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  • 发布导航需要的传感器信息和里程计消息---21

    摘要: 原创博客:转载请表明出处:http://www.cnblogs.com/zxouxuewei/

    一。ROS使用tf来决定机器人的位置和静态地图中的传感器数据,但是tf中没有机器人的速度信息,所以导航功能包要求机器人 能够通过里程计信息源发布包含速度信息的里程计nav_msgs/Odometry 消息。 本篇将介绍nav_msgs/Odometry消息,并且通过代码实现消息的发布,以及tf树的变换。这里使用一个简单的例程,实现 nav_msgs/Odometry消息的发布和tf变换,通过伪造的数据,实现机器人圆周运动。

    1.1.首先在你得ros工作空间中新建功能包,包含以下库:

    catkin_create_pkg odom_tf_package std_msgs rospy roscpp sensor_msgs tf nav_msgs

    1.2.在odom_tf_package/src下创建TF变换的代码文件:

    touch odom_tf_node.cpp

    源码如下:(建议初学者必须认真阅读代码,搞清所发布的话题上的消息和消息类型等)

    #include <tf/transform_broadcaster.h>
    #include <nav_msgs/Odometry.h>
    
    
    
    int main(int argc, char** argv)
    {
    
        ros::init(argc, argv, "odometry_publisher");
        ros::NodeHandle n;
        ros::Publisher odom_pub = n.advertise<nav_msgs::Odometry>("odom", 50);
        tf::TransformBroadcaster odom_broadcaster;
    
        double x = 0.0;
        double y = 0.0;
        double th = 0.0;
    
        double vx = 0.1;
        double vy = -0.1;
        double vth = 0.1;
    
        ros::Time current_time, last_time;
        current_time = ros::Time::now();
        last_time = ros::Time::now();
    
        ros::Rate r(1.0);
        while(n.ok())
        {
    
    
            ros::spinOnce();               // check for incoming messages
            current_time = ros::Time::now();
    
            //compute odometry in a typical way given the velocities of the robot
            double dt = (current_time - last_time).toSec();
            double delta_x = (vx * cos(th) - vy * sin(th)) * dt;
            double delta_y = (vx * sin(th) + vy * cos(th)) * dt;
            double delta_th = vth * dt;
    
            x += delta_x;
            y += delta_y;
            th += delta_th;
            //since all odometry is 6DOF we'll need a quaternion created from yaw
            geometry_msgs::Quaternion odom_quat = tf::createQuaternionMsgFromYaw(th);
            //first, we'll publish the transform over tf
            geometry_msgs::TransformStamped odom_trans;
            odom_trans.header.stamp = current_time;
            odom_trans.header.frame_id = "odom";
            odom_trans.child_frame_id = "base_link";
            odom_trans.transform.translation.x = x;
            odom_trans.transform.translation.y = y;
            odom_trans.transform.translation.z = 0.0;
            odom_trans.transform.rotation = odom_quat;
    
            //send the transform
            odom_broadcaster.sendTransform(odom_trans);
    
            //next, we'll publish the odometry message over ROS
            nav_msgs::Odometry odom;
            odom.header.stamp = current_time;
            odom.header.frame_id = "odom";
    
            //set the position
            odom.pose.pose.position.x = x;
            odom.pose.pose.position.y = y;
            odom.pose.pose.position.z = 0.0;
            odom.pose.pose.orientation = odom_quat;
    
            //set the velocity
            odom.child_frame_id = "base_link";
            odom.twist.twist.linear.x = vx;
            odom.twist.twist.linear.y = vy;
            odom.twist.twist.angular.z = vth;
    
            //publish the message
            odom_pub.publish(odom);
            last_time = current_time;
            r.sleep();
    
            }
    }

    下面来剖析代码进行分析:

        #include <tf/transform_broadcaster.h>
        #include <nav_msgs/Odometry.h>

     我们需要实现“odom”参考系到“base_link”参考系的变换,以及nav_msgs/Odometry消息的发布,所以首先需要包含相关的头文件。

          ros::Publisher odom_pub = n.advertise<nav_msgs::Odometry>("odom", 50);  
          tf::TransformBroadcaster odom_broadcaster;

