xtrabackup是一个MySQL备份还原的常用工具，实际使用过程应该都是shell或者python封装的自动化脚本，尤其是备份。
对还原来说，对于基于完整和增量备份的还原，还原差异备份需要指定增量备份等等一系列容易出错的手工操作，以及binlog的还原等，如果纯手工操作的话非常麻烦。
即便是你记性非常好，对xtrabackup非常熟悉，纯手工操作的话，非常容易出错，其实也上网找过，还原没有发现太好用的自动化还原脚本。
于是就自己用Python封装了xtrabackup备份和还原的过程，可以做到自动化备份，基于时间点的自动化还原等等。
需要对xtrabackup有一定的了解，包括流式备份，压缩备份，Xtrabackup还原，mysqlbinlog还原等等。
备份
1，基于xtrabackup的流式压缩备份。
2，周六/或者任意时间的第一次备份为完整备份，其他时间为基于上一次备份的增量备份。
3，将备份开始时间，结束时间，备份路径等信息写入一个日志文件，方便后续自动化还原的时候解析。
效果如下：不管是什么时候，第一次必须为完整备份，然后根据上述规则，继续执行备份的话为基于最新一次备份的增量备份，每备份完成后生成修改备份日志列表信息。
实现：
1 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- 2 import os 3 import time 4 import datetime 5 import sys 6 import socket 7 import shutil 8 import logging 9 10 logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO 11 #handlers={logging.FileHandler(filename='backup_log_info.log', mode='a', encoding='utf-8')} 12 ) 13 14 15 host = "127.0.0.1" 16 port = "7000" 17 user = "root" 18 password = "root" 19 cnf_file = "/usr/local/mysql57_data/mysql7000/etc/my.cnf" 20 backup_dir = "/usr/local/backupdata" 21 backupfilelist = os.path.join(backup_dir,"backupfilelist.log") 22 backup_keep_days = 15 23 24 #获取备份类型，周六进行完备，平时增量备份，如果没有全备，执行完整备份 25 def get_backup_type(): 26 backup_type = None 27 if os.path.exists(backupfilelist): 28 with open(backupfilelist, 'r') as f: 29 lines = f.readlines() 30 if(lines): 31 last_line = lines[-1] #get last backup name 32 if(last_line): 33 if(time.localtime().tm_wday==6): 34 backup_type = "full" 35 else: 36 backup_type = "incr" 37 else: 38 backup_type = "full" 39 else: 40 backup_type = "full" 41 else: 42 #full backup when first backup 43 open(backupfilelist, "a").close() 44 backup_type = "full" 45 return backup_type 46 47 #获取最后一次备份信息 48 def get_last_backup(): 49 last_backup = None 50 if os.path.exists(backupfilelist): 51 with open(backupfilelist, 'r') as f: 52 lines = f.readlines() 53 last_line = lines[-1] # get last backup name 54 if (last_line): 55 last_backup = os.path.join(backup_dir, last_line.split("|")[-1]) 56 return last_backup.replace(" ","") 57 58 59 #探测实例端口号 60 def get_mysqlservice_status(): 61 mysql_stat = 0 62 s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) 63 result = s.connect_ex((host, int(port))) 64 #port os open 65 if (result == 0): 66 mysql_stat = 1 67 return mysql_stat 68 69 #清理过期的历史备份信息 70 def clean_expired_file(): 71 for backup_name in os.listdir(backup_dir): 72 if os.path.isdir(backup_name): 73 bak_datetime = datetime.datetime.strptime(backup_name.replace("_full","").replace("_incr",""), '%Y%m%d%H%M%S') 74 if(bak_datetime<datetime.datetime.now() - datetime.timedelta(days=backup_keep_days)): 75 shutil.rmtree(os.path.join(backup_dir, backup_name)) 76 77 #完整备份 78 def full_backup(backup_file_name): 79 os.system("[ ! -d {0}/{1} ] && mkdir -p {0}/{1}".format(backup_dir,backup_file_name)) 80 logfile = os.path.join(backup_dir, "{0}/{1}/backuplog.log".format(backup_dir,backup_file_name)) 81 backup_commond = ''' innobackupex --defaults-file={0} --no-lock {1}/{6} --user={2} --password={3} --host="{4}" --port={5} --tmpdir={1}/{6} --stream=xbstream --compress --compress-threads=8 --parallel=4 --extra-lsndir={1}/{6} > {1}/{6}/{6}.xbstream 2>{7} '''. 