Java深入学习04：深入理解HashMap

Java深入学习04：深入理解HashMap

 一  HashMap是什么

　　概述：HashMap是基于哈希表(散列表)，实现Map接口的双列集合，数据结构是“链表散列”，也就是数组+链表 ，key唯一的value可以重复，允许存储null 键null 值，元素无序。

 

 　　HashMap在JDK1.8之前的实现方式 数组+链表,但是在JDK1.8后对HashMap进行了底层优化,改为了由 数组+链表+红黑树实现,主要的目的是提高查找效率。

　　哈希表

　　　　数组：一段连续控件存储数据，指定下标的查找，时间复杂度O(1),通过给定值查找，需要遍历数组，自已对比复杂度为O（n） 二分查找插值查找，复杂度为O(logn)

　　　　线性链表：增 删除仅处理结点，时间复杂度O(1)查找需要遍历也就是O(n)

　　　　二叉树：对一颗相对平衡的有序二叉树，对其进行插入，查找，删除，平均复杂度O(logn)

　　　　哈希表：哈希表中进行添加，删除，查找等操作，性能十分之高，不考虑哈希冲突的情况下，仅需一次定位即可完成，时间复杂度为O(1)哈希表的主干就是数组

　　hash冲突

　　　　如果两个不同的元素，通过哈希函数得出的实际存储地址相同怎么办？也就是说，当我们对某个元素进行哈希运算，得到一个存储地址，然后要进行插入的时候，发现已经被其他元素占用了，其实这就是所谓的哈希冲突，也叫哈希碰撞。前面我们提到过，哈希函数的设计至关重要，好的哈希函数会尽可能地保证 计算简单和散列地址分布均匀,但是，我们需要清楚的是，数组是一块连续的固定长度的内存空间，再好的哈希函数也不能保证得到的存储地址绝对不发生冲突。那么哈希冲突如何解决呢？哈希冲突的解决方案有多种:开放定址法（发生冲突，继续寻找下一块未被占用的存储地址），再散列函数法，链地址法，而HashMap即是采用了链地址法，也就是数组+链表的方式

　　　　链表则是主要为了解决哈希冲突而存在的，如果定位到的数组位置不含链表（当前entry的next指向null）,那么对于查找，添加等操作很快，仅需一次寻址即可；如果定位到的数组包含链表，对于添加操作，其时间复杂度为O(n)，首先遍历链表，存在即覆盖，否则新增；对于查找操作来讲，仍需遍历链表，然后通过key对象的equals方法逐一比对查找。所以，性能考虑，HashMap中的链表出现越少，性能才会越好

二  源码分析

1-变量

　　约定：约定前面的数组结构的每一个格称为桶；约定桶后面存放的每一个数据称为bin;bin这个术语来自于JDK 1.8的HashMap注释。

　　size：size表示HashMap中存放KV的数量（为链表和树中的KV的总和）。

　　capacity：就是指HashMap中桶的数量。默认值为16。一般第一次扩容时会扩容到64，之后好像是2倍。总之，容量都是2的幂。

　　loadFactor：装载因子用来衡量HashMap满的程度。loadFactor的默认值为0.75f。计算HashMap的实时装载因子的方法为：size/capacity，而不是占用桶的数量去除以capacity。

　　threshold：threshold表示当HashMap的size大于threshold时会执行resize操作。threshold=capacity*loadFactor

2-构造函数

　　HashMap()

    /**
     * Constructs an empty <tt>HashMap</tt> with the default initial capacity
     * (16) and the default load factor (0.75).
     */
    //无参构造函数：默认容量16；装载因子0.75
    public HashMap() {
        this.loadFactor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR; // all other fields defaulted
    }

　　HashMap(int initialCapacity)

    /**
     * Constructs an empty <tt>HashMap</tt> with the specified initial
     * capacity and the default load factor (0.75).
     *
     * @param  initialCapacity the initial capacity.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity is negative.
     */
    //有参构造函数：设置初始容量；使用默认装载因子
    public HashMap(int initialCapacity) {
        this(initialCapacity, DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR);
    }

　　HashMap(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor)

    /**
     * Constructs an empty <tt>HashMap</tt> with the specified initial
     * capacity and load factor.
     *
     * @param  initialCapacity the initial capacity
     * @param  loadFactor      the load factor
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity is negative
     *         or the load factor is nonpositive
     */
    //有参构造函数：设置初始化容量和装载因子；并对传参做了判断和兼容处理
    public HashMap(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor) {
        if (initialCapacity < 0)
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal initial capacity: " +
                                               initialCapacity);
        if (initialCapacity > MAXIMUM_CAPACITY)
            initialCapacity = MAXIMUM_CAPACITY;
        if (loadFactor <= 0 || Float.isNaN(loadFactor))
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal load factor: " +
                                               loadFactor);
        this.loadFactor = loadFactor;
        this.threshold = tableSizeFor(initialCapacity);
    }

　　HashMap(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> m)

    /**
     * Constructs a new <tt>HashMap</tt> with the same mappings as the
     * specified <tt>Map</tt>.  The <tt>HashMap</tt> is created with
     * default load factor (0.75) and an initial capacity sufficient to
     * hold the mappings in the specified <tt>Map</tt>.
     *
     * @param   m the map whose mappings are to be placed in this map
     * @throws  NullPointerException if the specified map is null
     */
    //有参构造函数：以已有Map为参数
    public HashMap(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> m) {
        this.loadFactor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR;
        putMapEntries(m, false);
    }