      定义一个消息发布者来发布“odom”消息,在定义一个tf广播,来发布tf变换信息。

          double x = 0.0;
          double y = 0.0;
          double th = 0.0;

     默认机器人的起始位置是odom参考系下的0点。

          double vx = 0.1;
          double vy = -0.1;
          double vth = 0.1;

    我们设置机器人的默认前进速度,让机器人的base_link参考系在odom参考系下以x轴方向0.1m/s,Y轴速度-0.1m/s,角速度0.1rad/s的状态移动,这种状态下,可以让机器人保持圆周运动。

      ros::Rate r(1.0);

    使用1Hz的频率发布odom消息,当然,在实际系统中,往往需要更快的速度进行发布。

            //compute odometry in a typical way given the velocities of the robot
            double dt = (current_time - last_time).toSec();
            double delta_x = (vx * cos(th) - vy * sin(th)) * dt;
            double delta_y = (vx * sin(th) + vy * cos(th)) * dt;
            double delta_th = vth * dt;
        
            x += delta_x;
            y += delta_y;
            th += delta_th;

    使用我们设置的速度信息,来计算并更新里程计的信息,包括单位时间内机器人在x轴、y轴的坐标变化和角度的变化。在实际系统中,需要更具里程计的实际信息进行更新。

           //since all odometry is 6DOF we'll need a quaternion created from yaw
            geometry_msgs::Quaternion odom_quat = tf::createQuaternionMsgFromYaw(th);

    为了兼容二维和三维的功能包,让消息结构更加通用,里程计的偏航角需要转换成四元数才能发布,辛运的是,ROS为我们提供了偏航角与四元数相互转换的功能。

            //first, we'll publish the transform over tf
            geometry_msgs::TransformStamped odom_trans;
            odom_trans.header.stamp = current_time;
            odom_trans.header.frame_id = "odom";
            odom_trans.child_frame_id = "base_link";

     创建一个tf发布需要使用的TransformStamped类型消息,然后根据消息结构填充当前的时间戳、参考系id、子参考系id,注意两个参考系的id必须要是“odom”和“base_link”。

            odom_trans.transform.translation.x = x;
            odom_trans.transform.translation.y = y;
            odom_trans.transform.translation.z = 0.0;
            odom_trans.transform.rotation = odom_quat;

     填充里程计信息,然后发布tf变换的消息。

            //next, we'll publish the odometry message over ROS
            nav_msgs::Odometry odom;
            odom.header.stamp = current_time;

    我们还要发布nav_msgs/Odometry消息,让导航包获取机器人的速度。创建消息变量,然后填充时间戳。

            //set the position
            odom.pose.pose.position.x = x;
            odom.pose.pose.position.y = y;
            odom.pose.pose.position.z = 0.0;
            odom.pose.pose.orientation = odom_quat;
            //set the velocity
            odom.child_frame_id = "base_link";
            odom.twist.twist.linear.x = vx;
            odom.twist.twist.linear.y = vy;
            odom.twist.twist.angular.z = vth;

      填充机器人的位置、速度,然后发布消息。注意,我们发布的是机器人本体的信息,所以参考系需要填"base_link"。

    1.3.编译源码:在odom_tf_package/CMakeLists.txt添加编译选项:

    add_executable(odom_tf_node src/odom_tf_node.cpp)
    target_link_libraries(odom_tf_node ${catkin_LIBRARIES}

    返回到你的工作空间的顶层目录下:

    catkin_make 

    二。  在导航过程中,传感器的信息至关重要,这些传感器可以是激光雷达、摄像机、声纳、红外线、碰撞开关,但是归根结底,导航功能包要求机器人必须发布sensor_msgs/LaserScan或sensor_msgs/PointCloud格式的传感器信息,本篇将详细介绍如何使用代码发布所需要的消息。无论是 sensor_msgs/LaserScan,还是sensor_msgs/PointCloud ,都和ROS中tf帧信息等时间相关的消息一样,带标准格式的头信息。