82 format(cnf_file,backup_dir,user,password,host,port,backup_file_name,logfile) 83 execute_result = os.system(backup_commond) 84 return execute_result 85 86 #增量备份 87 def incr_backup(backup_file_name): 88 os.system("[ ! -d {0}/{1} ] && mkdir -p {0}/{1}".format(backup_dir, backup_file_name)) 89 current_backup_dir = "{0}/{1}".format(backup_dir, backup_file_name) 90 logfile = os.path.join(backup_dir, "{0}/{1}/backuplog.log".format(backup_dir, backup_file_name)) 91 #增量备份基于上一个增量/完整备份 92 incremental_basedir = get_last_backup() 93 backup_commond = '''innobackupex --defaults-file={0} --no-lock {6} --user={2} --password={3} --host={4} --port={5} --stream=xbstream --tmpdir={6} --compress --compress-threads=8 --parallel=4 --extra-lsndir={6} --incremental --incremental-basedir={7} 2> {8} > {6}/{9}.xbstream ''' 94 .format(cnf_file,backup_dir,user,password,host,port,current_backup_dir,incremental_basedir,logfile,backup_file_name) 95 # print(backup_commond) 96 execute_result = os.system(backup_commond) 97 return execute_result 98 99 #刷新binlog，意义不大，原本计划在完整备份之后执行一个binlog的切换，暂时弃用 100 def flush_log(): 101 flush_log_commond = ''' mysql -h${0} -u${1} - p${2} -P${1} mysql - e"flush logs" '''.format(user,password,host,port) 102 os.system(flush_log_commond) 103 104 105 if __name__ == '__main__': 106 mysql_stat = get_mysqlservice_status() 107 backup_type = get_backup_type() 108 if mysql_stat <= 0 : 109 logging.info("mysql instance is inactive,backup exit") 110 sys.exit(1) 111 try: 112 start_time = datetime.datetime.now().strftime('%Y%m%d%_H%M%S') 113 logging.info(datetime.datetime.now().strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')+"--------start backup") 114 #flush_log() 115 backup_file_name = start_time 116 execute_result = None 117 if(backup_type == "full"): 118 backup_file_name = backup_file_name+"_full" 119 logging.info("execute full backup......") 120 execute_result = full_backup(backup_file_name) 121 if (execute_result == 0): 122 logging.info(datetime.datetime.now().strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S') + "--------begin cleanup history backup") 123 logging.info("execute cleanup backup history......") 124 clean_expired_file() 125 logging.info(datetime.datetime.now().strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S') + "--------finsh cleanup history backup") 126 else: 127 backup_file_name = backup_file_name + "_incr" 128 logging.info("execute incr backup......") 129 execute_result = incr_backup(backup_file_name) 130 if(execute_result==0): 131 finish_time = datetime.datetime.now().strftime('%Y%m%d%_H%M%S') 132 backup_info = start_time+"|"+finish_time+"|"+start_time+ "_" + backup_type 133 with open(backupfilelist, 'a+') as f: 134 f.write(backup_info + ' ') 135 logging.info(datetime.datetime.now().strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')+"--------finish backup") 136 else: 137 logging.info(datetime.datetime.now().strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S') + "--------xtrabackup failed.please check log") 138 except: 139 raise 140 sys.exit(1)
还原
说直白一点，以这里的基于时间点或者是position的还原，就是一个不断找文件的过程，
1，首先任何还原，都需要一个创建于还原点前的完整备份。
2，基于上述完整备份，利用还原的时间点与xtrbackup的备份日志去做对比来获取所需的增量备份（0个或者1个或者多个）。
3，基于上面两步找到的（完整+增量）备份，利用最后一个备份的position，用于第一个binlog还原时指定start-position，
同时利用binlog的最后修改时间与还原的时间点对比，决定使用那些binlog，同时最后一个binlog要指定stop-datime= 还原的时间点
1，如何还原时间点的最新的一个完整备份
备份的时候维护一个备份信息，如下,这里是backfilelist.log，包括备份开始时间，结束时间，备份类型，备份路径等。
可以根据备份开始时间，找到第一个早于还原时间点的完整备份
2，如果找到恢复所需要的差异备份
同1，从完整备份开始，依次向后找各个增量备份，直到最后一个早于还原时间点的差异备份，可能有一个或者多个
3，如何找到差异备份之后，需要哪些binlog
基于binlog文件自身的最后修改时间属性信息，从2中找到的最后一个差异备份的时间，开始向后依次找binlog，可能有一个或者多个
自动还原demo
如下是一个基于时间点来还原数据库的demo，没写入两条数据，执行一次备份（上述备份会自动区分完整备份或者差异备份）
三次备份之后，继续写两条数据，flush logs,然后继续分两次分别写两条数据，目的是将数据分散到不同的binlog中，最后删除全部数据
然后基于删除数据之前的时间点来自动生成还原数据库的shell，执行shell即可达到还原数据库的目的。
如下执行基于时间点的rextrabackup.py文件之后，时间点为"2019-08-01 18:50:59"，也就是发生删除操作的前一个时间点，来生成的还原信息。
其实只需要重定向到一个shell文件中，执行shell文件即可自动化还原，或者直接在python脚本中执行这些命令，即可自动化完成还原操作。
这里为了显示，打印了出来。
可以发现，基于时间点的还原，找到的文件是预期的：
1个完整备份，2个增量备份，2个binlog日志中的一部分数据，
其中binlog日志还原的start-position成功地衔接到最后一个增量备份的position，同时最后一个binlog日志的还原停留在指定的时间点。
自动生成的shell还原代码
