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  • requests爬虫组件

    网络爬虫(又被称为网页蜘蛛,网络机器人,在FOAF社区中间,更经常的称为网页追逐者),是一种按照一定的规则,自动地抓取万维网信息的程序或者脚本。另外一些不常使用的名字还有蚂蚁、自动索引、模拟程序或者蠕虫。

    Requests

    Python标准库中提供了:urllib、urllib2、httplib等模块以供Http请求,但是,它的 API 太渣了。它是为另一个时代、另一个互联网所创建的。它需要巨量的工作,甚至包括各种方法覆盖,来完成最简单的任务。

    import urllib2
    import json
    import cookielib
    
    
    def urllib2_request(url, method="GET", cookie="", headers={}, data=None):
        """
        :param url: 要请求的url
        :param cookie: 请求方式,GET、POST、DELETE、PUT..
        :param cookie: 要传入的cookie,cookie= 'k1=v1;k1=v2'
        :param headers: 发送数据时携带的请求头,headers = {'ContentType':'application/json; charset=UTF-8'}
        :param data: 要发送的数据GET方式需要传入参数,data={'d1': 'v1'}
        :return: 返回元祖,响应的字符串内容 和 cookiejar对象
        对于cookiejar对象,可以使用for循环访问:
            for item in cookiejar:
                print item.name,item.value
        """
        if data:
            data = json.dumps(data)
    
        cookie_jar = cookielib.CookieJar()
        handler = urllib2.HTTPCookieProcessor(cookie_jar)
        opener = urllib2.build_opener(handler)
        opener.addheaders.append(['Cookie', 'k1=v1;k1=v2'])
        request = urllib2.Request(url=url, data=data, headers=headers)
        request.get_method = lambda: method
    
        response = opener.open(request)
        origin = response.read()
    
        return origin, cookie_jar
    
    
    # GET
    result = urllib2_request('http://127.0.0.1:8001/index/', method="GET")
    
    # POST
    result = urllib2_request('http://127.0.0.1:8001/index/',  method="POST", data= {'k1': 'v1'})
    
    # PUT
    result = urllib2_request('http://127.0.0.1:8001/index/',  method="PUT", data= {'k1': 'v1'})
     

    Requests 是使用 Apache2 Licensed 许可证的 基于Python开发的HTTP 库,其在Python内置模块的基础上进行了高度的封装,从而使得Pythoner进行网络请求时,变得美好了许多,使用Requests可以轻而易举的完成浏览器可有的任何操作。

    1、GET请求

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    # 1、无参数实例
     
    import requests
     
    ret = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')
     
    print ret.url
    print ret.text
     
     
     
    # 2、有参数实例
     
    import requests
     
    payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
    ret = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", params=payload)
     
    print ret.url
    print ret.text

    向 https://github.com/timeline.json 发送一个GET请求,将请求和响应相关均封装在 ret 对象中。

    2、POST请求

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    # 1、基本POST实例
     
    import requests
     
    payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
    ret = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=payload)
     
    print ret.text
     
     
    # 2、发送请求头和数据实例
     
    import requests
    import json
     
    url = 'https://api.github.com/some/endpoint'
    payload = {'some': 'data'}
    headers = {'content-type': 'application/json'}
     
    ret = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload), headers=headers)
     
    print ret.text
    print ret.cookies

    向https://api.github.com/some/endpoint发送一个POST请求,将请求和相应相关的内容封装在 ret 对象中。

    3、其他请求

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    requests.get(url, params=None, **kwargs)
    requests.post(url, data=None, json=None, **kwargs)
    requests.put(url, data=None, **kwargs)
    requests.head(url, **kwargs)
    requests.delete(url, **kwargs)
    requests.patch(url, data=None, **kwargs)
    requests.options(url, **kwargs)
     
    # 以上方法均是在此方法的基础上构建
    requests.request(method, url, **kwargs)

    requests模块已经将常用的Http请求方法为用户封装完成,用户直接调用其提供的相应方法即可,其中方法的所有参数有:


     
    def request(method, url, **kwargs):
        """Constructs and sends a :class:`Request <Request>`.
    
