Python dict方法总结
一、字典介绍
1.字典概述
①字典是python中唯一内建的映射类型。又称关联数组或散列
②映射类型对象里哈希值(键,key)和指向的对象(值,value)是一对多的的关系,通常被认为是可变的哈希表
③字典对象是可变的,它是一个容器类型,能存储任意个数的Python对象,其中也可包括其他容器类型。
④字典通过键实现元素存取,可变类型容器,长度可变,异构,嵌套
2.字典类型与序列类型的区别:
①存取和访问数据的方式不同。
②序列类型只用数字类型的键(从序列的开始按数值顺序索引);
③映射类型可以用其他对象类型作键(如:数字、字符串、元祖,一般用字符串作键),和序列类型的键不同,映射类型的键直接或间接地和存储数据值相关联。
④映射类型中的数据是无序排列的。这和序列类型是不一样的,序列类型是以数值序排列的。
⑤映射类型用键直接“映射”到值。
二、字典的基本操作
1、创建字典
{key1:value1,key2:value2, .....}
{} 表示空字典
{‘x’:32,‘y’:[1,2,3]}
特点:
1、键与值用冒号“:”分开;
2、项与项用逗号“,”分开;
3、字典中的键必须是唯一的,而值可以不唯一。
建议:
如果字典中的值为数字,最好使用字符串数字形式,如:'age':'26′ 而不用 ‘age':26
2、如何访问字典中的值?
dict[key] 形式返回键key对应的值value,如果key不在字典中会引发一个KeyError。
dict={'x':32,'y':[1,2,3,4,]} result=dict['x'] #取值的时候按键key取值 print(result)
输出32
dict={'x':32,'y':[1,2,3,4,]} result=dict['y'][3:] #按键key取值,里面列表索引为3的值 print(result)
输出4
3、如何检查key是否在字典中?
①has_key()方法 形如:dict.haskey(‘name') 有–>True,无–>False
②in 、not in 形如:'name' in dict 有–>True,无–>False
4、如何更新字典?
①添加一个数据项(新元素)或键值对
dict[new_key] = value 形式添加一个项
dict = {'Name': 'Zara', 'Age': 7, 'Class': 'First'} dict['sex'] = 'female' print(dict)
输出{'Name': 'Zara', 'Age': 7, 'Class': 'First', 'sex': 'female'}
②更新一个数据项(元素)或键值对
dict[old_key] = new_value
dict = {'Name': 'Zara', 'Age': 7, 'Class': 'First'} dict['Age'] = 8 dict['School'] = "DPS School" print(dict['Age'],dict['School']) print(dict)
输出
8 DPS School
{'Name': 'Zara', 'Age': 8, 'Class': 'First', 'School': 'DPS School'}
③删除一个数据项(元素)或键值对
del dict[key] 删除键key的项 / del dict 删除整个字典
del dict 删除字典
dict.pop(key) 删除键key的项并返回key对应的 value值
dict.clear() 清空字典所有条目
四、映射类型操作符
标准类型操作符(+,-,*,<,>,<=,>=,==,!=,and,or, not)
a、字典不支持拼接和重复操作符(+,*)
b、字典的比较操作
先比较字典的长度也就是字典的元素个数
键比较
值比较
1、len() 计算字典元素个数,即键的总数
2、hash() 返回对象的哈希值,可以用来判断一个对象能否用来作为字典的键
3、dict() 工厂函数,用来创建字典
4、cmp(dict1, dict2):比较两个字典元素
5、str(dict):输出字典可打印的字符串表示
6、type(variable):返回输入的变量类型,如果变量是字典就返回字典类型
六、字典的方法
class dict(object): """ dict() -> new empty dictionary dict(mapping) -> new dictionary initialized from a mapping object's (key, value) pairs dict(iterable) -> new dictionary initialized as if via: d = {} for k, v in iterable: d[k] = v dict(**kwargs) -> new dictionary initialized with the name=value pairs in the keyword argument list. For example: dict(one=1, two=2) """ def clear(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ D.clear() -> None. Remove all items from D. """ pass def copy(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ D.copy() -> a shallow copy of D """ pass @staticmethod # known case def fromkeys(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Returns a new dict with keys from iterable and values equal to value. """ pass def get(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ D.get(k[,d]) -> D[k] if k in D, else d. d defaults to None. """ pass def items(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ D.items() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's items """ pass def keys(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ D.keys() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's keys """ pass def pop(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ D.