################uncompress backup file###################
innobackupex --apply-log --redo-only /temp/restoretmp/20190801184134_full
innobackupex --apply-log --redo-only /temp/restoretmp/20190801184134_full --incremental-dir=/temp/restoretmp/20190801184335_inc
innobackupex --apply-log --redo-only /temp/restoretmp/20190801184134_full --incremental-dir=/temp/restoretmp/20190801184518_inc
innobackupex --apply-log /temp/restoretmp/20190801184134_full
################stop mysql service###################
systemctl stop mysqld_7000
####################backup current database file###########################
mv /usr/local/mysql57_data/mysql7000/data /usr/local/mysql57_data/mysql7000/data_20190801185855
mkdir /usr/local/mysql57_data/mysql7000/data
chown -R mysql.mysql /usr/local/mysql57_data/mysql7000/data
################restore backup data###################
innobackupex --defaults-file=/usr/local/mysql57_data/mysql7000/etc/my.cnf --copy-back --rsync /temp/restoretmp/20190801184134_full
chown -R mysql.mysql /usr/local/mysql57_data/mysql7000/data
################stop mysql service###################
systemctl start mysqld_7000
################restore data from binlog###################
cd /usr/local/mysql57_data/mysql7000/log/bin_log
mysqlbinlog mysql_bin_1300.000001 --skip-gtids=true --start-position=982 | mysql mysql -h127.0.0.1 -uroot -proot -P7000
mysqlbinlog mysql_bin_1300.000002 --skip-gtids=true --stop-datetime="2019-08-01 18:50:59" | mysql -h127.0.0.1 -uroot -proot -P7000
日志信息
实现
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- import os import time import datetime import sys import socket import logging logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO #handlers={logging.FileHandler(filename='restore_log_info.log', mode='a', encoding='utf-8')} ) host = "127.0.0.1" port = "7000" user = "root" password = "root" instance_name = "mysqld_7000" stop_at = "2019-08-01 18:50:59" cnf_file = "/usr/local/mysql57_data/mysql7000/etc/my.cnf" backup_dir = "/usr/local/backupdata/" dest_dir = "/temp/restoretmp/" xtrabackuplog_name = "backuplog.log" backupfilelist = os.path.join(backup_dir,"backupfilelist.log") #根据key值，获取MySQL配置文件中的value def get_config_value(key): value = None if not key: return value if os.path.exists(cnf_file): with open(cnf_file, 'r') as f: for line in f: if (line.split("=")[0]): if(line[0:1]!="#" and line[0:1]!="["): if (key==line.split("=")[0].strip()): value =line.split("=")[1].strip() return value def stop_mysql_service(): print("################stop mysql service###################") print("systemctl stop {}".format(instance_name)) def start_mysql_service(): print("################stop mysql service###################") print("systemctl start {0}".format(instance_name)) #返回备份日志中的最新的一个早于stop_at时间的完整备份，以及其后面的增量备份 def get_restorefile_list(): list_backup = [] list_restore_file = [] if os.path.exists(backupfilelist): with open(backupfilelist, 'r') as f: lines = f.readlines() for line in lines: list_backup.append(line.replace(" ","")) if (list_backup): for i in range(len(list_backup) - 1, -1, -1): list_restore_file.append(list_backup[i]) backup_name = list_backup[i].split("|")[2] if "full" in backup_name: full_backup_time = list_backup[i].split("|")[1] if(stop_at<full_backup_time): break else: list_restore_file = None #restore file in the list_restore_log list_restore_file.reverse() return list_restore_file #解压缩需要还原的备份文件，包括一个完整备份以及N个增量备份（N>=0） def uncompress_backup_file(): print("################uncompress backup file###################") list_restore_backup = get_restorefile_list() #如果没有生成时间早于stop_at的完整备份，无法恢复，退出 if not list_restore_backup: raise("There is no backup that can be restored") exit(1) for