07- django组件：中间件

1、中间件的概念

中间件顾名思义，是介于request与response处理之间的一道处理过程，相对比较轻量级，并且在全局上改变django的输入与输出。因为改变的是全局，所以需要谨慎实用，用不好会影响到性能。

 Django的中间件的定义：

Middleware is a framework of hooks into Django’s request/response processing. 
It’s a light, low-level “plugin” system for globally altering Django’s input or output.

如果你想修改请求，例如被传送到view中的HttpRequest对象。 或者你想修改view返回的HttpResponse对象，这些都可以通过中间件来实现。

可能你还想在view执行之前做一些操作，这种情况就可以用 middleware来实现。

 

Django 默认的Middleware：

MIDDLEWARE = [
    'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware',
]

3、自定义中间件

中间件中一共有四个方法：

process_request

process_view

process_exception

process_response

 

 

　　 （1）添加process_request 请求方法

 

　　（2）添加到settings

 

 　　（3）添加process_response响应方法

 

 

　　（4）添加中断

 

 

　　（5）process_view

process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs)

　　

 

　　midware1 也添加 视图

 

　　去掉 return

 

 

　　执行call_back 函数，实质就是执行 view视图函数

 

　　（6）process_exception 异常函数

当views出现错误时

　　

　　django自带的报错页面

　　自定义这样的views视图错误

 

 捕获顺序

mid1捕获异常，返回页面，mid2 不捕获

 

如果 mid1不捕获，mid2捕获

3、完整代码

url

from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path, re_path
from app01 import views

urlpatterns = [
    path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
    re_path(r"^index/$", views.index, name="index")
]

view视图

from django.shortcuts import render, HttpResponse

def index(request):
    print("index ......")
    yuna
    return HttpResponse("index页面")

my_middlewares.py  自定义中间件

from django.utils.deprecation import MiddlewareMixin
from django.shortcuts import HttpResponse, render   # Httprespnse对象


# 自定义中间件
class MyMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):   # 继承MiddlewareMixin

    def process_request(self, request):
        print("MyMiddleware 请求...")
        # return HttpResponse("forbidden 禁止")        # 被禁止的

    def process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs):
        print("MyMiddleware 视图")

        # return HttpResponse("视图 000")

    def process_exception(self, request, exception):
        print("MyMiddleware 异常")
        # return HttpResponse("md1  hello yuan" )

    def process_response(self, request, response):
        print("MyMiddleware 响应！！！")
        return response


class MyMiddleware2(MiddlewareMixin):
    def process_request(self, request):
        print("MyMiddleware222 请求...")

    def process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs):
        # print("+++++++>>", callback(callback_args))
        print("MyMiddleware22 视图")
        # ret = callback(callback_args)
        # return ret

    def process_exception(self, request, exception):
        print("MyMiddleware222 异常")
        return HttpResponse("<h1>mid2 %s<h1>" % exception)

    def process_response(self, request, response):
        print("MyMiddleware22 响应！！！")
        return response

settings中引入自定义中间件

MIDDLEWARE = [
    'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware',
    'app01.my_middlewares.MyMiddleware',
    'app01.my_middlewares.MyMiddleware2',
]

4、中间件应用之用户认证

通过中间件实现装饰器 @login_required  用户认证

（1）用户认证组件实现

url

from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path, re_path
from app01 import views

urlpatterns = [
    path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
    re_path(r"^login/$", views.login, name='login'),
    re_path(r"^index/$", views.index, name='index'),
    re_path(r"^order/$", views.order, name='order'),
    re_path(r"^logout/$", views.logout, name='logout'),
    re_path(r"^reg/$", views.reg, name='reg'),
]

views

from django.shortcuts import render, redirect
from django.contrib import auth     # auth认证模块
from django.contrib.auth.decorators import login_required    # 装饰器登录模块
from django.contrib.auth.models import User     # 导入auth_user表对象
# Create your views here.


def login(request):
    if request.method == 'POST':
        user = request.POST.get("user")
        pwd = request.POST.get("pwd")

        user = auth.authenticate(username=user, password=pwd)   # 用户认证下
        if user:
            auth.login(request, user)   # request.user == user 当前登录用户对象

            next_url = request.GET.get("next_url", "/index/")
            return redirect(next_url)

    return render(request, "login.html")


