- Consonants 辅音
- /f/
- f, ff (regular)
- fat, left;
- stiff, offer, affair
- ph (regular)
- physical, photo, sphere
- gh
- laugh, cough, rough, tough, enough
- /v/
- v (regular)
- vain, over, review
- f, ph (in a few words)
- of, nephew
- /θ/
- th
- thief, thought, method, thick
- ths [θs] (短元音或辅音后)
- deaths, months, depths
- /ð/
- th (通常在代词、连词、介词及冠词中出现)
- they, their, the, that, than, though, with
- -the
- breathe, clothe
- -ths [ðz] (长元音或双元音后)
- truths, mouths, baths
- 但是[θs] 如果有字母 r
- births, fourths
- /s/
- s, ss (usual)
- soap, escape; pass, miss
- c (before e, i, y)
- piece, concert, city, pencil, cycle, bicycle
- sc (before i, e)
- science, scene
- x [ks]
- box, fix, exercise, exhibition
- /z/
- s (两个元音之间)
- desire, music, design
- s (在元音与不发音的 e 之间)
- rise, these, nose
- z, zz
- zoo; buzz, dizzy
- x [gz] 在重读元音前
- exact, example, examine, exhaust
- /ʃ/
- sh (regular)
- ship, wash
- -tia-, -tie-, -tio-
- partial, initial, patient, nation
- -cia-, -cie-, -cio-
- social, sufficient, conscious
- -sion [ʃən] (非重读在辅音字母之后)
- pension, discussion, omission
- s or ss (before u)
- sure, assure, sugar
- /ʒ/
- -sure or –zure [ʒə] 非重读音节
- leisure, treasure, seizure
- -sion [ʒən] 非重读元音字母后
- decision, confusion, occasion
- -ge 法语外来词中
- garage, prestige, rouge
- /h/
- h (regular)
- heat, hot
- wh- (before o)
- who, whom, whole
- /p/
- p (regular)
- peace, pen, top
- /b/
- b (regular)
- bed, book, club
- 在字母 t 之前不发音
- debt, doubt, subtle
- 在单词结尾并在字母 m 之后不发音
- comb, lamb, tomb, climb
- /t/
- t, tt (regular)
- taught, better, bottle
- -ed
- wrapped, walked, laughed
- 字母 t 在“stle”“sten”中不发音
- castle, whistle, listen, fasten
- /d/
- d, dd (regular)
- do, dear, ladder, odd
- -ed
- tired, played, cleaned, robbed
- /k/
- c, cc (except before e, i or y)
- can, corn, cure, accord
- k, ck (regular)
- cake, king, back, clock
- ch (before r or after s)
- Christmas, school, scheme
- qu, -que
- liquor, mosquito, unique
- qu [kw]
- quiet, quick, question
- /g/
- g, gg
- get, bigger
- gu, -gue
- guide, guard, dialogue, league
- -gu- [gw] (in the middle of words)
- language, distinguish, linguistics
- gh
- ghost, ghastly
- /tʃ/
- ch, tch (usual)
- church, chair, match, watch
- t+ure, t+eous
- nature, picture, righteous
- t+ion (after s)
- question, suggestion
- / dʒ/
- j (regular)
- just, joke
- g (usual, before i, e and y)
- gentle, age, giant, gymnastic
- dg(e)
- ridge, edge, judge
- /tr/
- tr
- tree, trick, true
- /dr/
- dr
- drop, drip
- /ts/
- -ts, -tes
- lets, fists, bites, classmates
- /dz/
- -ds, -des
- beds, spades, spends, divedes
- /m/
- m, mm (regular)
- meat, summer
- -mn (n is silent when final after m)
- autumn, solemn
- -mb (b is silent when final after m)
- lamb, thumb, climb
- /n/
- n, nn (regular)
- night, sunny, funny
- kn (k is silent when initial before n)
- know, knife, kneel
- gn
- sign, design
- /ŋ/
- -ng
- sing, spring
- n (before [k] or [g] )
- sink, anger, uncle
- /l/
- l, ll (regular)
- light, bell
- 字母 l 在很多单词里不发音
- talk, walk, half, would, should, folk
- /r/
- r (仅在元音前)
- red, bread, very, spirit
- rh- (h is silent)
- rhyme, rhythm, rhythmical
- wr- (w is silent)
- write, wrong
- Semi-Vowels 半元音
- /j/
- y
- yes, yield
- i, e (before [ə] )
- opinion, companion
- [ju:] is frequently spelt with u, ue, ui, ew, eu and eau
- unit, due, suit, few, feudal, beauty
- /w/
- w (regular)
- week, swim
- wh (before vowel letters except o)
- when, which, what, why
- qu [kw]
- quick, quality
- -gu- [gw]
- language, distinguish