        :param method: method for the new :class:`Request` object.
        :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
        :param params: (optional) Dictionary or bytes to be sent in the query string for the :class:`Request`.
        :param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
        :param json: (optional) json data to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
        :param headers: (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the :class:`Request`.
        :param cookies: (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the :class:`Request`.
        :param files: (optional) Dictionary of ``'name': file-like-objects`` (or ``{'name': ('filename', fileobj)}``) for multipart encoding upload.
        :param auth: (optional) Auth tuple to enable Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth.
        :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send data
            before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout, read
            timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.
        :type timeout: float or tuple
        :param allow_redirects: (optional) Boolean. Set to True if POST/PUT/DELETE redirect following is allowed.
        :type allow_redirects: bool
        :param proxies: (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol to the URL of the proxy.
        :param verify: (optional) whether the SSL cert will be verified. A CA_BUNDLE path can also be provided. Defaults to ``True``.
        :param stream: (optional) if ``False``, the response content will be immediately downloaded.
        :param cert: (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, ('cert', 'key') pair.
        :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
        :rtype: requests.Response
    
        Usage::
    
          >>> import requests
          >>> req = requests.request('GET', 'http://httpbin.org/get')
          <Response [200]>
        """
    
        # By using the 'with' statement we are sure the session is closed, thus we
        # avoid leaving sockets open which can trigger a ResourceWarning in some
        # cases, and look like a memory leak in others.
        with sessions.Session() as session:
            return session.request(method=method, url=url, **kwargs)
     

    更多requests模块相关的文档见:http://cn.python-requests.org/zh_CN/latest/

    自动登陆抽屉并点赞

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    ### 1、首先登陆任何页面,获取cookie
     
    i1 = requests.get(url= "http://dig.chouti.com/help/service")
     
    ### 2、用户登陆,携带上一次的cookie,后台对cookie中的 gpsd 进行授权
    i2 = requests.post(
        url= "http://dig.chouti.com/login",
        data= {
            'phone': "86手机号",
            'password': "密码",
            'oneMonth': ""
        },
        cookies = i1.cookies.get_dict()
    )
     
    ### 3、点赞(只需要携带已经被授权的gpsd即可)
    gpsd = i1.cookies.get_dict()['gpsd']
    i3 = requests.post(
        url="http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=8589523",
        cookies={'gpsd': gpsd}
    )
    print(i3.text)

    “破解”微信公众号

    “破解”微信公众号其实就是使用Python代码自动实现【登陆公众号】->【获取观众用户】-> 【向关注用户发送消息】。

    注:只能向48小时内有互动的粉丝主动推送消息

    1、自动登陆

    分析对于Web登陆页面,用户登陆验证时仅做了如下操作:

    • 登陆的URL:https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/login?lang=zh_CN
    • POST的数据为:

          {
               'username': 用户名,
               'pwd': 密码的MD5值,
               'imgcode': "", 
               'f': 'json'
          }
      注:imgcode是需要提供的验证码,默认无需验证码,只有在多次登陆未成功时,才需要用户提供验证码才能登陆

    • POST的请求头的Referer值,微信后台用次来检查是谁发送来的请求
    • 请求发送并登陆成功后,获取用户响应的cookie,以后操作其他页面时需要携带此cookie 
    • 请求发送并登陆成功后,获取用户相应的内容中的token
     
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- 
    import requests
    import time
    import hashlib
    
    
    def _password(pwd):
        ha = hashlib.md5()
        ha.update(pwd)
        return ha.hexdigest()
    
    def login():
        
        login_dict = {
            'username': "用户名",
            'pwd': _password("密码"),
            'imgcode': "",
            'f': 'json'
        }
    
        login_res = requests.post(
            url= "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/login?lang=zh_CN",
            data=login_dict,
            headers={'Referer': 'https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/login?lang=zh_CN'})
    
        # 登陆成功之后获取服务器响应的cookie
        resp_cookies_dict = login_res.cookies.get_dict()
        # 登陆成功后,获取服务器响应的内容
        resp_text = login_res.text
        # 登陆成功后,获取token
        token = re.findall(".*token=(d+)", resp_text)[0]
    
        print resp_text
        print token
        print resp_cookies_dict
    
    login()
     