4-其他方法

　　1-putMapEntries()

    /**
     * Implements Map.putAll and Map constructor
     *
     * @param m the map
     * @param evict false when initially constructing this map, else
     * true (relayed to method afterNodeInsertion).
     */
    //将map的key-value，放入到新map
    final void putMapEntries(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> m, boolean evict) {
        int s = m.size();
        if (s > 0) {
            if (table == null) { // pre-size
                float ft = ((float)s / loadFactor) + 1.0F;
                int t = ((ft < (float)MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) ?
                         (int)ft : MAXIMUM_CAPACITY);
                if (t > threshold)
                    threshold = tableSizeFor(t);
            }
            else if (s > threshold)
                resize();
            for (Map.Entry<? extends K, ? extends V> e : m.entrySet()) {
                K key = e.getKey();
                V value = e.getValue();
                putVal(hash(key), key, value, false, evict);
            }
        }
    }

　　2-Map扩容resize()——做三件事情：重新计算容器大小；根据新的容器大小定义新容器，将已有数据放进新容器

/**
     * Initializes or doubles table size.  If null, allocates in
     * accord with initial capacity target held in field threshold.
     * Otherwise, because we are using power-of-two expansion, the
     * elements from each bin must either stay at same index, or move
     * with a power of two offset in the new table.
     *
     * @return the table
     */
    //扩容
    final Node<K,V>[] resize() {
        Node<K,V>[] oldTab = table;
        int oldCap = (oldTab == null) ? 0 : oldTab.length;
        int oldThr = threshold;
        int newCap, newThr = 0;
        if (oldCap > 0) {
            if (oldCap >= MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) {
                threshold = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
                return oldTab;
            }
            else if ((newCap = oldCap << 1) < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY &&
                     oldCap >= DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY)
                newThr = oldThr << 1; // double threshold
        }
        else if (oldThr > 0) // initial capacity was placed in threshold
            newCap = oldThr;
        else {               // zero initial threshold signifies using defaults
            newCap = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY;
            newThr = (int)(DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR * DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY);
        }
        if (newThr == 0) {
            float ft = (float)newCap * loadFactor;
            newThr = (newCap < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY && ft < (float)MAXIMUM_CAPACITY ?
                      (int)ft : Integer.MAX_VALUE);
        }
        threshold = newThr;
        @SuppressWarnings({"rawtypes","unchecked"})
            Node<K,V>[] newTab = (Node<K,V>[])new Node[newCap];
        table = newTab;
        if (oldTab != null) {
            for (int j = 0; j < oldCap; ++j) {
                Node<K,V> e;
                if ((e = oldTab[j]) != null) {
                    oldTab[j] = null;
                    if (e.next == null)
                        newTab[e.hash & (newCap - 1)] = e;
                    else if (e instanceof TreeNode)
                        ((TreeNode<K,V>)e).split(this, newTab, j, oldCap);
                    else { // preserve order
                        Node<K,V> loHead = null, loTail = null;
                        Node<K,V> hiHead = null, hiTail = null;
                        Node<K,V> next;
                        do {
                            next = e.next;
                            if ((e.hash & oldCap) == 0) {
                                if (loTail == null)
                                    loHead = e;
                                else
                                    loTail.next = e;
                                loTail = e;
                            }
                            else {
                                if (hiTail == null)
                                    hiHead = e;
                                else
                                    hiTail.next = e;
                                hiTail = e;
                            }
                        } while ((e = next) != null);
                        if (loTail != null) {
                            loTail.next = null;
                            newTab[j] = loHead;
                        }
                        if (hiTail != null) {
                            hiTail.next = null;
                            newTab[j + oldCap] = hiHead;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        return newTab;
    }

　　3-put()

    /**
     * Associates the specified value with the specified key in this map.
     * If the map previously contained a mapping for the key, the old
     * value is replaced.
     *
     * @param key key with which the specified value is to be associated
     * @param value value to be associated with the specified key
     * @return the previous value associated with <tt>key</tt>, or
     *         <tt>null</tt> if there was no mapping for <tt>key</tt>.
     *         (A <tt>null</tt> return can also indicate that the map
     *         previously associated <tt>null</tt> with <tt>key</tt>.)
     */
    public V put(K key, V value) {
        return putVal(hash(key), key, value, false, true);
    }

　　4-get()

    /**
     * Returns the value to which the specified key is mapped,
     * or {@code null} if this map contains no mapping for the key.
     *
     * <p>More formally, if this map contains a mapping from a key
     * {@code k} to a value {@code v} such that {@code (key==null ? k==null :
     * key.equals(k))}, then this method returns {@code v}; otherwise
     * it returns {@code null}.  (There can be at most one such mapping.)
     *
     * <p>A return value of {@code null} does not <i>necessarily</i>
     * indicate that the map contains no mapping for the key; it's also
     * possible that the map explicitly maps the key to {@code null}.
     * The {@link #containsKey containsKey} operation may be used to
     * distinguish these two cases.
     *
     * @see #put(Object, Object)
     */
    public V get(Object key) {
        Node<K,V> e;
        return (e = getNode(hash(key), key)) == null ? null : e.value;
    }

　　5-containsKey()

    /**
     * Returns <tt>true</tt> if this map contains a mapping for the
     * specified key.
     *
     * @param   key   The key whose presence in this map is to be tested
     * @return <tt>true</tt> if this map contains a mapping for the specified
     * key.
     */
    public boolean containsKey(Object key) {
        return getNode(hash(key), key) != null;
    }