restore_log in list_restore_backup: #解压备份文件 backup_name = restore_log.split("|")[2] backup_path = restore_log.split("|")[2] backup_full_name = os.path.join(backup_dir,backup_path,backup_name) backup_path = os.path.join(backup_dir,restore_log.split("|")[-1]) #print('''[ ! -d {0} ] && mkdir -p {0}'''.format(os.path.join(dest_dir,backup_name))) os.system('''[ ! -d {0} ] && mkdir -p {0}'''.format(os.path.join(dest_dir,backup_name))) #print("xbstream -x < {0}.xbstream -C {1}".format(backup_full_name,os.path.join(dest_dir,backup_name))) os.system("xbstream -x < {0}.xbstream -C {1}".format(backup_full_name,os.path.join(dest_dir,backup_name))) #print("cd {0}".format(os.path.join(dest_dir,backup_name))) os.system("cd {0}".format(os.path.join(dest_dir,backup_name))) #print('''for f in `find {0}/ -iname "*.qp"`; do qpress -dT4 $f $(dirname $f) && rm -f $f; done '''.format(os.path.join(dest_dir,backup_name))) os.system('''for f in `find {0}/ -iname "*.qp"`; do qpress -dT4 $f $(dirname $f) && rm -f $f; done'''.format(os.path.join(dest_dir,backup_name))) current_backup_begin_time = None current_backup_end_time = None #比较当前备份的结束时间和stop_at,如果当前备份开始时间小于stop_at并且结束时间大于stop_at，解压缩备份结束 with open(os.path.join(dest_dir,backup_name,"xtrabackup_info"), 'r') as f: for line in f: if line and line.split("=")[0].strip()=="start_time": current_backup_begin_time = line.split("=")[1].strip() if line and line.split("=")[0].strip()=="end_time": current_backup_end_time = line.split("=")[1].strip() #按照stop_at时间点还原的最后一个数据库备份,结束从第一个完整备份开始的解压过程 if current_backup_begin_time<=stop_at<=current_backup_end_time: break #返回最后一个备份文件，需要备份文件中的xtrabackup_info，解析出当前备份的end_time，从而确认需要哪些binlog return backup_name #根据返回最后一个备份文件，需要备份文件中的xtrabackup_info，结合stop_at，确认需要还原的binlog文件，以及binlog的position信息 def restore_database_binlog(last_backup_file): print("################restore data from binlog###################") binlog_dir = get_config_value("log-bin") if not (backup_dir): binlog_dir = get_config_value("log_bin") print("cd {0}".format(os.path.dirname(binlog_dir))) last_backup_file =os.path.join(dest_dir,last_backup_file,"xtrabackup_info") #parse backuplog.log and get binlog name and position backup_position_binlog_file = None backup_position = None with open(last_backup_file, 'r') as f: lines = f.readlines() for line in lines: if "binlog_pos = filename " in line: backup_position_binlog_file = line.replace("binlog_pos = filename ", "").split(",")[0] backup_position_binlog_file = backup_position_binlog_file.replace("'", "") backup_position = line.replace("binlog_pos = filename ", "").split(",")[1].strip() backup_position = backup_position.split(" ")[1].replace("'", "") pass else: continue # /usr/local/mysql57_data/mysql8000/log/bin_log/mysql_bin_1300 binlog_config = get_config_value("log-bin") binlog_path = os.path.dirname(binlog_config) binlog_files = os.listdir(binlog_path) #如果没有找到binlog，忽略binlog的还原 if not binlog_files: exit(1) #对binlog文件排序，按顺序遍历binlog，获取binlog的最后的修改时间，与stop_at做对比，判断还原的过程是否需要某个binlogfile binlog_files.sort() binlog_files_for_restore = [] # 恢复数据库的指定时间点 stop_at_time = datetime.datetime.strptime(stop_at, '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S') for binlog in binlog_files: if (".index" in binlog or "relay" in binlog): continue #保留最后一个备份中的binlog，以及其后面的binlog，这部分binlog会在还原的时候用到 if (int(binlog.split(".")[-1]) >= int(backup_position_binlog_file.split(".")