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value. If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError is raised """ pass def popitem(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ D.popitem() -> (k, v), remove and return some (key, value) pair as a 2-tuple; but raise KeyError if D is empty. """ pass def setdefault(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ D.setdefault(k[,d]) -> D.get(k,d), also set D[k]=d if k not in D """ pass def update(self, E=None, **F): # known special case of dict.update """ D.update([E, ]**F) -> None. Update D from dict/iterable E and F. If E is present and has a .keys() method, then does: for k in E: D[k] = E[k] If E is present and lacks a .keys() method, then does: for k, v in E: D[k] = v In either case, this is followed by: for k in F: D[k] = F[k] """ pass def values(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ D.values() -> an object providing a view on D's values """ pass def __contains__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ True if D has a key k, else False. """ pass def __delitem__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Delete self[key]. """ pass def __eq__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self==value. """ pass def __getattribute__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return getattr(self, name). """ pass def __getitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """ pass def __ge__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self>=value. """ pass def __gt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self>value. """ pass def __init__(self, seq=None, **kwargs): # known special case of dict.__init__ """ dict() -> new empty dictionary dict(mapping) -> new dictionary initialized from a mapping object's (key, value) pairs dict(iterable) -> new dictionary initialized as if via: d = {} for k, v in iterable: d[k] = v dict(**kwargs) -> new dictionary initialized with the name=value pairs in the keyword argument list. For example: dict(one=1, two=2) # (copied from class doc) """ pass def __iter__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Implement iter(self). """ pass def __len__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return len(self). """ pass def __le__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self<=value. """ pass def __lt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self<value. """ pass @staticmethod # known case of __new__ def __new__(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature. """ pass def __ne__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self!=value. """ pass def __repr__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return repr(self). """ pass def __setitem__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Set self[key] to value. """ pass def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ D.__sizeof__() -> size of D in memory, in bytes """ pass __hash__ = None
1. clear(self)清除字典中所有的项
d={} d['name']='carlos' d['age']='26' print(d) result=d.clear() print(result)
输出
{'name': 'carlos', 'age': '26'}
None
2. copy(self) 返回一个具有相同键值对的新字典(shallow copy浅复制,因为值本身就是相同的,不是副本)
dict1={'username':'admin','machine':['foo','bar','baz']} dict2=dict1.copy() print(dict1) print(dict2) dict2['username']='carlos' print(dict1) print(dict2) dict2['machine'].remove('bar') print(dict1) print(dict2)
输出
{'username': 'admin', 'machine': ['foo', 'bar', 'baz']}
{'username': 'admin', 'machine': ['foo', 'bar', 'baz']}
{'username': 'admin', 'machine': ['foo', 'bar', 'baz']}
{'username': 'carlos', 'machine': ['foo', 'bar', 'baz']}
{'username': 'admin', 'machine': ['foo', 'baz']}
{'username': 'carlos', 'machine': ['foo', 'baz']}
①浅复制shallow copy ,如上,当在副本中替换值的时候原始字典不受影响,但是如果修改了某个值,原始的字典也会随之改变。
②深复制deep copy,复制其包含的所有值。
from copy import deepcopy dict={'username':'admin','machine':['foo','bar','baz']} dict1=dict.copy() dict2=deepcopy(dict) print(dict1) print(dict2) dict['machine'].remove('bar') print(dict1) print(dict2)