- 字母 w 在一些单词中不发音
- write, two, answer, sword
- Vowels 元音
- /i:/
- ee
- tree, cheese, green, sweet
- ea
- leave, reason, seat
- e (in stressed open syllable)
- be, these
- ie (before a consonant)
- piece, field, niece
- ei, ey
- seize, receive, key
- /i/
- i, y
- sit, stick, begin, symbol, city
- e
- pretty needed, except, careless, houses
- ai, ay, ey
- mountain, portrait, valley, money
- a (in unstressed syllables)
- village, private
- /e/
- e (in stressed closed syllables)
- set, send
- ea
- dead, bread, spread
- a
- many, any
- /æ /
- a (in stressed closed syllables)
- sat, hand, marry
- ai
- plait, plaid
- /ɑː/
- a before lf, lv, lm
- half, calves, calm, palm
- a before ff, ft, nc, ns, nt, sk, sp, ss, st and th
- staff, after, dance, answer, cant, ask, grasp, grass,last, father
- ar
- car, march
- ear
- heart
- au
- aunt, laugh
- /ɔ/
- o
- often, lost, cost, cloth, cross, off
- a after w
- swamp, want, wander, watch (but before [g, k, ŋ] ais [æ ], wag, wax)
- au
- because, cauliflower, sausage
- ou, ow
- cough, knowledge
- /ɔː/
- al (before a consonant)
- talk, walk, false
- au, aw
- fault, cause, saw, lawn
- ough, augh
- bought, fought, taught, daughter
- or, ore (when final)
- corn, horse, more, shore, before
- /u/
- u
- bush, push, full
- oo
- before [k] → book, took, look, cook, brook
- in single words → foot, good, hood, stood, wood
- oul
- could, should, would
- o (sometimes)
- woman, bosom, wolf
- /u:/
- oo
- cool, food, goose, loose, tooth
- u
- rule, rude, June
- o
- do, who, lose
- ou
- group, soup, wound
- ew, ue, ui, oe
- chew, true, blue, juice, shoe
- u in the ending –ude, -ute
- institute, attitude
- /ʌ/
- u
- hurry, punish
- o (before m, n, v, th)
- front, wonder, company, love, glove, nothing, among
- ou
- touch, young, couple, courage, southern
- oo (sometimes)
- blood, flood
- /ɜː/
- er, ir and ur (when final orbefore a consonant)
- birth, girl, serve, term, nurse, turn, stir, prefer, occur
- ear (before a consonant)
- earth, heard, learn, earnest
- w + or (before a consonant)
- work, world, worst, worship
- our (a few words)
- journey, journal
- /ə/
- a, ar
- about, China, forward, collar
- e, er
- pavement, modern, better
- i
- horrible, possible
- o, or, oar, ou, -our
- method, Europe, effort, doctor, famous, cupboard, colour
- u, -ure
- column, support, figure, nature
- -re
- centre, metre
- /eɪ/
- a
- late, make, waste
- ai, ay
- rain, waist, day, may
- ea, ey, eigh
- great, break, they, grey, eight, neighbor
- /aɪ/
- i, y
- time, write, child, wild, kind, behind, cry, try. type
- igh
- high, light, fight
- ie, ye
- die, tie, lie, dye, goodbye
- ei
- either, neither
- /ɔɪ/
- oi, oy
- boy, toy, noise, voice, boil, point
- /əʊ/
- o
- go, note, both
- o before the endings -ll, -ld,-lt, -lk and -st
- roll, stroll, old, cold, colt, folk, most, host (but lost, cost and frosthave [ɔ])
- oa, oe
- road, toast, soap, coat, hoe, toe (but shoe, canoe have [u:])
- ou, ow (esp. before l orfinally)
- bowl, soul, mould, shoulder, grow, slow, crow, show
- /aʊ/
- ou, ow
- loud, house, fountain, town
- /ɪə/
- eer, ear, ere
- deer, peer, volunteer, dear, tear, here, mere, severe
- ier
- fierce, pierce
- /eə/
- are
- care, dare, square, declare
- air
- fair, hair, pair, affair
- ear
- bear, pear, wear
- ere
- there, where (but final -ere is normally [ɪə] here, severe)
- / ʊə/
- oor
- poor, moor
- ure
- sure, pure
- ur (before a vowel)
- curious, insurance, durable, rural
- our (French origin)
- tour, gourd