Go 例程（Goroutines）
Go 例程是一种绿色线程，使用关键字 go 来启动。
https://gobyexample.com/goroutines
func say(s string) {
for i := 0; i < 5; i++ {
time.Sleep(100 * time.Millisecond)
fmt.Println(s)
}
}
go say("world")
say("hello")
/*
world
hello
hello
world
hello
world
hello
world
hello
*/
信道（Channels）
// 无缓冲的信道的创建，发送和接收
ch := make(chan int)
ch <- v // Send v to channel ch.
v := <-ch // Receive from ch, and
// assign value to v.
// Go 例程 + 信道
func sum(s []int, c chan int) {
sum := 0
for _, v := range s {
sum += v
}
c <- sum // send sum to c
}
s := []int{7, 2, 8, -9, 4, 0}
c := make(chan int)
go sum(s[:len(s)/2], c)
go sum(s[len(s)/2:], c)
x, y := <-c, <-c // receive from c
fmt.Println(x, y, x+y) // -5 17 12
// 有缓冲的信道的创建，发送和接收
ch := make(chan int, 2)
ch <- 1 // send
ch <- 2 // send
// ch <- 3 // send // error
fmt.Println(<-ch) // receive
fmt.Println(<-ch) // receive
// ch <- 3 // send // ok
// 单向信道
// Only for receiving
mychanl1 := make(<-chan string)
// Only for sending
mychanl2 := make(chan<- string)
// 单向信道通常用作Go例程形参类型
func pong(pings <-chan string, pongs chan<- string) {
msg := <-pings
pongs <- msg
}
- 信道是（Go例程之间）用来通信的管道
- 信道是类型安全的
- 信道的数据结构是先进先出的队列
- 无缓冲的信道是同步的，发送和接收必须同时进行，不然会导致堵塞
- 有缓冲的信道是异步的，发送和接收不必同时进行
- 单向信道可以进一步增强安全性
遍历信道，关闭信道
// 调用 close 函数关闭信道
// 使用 for 循环遍历信道
func fibonacci(n int, c chan int) {
x, y := 0, 1
for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
c <- x // send
x, y = y, x+y
}
close(c)
}
c := make(chan int, 10)
go fibonacci(cap(c), c)
for i := range c { // receive
fmt.Println(i)
}
/*
0
1
1
2
3
5
8
13
21
34
*/
选择信道
使用 select 语句可以同时等待多个信道的发送和接收操作。
// 使用 select 语句实现线程同步
func fibonacci(c, quit chan int) {
x, y := 0, 1
for {
select {
case c <- x: // send
x, y = y, x+y
case <-quit: // receive
fmt.Println("quit")
return
}
}
}
c := make(chan int)
quit := make(chan int)
go func() {
for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
fmt.Println(<-c) // receive
}
quit <- 0 // send
}()
fibonacci(c, quit)
/*
0
1
1
2
3
5
8
13
21
34
quit
*/
// 使用 select 语句实现 Timeout
tick := time.Tick(100 * time.Millisecond) // send
boom := time.After(500 * time.Millisecond) // send
for {
select {
case <-tick: // receive
fmt.Println("tick.")
case <-boom: // receive
fmt.Println("BOOM!")
return
default:
fmt.Println(" .")
time.Sleep(50 * time.Millisecond)
}
}
/*
.
.
tick.
.
.
tick.
.
.
tick.
.
.
tick.
.
.
BOOM!
*/
sync.Mutex
排它锁
// SafeCounter is safe to use concurrently.
type SafeCounter struct {
v map[string]int
mux sync.Mutex
}
// Inc increments the counter for the given key.
func (c *SafeCounter) Inc(key string) {
c.mux.Lock()
// Lock so only one goroutine at a time can access the map c.v.
c.v[key]++
c.mux.Unlock()
}
// Value returns the current value of the counter for the given key.
func (c *SafeCounter) Value(key string) int {
c.mux.Lock()
// Lock so only one goroutine at a time can access the map c.v.
defer c.mux.Unlock()
return c.v[key]
}
c := SafeCounter{v: make(map[string]int)}
for i := 0; i < 1000; i++ {
go c.Inc("somekey")
}
time.Sleep(time.Second)
fmt.Println(c.Value("somekey")) // 1000
sync.WaitGroup
线程间同步
func process(i int, wg *sync.WaitGroup) {
fmt.Println("started Goroutine ", i)
time.Sleep(2 * time.Second)
fmt.Printf("Goroutine %d ended
", i)
wg.Done()
}
var wg sync.WaitGroup
for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
wg.Add(1)
go process(i, &wg)
}
wg.Wait()
fmt.Println("All go routines finished executing")
/*
started Goroutine 2
started Goroutine 0
started Goroutine 1
Goroutine 2 ended
Goroutine 1 ended
Goroutine 0 ended
All go routines finished executing
*/