输出
{'username': 'admin', 'machine': ['foo', 'bar', 'baz']}
{'username': 'admin', 'machine': ['foo', 'bar', 'baz']}
{'username': 'admin', 'machine': ['foo', 'baz']}
{'username': 'admin', 'machine': ['foo', 'bar', 'baz']}
3. fromkeys(*args, **kwargs) 使给定的键建立一个新的字典,每个键对应默认的值都是none
dict1={} dict2=dict1.fromkeys(['name','age']) print(dict1) print(dict2)
输出{}
{'name': None, 'age': None}
4. get(self, k, d=None) 更宽松的访问字典项的方法
一般如果试图访问字典中不存在的项会报错,但使用get就不会,而是得到none值。
dict={'username':'admin','machine':['foo','bar','baz']} result=dict.get('machine') print(result)
输出['foo', 'bar', 'baz']
dict={'username':'admin','machine':['foo','bar','baz']} result=dict.get('age') print(result)
输出None
5. items(self) 将字典所有的项以列表方式返回,列表中的每一项都表示(键,值)对的形式,返回时无特定的次序
dict={'title':'Python Web Site','url':'http://www.python.org','spam':0} result=dict.items() print(result)
输出 dict_items([('title', 'Python Web Site'), ('url', 'http://www.python.org'), ('spam', 0)])
iteritems 方法大致一致,但是返回一个迭代器对象而不是列表。
6. keys(self) 将字典中键以列表方式返回。
dict={'title':'Python Web Site','url':'http://www.python.org','spam':0} result=dict.keys() print(result)
输出dict_keys(['title', 'url', 'spam'])
iterkeys 将字典中键以列表方式返回,但是返回一个针对键的迭代器。
7. pop(self, k, d=None) 获得对应给定键的值,然后将这个键值对从字典中移除。
dict={'title':'Python Web Site','url':'http://www.python.org','spam':0} result=dict.pop('url') print(result) print(dict)
输出
http://www.python.org
{'title': 'Python Web Site', 'spam': 0}
popitem(self) 获得随机的项,然后将这个项对从字典中移除。
dict={'title':'Python Web Site','url':'http://www.python.org','spam':0} result=dict.popitem() print(result) print(dict)
输出
('spam', 0)
{'title': 'Python Web Site', 'url': 'http://www.python.org'}
8.setdefault(self, k, d=None) 获得与给定键值相关联的值,当键不存在的时候,返回默认值none且相应的更新字典,当键存在的时候,返回对应的值,不改变字典。
dict={'title':'Python Web Site','url':'http://www.python.org','spam':0} result=dict.setdefault('url') print(result) print(dict)
输出
http://www.python.org
{'title': 'Python Web Site', 'url': 'http://www.python.org', 'spam': 0}
dict={'title':'Python Web Site','url':'http://www.python.org','spam':0} result=dict.setdefault('name') print(result) print(dict)
输出
None
{'title': 'Python Web Site', 'url': 'http://www.python.org', 'spam': 0, 'name': None}
9. update(self, E=None, **F) 利用一个字典项更新另外一个字典
dict={'title':'Python Web Site','url':'http://www.python.org','spam':0} print(dict) dict1={'title':'Python Language Site'} dict.update(dict1) print(dict)
输出
{'title': 'Python Web Site', 'url': 'http://www.python.org', 'spam': 0}
{'title': 'Python Language Site', 'url': 'http://www.python.org', 'spam': 0}
10. values(self) 以列表的形式返回字典中的值,返回值的列表中可以包含重复的元素
itervalues返回值的迭代器
dict={'title':'Python Web Site','url':'http://www.python.org','spam':0} print(dict) result=dict.values() print(result)
输出
{'title': 'Python Web Site', 'url': 'http://www.python.org', 'spam': 0}
dict_values(['Python Web Site', 'http://www.python.org', 0])
七、字典键的特性
①不允许同一个键出现两次。创建时如果同一个键被赋值两次,后一个值会被记住
dict={'name':'carlos','age':'26','name':'alex'} print(dict)
输出{'name': 'alex', 'age': '26'}
②键必须不可变,所以可以用数,字符串或元组充当,所以用列表就不行
③自动添加,若字典不存在,也可以为它赋值,字典就会建立新的项
八、字典的遍历
1、遍历字典的key(键)
dict = {'Name': 'Zara', 'Age': 7, 'Class': 'First'} for key in dict.keys(): print(key)
输出
Name
Age
Class
2、遍历字典的value(值)
dict = {'Name': 'Zara', 'Age': 7, 'Class': 'First'} for value in dict.values(): print(value)
输出
Zara
7
First
3、遍历字典的项(元素)
dict = {'Name': 'Zara', 'Age': 7, 'Class': 'First'} for item in dict.items(): print(item)
输出
('Name', 'Zara')
('Age', 7)
('Class', 'First')