_title_index3.gif"
IMG src="images/1_ico001.gif"
IMG border="0" src="images/1_more.gif"
IMG src="images/1_title_index3.gif"
IMG src="images/1_ico001.gif"
IMG border="0" src="images/1_more.gif"
IMG src="images/1_title_index3.gif"
IMG src="images/1_ico001.gif"
IMG border="0" src="images/1_more.gif"
IMG src="images/1_title_index3.gif"
IMG border="0" src="images/1_more.gif"
IMG border="0" src="images/1_more.gif"
IMG src="images/1_list_body_bg02.gif"
IMG src="images/1_yqlj_1.gif"
IMG src="images/1_yqlj_3.gif"
我的总结
img(.*?)(src=)(.*?)(jpg|gif)"
- 如上代码为匹配图片的正则表达式。首先img匹配以img或IMG开头的数据；(.*?)任意字符尽可能少的匹配；(src=)匹配一次src=；接下来括号信息说明同上；(jpg|gif)是匹配一次jpg或gif信息；“ 即匹配一次双引号。
[+-]?[0-9]+
- 上述代码匹配所以数字字符串。[+-]?表示匹配0次或一次+-中的一个；[0-9]+表示匹配1次或多次数字字符信息。