    登陆成功获取的相应内容如下:

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    响应内容:
    {"base_resp":{"ret":0,"err_msg":"ok"},"redirect_url":"/cgi-bin/home?t=home/index&lang=zh_CN&token=537908795"}
     
    响应cookie:
    {'data_bizuin': '3016804678', 'bizuin': '3016804678', 'data_ticket': 'CaoX+QA0ZA9LRZ4YM3zZkvedyCY8mZi0XlLonPwvBGkX0/jY/FZgmGTq6xGuQk4H', 'slave_user': 'gh_5abeaed48d10', 'slave_sid': 'elNLbU1TZHRPWDNXSWdNc2FjckUxalM0Y000amtTamlJOUliSnRnWGRCdjFseV9uQkl5cUpHYkxqaGJNcERtYnM2WjdFT1pQckNwMFNfUW5fUzVZZnFlWGpSRFlVRF9obThtZlBwYnRIVGt6cnNGbUJsNTNIdTlIc2JJU29QM2FPaHZjcTcya0F6UWRhQkhO'}

    2、访问其他页面获取用户信息

    分析用户管理页面,通过Pyhton代码以Get方式访问此页面,分析响应到的 HTML 代码,从中获取用户信息:

    • 获取用户的URL:https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/user_tag?action=get_all_data&lang=zh_CN&token=登陆时获取的token
    • 发送GET请求时,需要携带登陆成功后获取的cookie
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      {'data_bizuin': '3016804678', 'bizuin': '3016804678', 'data_ticket': 'C4YM3zZ...
    • 获取当前请求的响应的html代码
    • 通过正则表达式获取html中的指定内容(Python的模块Beautiful Soup)
    • 获取html中每个用户的 data-fakeid属性,该值是用户的唯一标识,通过它可向用户推送消息
     
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- 
    import requests
    import time
    import hashlib
    import json
    import re
    
    LOGIN_COOKIES_DICT = {}
    
    def _password(pwd):
        ha = hashlib.md5()
        ha.update(pwd)
        return ha.hexdigest()
    
    def login():
        
        login_dict = {
            'username': "用户名",
            'pwd': _password("密码"),
            'imgcode': "",
            'f': 'json'
        }
    
        login_res = requests.post(
            url= "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/login?lang=zh_CN",
            data=login_dict,
            headers={'Referer': 'https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/login?lang=zh_CN'})
    
        # 登陆成功之后获取服务器响应的cookie
        resp_cookies_dict = login_res.cookies.get_dict()
        # 登陆成功后,获取服务器响应的内容
        resp_text = login_res.text
        # 登陆成功后,获取token
        token = re.findall(".*token=(d+)", resp_text)[0]
    
        return {'token': token, 'cookies': resp_cookies_dict}
    
    
    def standard_user_list(content):
        content = re.sub('s*', '', content)
        content = re.sub('
    *', '', content)
        data = re.findall("""cgiData=(.*);seajs""", content)[0]
        data = data.strip()
        while True:
            temp = re.split('({)(w+)(:)', data, 1)
            if len(temp) == 5:
                temp[2] = '"' + temp[2] + '"'
                data = ''.join(temp)
            else:
                break
    
        while True:
            temp = re.split('(,)(w+)(:)', data, 1)
            if len(temp) == 5:
                temp[2] = '"' + temp[2] + '"'
                data = ''.join(temp)
            else:
                break
    
        data = re.sub('*d+', "", data)
        ret = json.loads(data)
        return ret
    
    
    def get_user_list():
    
        login_dict = login()
        LOGIN_COOKIES_DICT.update(login_dict)
    
        login_cookie_dict = login_dict['cookies']
        res_user_list = requests.get(
            url= "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/user_tag",
            params = {"action": "get_all_data", "lang": "zh_CN", "token": login_dict['token']},
            cookies = login_cookie_dict,
            headers={'Referer': 'https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/login?lang=zh_CN'}
        )
        user_info = standard_user_list(res_user_list.text)
        for item in user_info['user_list']:
            print "%s %s " % (item['nick_name'],item['id'],)
        
    get_user_list()
     