@login_required
def index(request):

    return render(request, "index.html")


@login_required
def order(request):

    return render(request, "order.html")


def logout(request):
    auth.logout(request)

    return redirect("/login/")


def reg(request):
    if request.method == "POST":
        user = request.POST.get("user")
        pwd = request.POST.get("pwd")
        user_obj = User.objects.create_user(username=user,password=pwd)
        return redirect("/login/")

    return render(request, 'reg.html')

settings

# 添加
LOGIN_URL = "/login/"

注册html

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>

<h3>注册页面</h3>
<form action="" method="post">
    {% csrf_token %}
    useranme <input type="text" name="user">
    password <input type="text" name="pwd">
    <input type="submit" value="注册">
</form>

</body>
</html>

登录

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>

<h3>登录页面</h3>
<form action="" method="post">
    {% csrf_token %}
    username <input type="text" name="user">
    password <input type="text" name="pwd">
    <input type="submit" value="登录">
</form>

</body>
</html><!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>

<h3>登录页面</h3>
<form action="" method="post">
    {% csrf_token %}
    username <input type="text" name="user">
    password <input type="text" name="pwd">
    <input type="submit" value="登录">
</form>

</body>
</html>

index

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h3>index页面</h3>
<h3>hi {{ request.user.username }}</h3>
<a href="/order/">前往order页面</a>
<a href="/logout/">注销</a>
</body>
</html>

order

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h3>order 页面</h3>
<h3>hi {{ request.user.username }}</h3>
<a href="/index/">前往index页面</a>

</body>
</html>

 数据迁移

C:PycharmProjectsauthorMid>python manage.py makemigrations
C:PycharmProjectsauthorMid>python manage.py migrate

　　

注销后返回login页面

没有认证，不能访问index,order

 　　（2）中间件实现 @login_required

用户认证中间件my_middlewares

from django.utils.deprecation import MiddlewareMixin
from django.shortcuts import redirect
from authorMid import settings


class AuthMiddleware(MiddlewareMixin):

    def process_request(self,request):
        white_list = settings.WHITE_LIST
        if request.path in white_list:
            return None
        if not request.user.is_authenticated:
            return redirect("/login/")

settings添加中间件

MIDDLEWARE = [
    'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware',
    'app01.my_middlewares.AuthMiddleware',
]

LOGIN_URL = "/login/"

# 设置白名单
WHITE_LIST = ["/login/", "/reg/", "/logout/"]

views

from django.shortcuts import render, redirect, HttpResponse
from django.contrib import auth     # auth认证模块
from django.contrib.auth.decorators import login_required    # 装饰器登录模块
from django.contrib.auth.models import User     # 导入auth_user表对象
# Create your views here.


def login(request):
    if request.method == 'POST':
        user = request.POST.get("user")
        pwd = request.POST.get("pwd")

        user = auth.authenticate(username=user, password=pwd)   # 用户认证下
        if user:
            auth.login(request, user)   # request.user == user 当前登录用户对象

            next_url = request.GET.get("next_url", "/index/")
            return redirect(next_url)

    return render(request, "login.html")


# @login_required
def index(request):

    return render(request, "index.html")


# @login_required
def order(request):

    return render(request, "order.html")


def logout(request):
    auth.logout(request)

    return redirect("/login/")


def reg(request):
    if request.method == "POST":
        user = request.POST.get("user")
        pwd = request.POST.get("pwd")
        user_obj = User.objects.create_user(username=user,password=pwd)
        return redirect("/login/")

    return render(request, 'reg.html')

 

5、应用案例

1、做IP访问频率限制

某些IP访问服务器的频率过高，进行拦截，比如限制每分钟不能超过20次。

2、URL访问过滤

如果用户访问的是login视图（放过）

如果访问其他视图，需要检测是不是有session认证，已经有了放行，没有返回login，这样就省得在多个视图函数上写装饰器了！

6、源码试读

作为延伸扩展内容，有余力的同学可以尝试着读一下以下两个自带的中间件：

'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',