[-1])): binlog_files_for_restore.append(binlog) binlog_file_count = 0 #第一个文件，从上最后一个差异备份的position位置开始，最后一个文件，需要stop_at到指定的时间 for binlog in binlog_files_for_restore: if not os.path.isdir(binlog): #binlog物理文件的最后修改时间 binlog_file_updatetime = datetime.datetime.strptime(time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S', time.localtime(os.stat(binlog_path+"/"+binlog).st_mtime)),'%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S') #判断binlog的生成时间，是否大于stop_at，对于修改时间大于stop_at的日志，需要全部还原，不需要stop_at指定截止点 if stop_at_time > binlog_file_updatetime : if (binlog_file_count < 1): if (len(binlog_files_for_restore) == 1): # 找到差异备份之后的第一个binlog，需要根据差异备份的position，来过来第一个binlog文件 restore_commond = '''mysqlbinlog {0} --skip-gtids=true --start-position={1} --stop-datetime="{2}" | mysql mysql -h{3} -u{4} -p{5} -P{6}''' .format(binlog, backup_position, stop_at, host, user, password, port) print(restore_commond) binlog_file_count = binlog_file_count + 1 else: # 找到差异备份之后的第一个binlog，需要根据差异备份的position，来过来第一个binlog文件 restore_commond = '''mysqlbinlog {0} --skip-gtids=true --start-position={1} | mysql mysql -h{2} -u{3} -p{4} -P{5}''' .format(binlog, backup_position, host, user, password, port) print(restore_commond) binlog_file_count = binlog_file_count + 1 else: # 从第二个文件开始，binlog需要全部还原 restore_commond = '''mysqlbinlog {0} --skip-gtids=true | mysql mysql -h{1} -u{2} -p{3} -P{4}''' .format(binlog, host, user, password, port) print(restore_commond) binlog_file_count = binlog_file_count + 1 else: if (binlog_file_count < 1): restore_commond = '''mysqlbinlog {0} --skip-gtids=true --start-position={1} --stop-datetime={2} | mysql -h{3} -u{4} -p{5} -P{6}'''.format(binlog, backup_position,stop_at,host,user,password,port) print(restore_commond) binlog_file_count = binlog_file_count + 1 else: if (binlog_file_count >= 1): restore_commond = '''mysqlbinlog {0} --skip-gtids=true --stop-datetime="{1}" | mysql -h{2} -u{3} -p{4} -P{5}'''.format(binlog, stop_at,host,user,password,port) print(restore_commond) binlog_file_count = binlog_file_count + 1 break def apply_log_for_backup(): list_restore_backup = get_restorefile_list() start_flag = 1 full_backup_path = None for current_backup_file in list_restore_backup: #解压备份文件 current_backup_name = current_backup_file.split("|")[2] current_backup_fullname = os.path.join(dest_dir, current_backup_name) if(start_flag==1): full_backup_path = current_backup_fullname start_flag = 0 print("innobackupex --apply-log --redo-only {0}".format(full_backup_path)) else: print("innobackupex --apply-log --redo-only {0} --incremental-dir={1}".format(full_backup_path,current_backup_fullname)) #apply_log for full backup at last(remove --read-only parameter) print("innobackupex --apply-log {0}".format(full_backup_path)) def restore_backup_data(): print("####################backup current database file###########################") datadir_path = get_config_value("datadir") print("mv {0} {1}".format(datadir_path,datadir_path+"_"+ datetime.datetime.now().strftime('%Y%m%d%H%M%S'))) print("mkdir {0}".format(datadir_path)) print("chown -R mysql.mysql {0}".format(datadir_path)) print("################restore backup data###################") list_restore_backup = get_restorefile_list() full_restore_path= dest_dir + list_restore_backup[0].split("|")[-1].replace(".xbstream","") print("innobackupex --defaults-file={0} --copy-back --rsync {1}".format(cnf_file,full_restore_path)) print("chown -R mysql.mysql {0}".format(datadir_path)) def restore_database(): #解压缩需要还原的备份文件 last_backup_file_path = uncompress_backup_file() #对备份文件apply-log apply_log_for_backup() #停止mysql服务 stop_mysql_service() #恢复备份 restore_backup_data() #启动MySQL服务 start_mysql_service() #从binlog中恢复数据 restore_database_binlog(last_backup_file_path) if __name__ == '__main__': restore_database()
最后不要忘了清理战场：
1，解压缩的备份文件还留在指定的路径中，
2，还原之前备份的data文件，以data_日期命名的文件，也没有清理
挤时间写出来的，粗略测了一下没有问题，以实现功能为主，没有进一步封装，后续会以此为基础进行优化。