    3、发送消息

    分析给用户发送消息的页面,从网络请求中剖析得到发送消息的URL,从而使用Python代码发送消息:

    • 发送消息的URL:https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/singlesend?t=ajax-response&f=json&token=登陆时获取的token放在此处&lang=zh_CN
    • 从登陆时相应的内容中获取:token和cookie
    • 从用户列表中获取某个用户唯一标识: fake_id
    • 封装消息,并发送POST请求
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      send_dict = {
          'token': 登陆时获取的token,
          'lang': "zh_CN",
          'f': 'json',
          'ajax': 1,
          'random': "0.5322618900912392",
          'type': 1,
          'content': 要发送的内容,
          'tofakeid': 用户列表中获取的用户的ID,
          'imgcode': ''
      }
     
    # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- 
    import requests
    import time
    import hashlib
    import json
    import re
    
    LOGIN_COOKIES_DICT = {}
    
    def _password(pwd):
        ha = hashlib.md5()
        ha.update(pwd)
        return ha.hexdigest()
    
    def login():
        
        login_dict = {
            'username': "用户名",
            'pwd': _password("密码"),
            'imgcode': "",
            'f': 'json'
        }
    
        login_res = requests.post(
            url= "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/login?lang=zh_CN",
            data=login_dict,
            headers={'Referer': 'https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/login?lang=zh_CN'})
    
        # 登陆成功之后获取服务器响应的cookie
        resp_cookies_dict = login_res.cookies.get_dict()
        # 登陆成功后,获取服务器响应的内容
        resp_text = login_res.text
        # 登陆成功后,获取token
        token = re.findall(".*token=(d+)", resp_text)[0]
    
        return {'token': token, 'cookies': resp_cookies_dict}
    
    
    def standard_user_list(content):
        content = re.sub('s*', '', content)
        content = re.sub('
    *', '', content)
        data = re.findall("""cgiData=(.*);seajs""", content)[0]
        data = data.strip()
        while True:
            temp = re.split('({)(w+)(:)', data, 1)
            if len(temp) == 5:
                temp[2] = '"' + temp[2] + '"'
                data = ''.join(temp)
            else:
                break
    
        while True:
            temp = re.split('(,)(w+)(:)', data, 1)
            if len(temp) == 5:
                temp[2] = '"' + temp[2] + '"'
                data = ''.join(temp)
            else:
                break
    
        data = re.sub('*d+', "", data)
        ret = json.loads(data)
        return ret
    
    
    def get_user_list():
    
        login_dict = login()
        LOGIN_COOKIES_DICT.update(login_dict)
    
        login_cookie_dict = login_dict['cookies']
        res_user_list = requests.get(
            url= "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/user_tag",
            params = {"action": "get_all_data", "lang": "zh_CN", "token": login_dict['token']},
            cookies = login_cookie_dict,
            headers={'Referer': 'https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/login?lang=zh_CN'}
        )
        user_info = standard_user_list(res_user_list.text)
        for item in user_info['user_list']:
            print "%s %s " % (item['nick_name'],item['id'],)
        
    
    def send_msg(user_fake_id, content='啥也没发'):
    
        login_dict = LOGIN_COOKIES_DICT
        
        token = login_dict['token']
        login_cookie_dict = login_dict['cookies']
    
        send_dict = {
            'token': token,
            'lang': "zh_CN",
            'f': 'json',
            'ajax': 1,
            'random': "0.5322618900912392",
            'type': 1,
            'content': content,
            'tofakeid': user_fake_id,
            'imgcode': ''
        }
       
        send_url = "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/singlesend?t=ajax-response&f=json&token=%s&lang=zh_CN" % (token,)
        message_list = requests.post(
            url=send_url, 
            data=send_dict, 
            cookies=login_cookie_dict, 
            headers={'Referer': 'https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/login?lang=zh_CN'}
        )
    
    
    get_user_list()
    fake_id = raw_input('请输入用户ID:')
    content = raw_input('请输入消息内容:')
    send_msg(fake_id, content)
     

    以上就是“破解”微信公众号的整个过程,通过Python代码实现了自动【登陆微信公众号平台】【获取用户列表】【指定用户发送消息】。

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/wangyuxing/p/10028702.html
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