        #Standard metadata for higher-level flow data types
        #sequence ID: consecutively increasing ID 
        uint32 seq    
        #Two-integer timestamp that is expressed as:
        # * stamp.secs: seconds (stamp_secs) since epoch
        # * stamp.nsecs: nanoseconds since stamp_secs
        # time-handling sugar is provided by the client library
        time stamp     
        #Frame this data is associated with
        # 0: no frame
        # 1: global frame
        string frame_id

    以上是标准头信息的主要部分。seq是消息的顺序标识,不需要手动设置,发布节点在发布消息时,会自动累加。stamp 是消息中与数据相关联的时间戳,例如激光数据中,时间戳对应激光数据的采集时间点。frame_id 是消息中与数据相关联的参考系id,例如在在激光数据中,frame_id对应激光数据采集的参考系。

    2.1.如何发布点云数据

    点云消息的结构

        #This message holds a collection of 3d points, plus optional additional information about each point.   
        #Each Point32 should be interpreted as a 3d point in the frame given in the header          
       
        Header header     
        geometry_msgs/Point32[] points  #Array of 3d points  
        ChannelFloat32[] channels       #Each channel should have the same number of elements as points array, and the data in each channel should correspond 1:1 with each point

    如上所示,点云消息的结构支持存储三维环境的点阵列,而且channels参数中,可以设置这些点云相关的数据,例如可以设置一个强度通道,存储每个点的数据强度,还可以设置一个系数通道,存储每个点的反射系数,等等。

    2.2.通过代码发布点云数据

    .在odom_tf_package/src下创建TF变换的代码文件:

    touch point_kinect_node.cpp

    源代码如下:

    #include "ros/ros.h"
    #include <sensor_msgs/PointCloud.h>
    
    int main(int argc, char** argv)
    {
        ros::init(argc, argv, "point_cloud_publisher");
        ros::NodeHandle n;
        ros::Publisher cloud_pub = n.advertise<sensor_msgs::PointCloud>("cloud", 50);
        unsigned int num_points = 100;
        int count = 0;
        ros::Rate r(1.0);
        while(n.ok())
        {
    
            sensor_msgs::PointCloud cloud;
            cloud.header.stamp = ros::Time::now();
            cloud.header.frame_id = "sensor_frame";
    
            cloud.points.resize(num_points);
    
    
            //we'll also add an intensity channel to the cloud
            cloud.channels.resize(1);
            cloud.channels[0].name = "intensities";
            cloud.channels[0].values.resize(num_points);
    
            //generate some fake data for our point cloud
    
            for(unsigned int i = 0; i < num_points; ++i)
            {
                cloud.points[i].x = 1 + count;
                cloud.points[i].y = 2 + count;
                cloud.points[i].z = 3 + count;
                cloud.channels[0].values[i] = 100 + count;
            }
    
            cloud_pub.publish(cloud);
    
            ++count;
            r.sleep();
        }
    
    }

    分解代码来分析:

    #include <sensor_msgs/PointCloud.h>

     首先也是要包含sensor_msgs/PointCloud消息结构。

        ros::Publisher cloud_pub = n.advertise<sensor_msgs::PointCloud>("cloud", 50);

    定义一个发布点云消息的发布者。

            sensor_msgs::PointCloud cloud;
            cloud.header.stamp = ros::Time::now();
            cloud.header.frame_id = "sensor_frame";

     为点云消息填充头信息,包括时间戳和相关的参考系id。

        cloud.points.resize(num_points);

    设置存储点云数据的空间大小。

            //we'll also add an intensity channel to the cloud
            cloud.channels.resize(1);
            cloud.channels[0].name = "intensities";
            cloud.channels[0].values.resize(num_points);

    设置一个名为“intensity“的强度通道,并且设置存储每个点强度信息的空间大小。

            //generate some fake data for our point cloud
            for(unsigned int i = 0; i < num_points; ++i){
              cloud.points[i].x = 1 + count;
              cloud.points[i].y = 2 + count;
              cloud.points[i].z = 3 + count;
              cloud.channels[0].values[i] = 100 + count;   

     将我们伪造的数据填充到点云消息结构当中。

       cloud_pub.publish(cloud);

     最后,发布点云数据。

    2.3.编译源码:在odom_tf_package/CMakeLists.txt添加编译选项:

    add_executable(point_kinect_node src/point_kinect_node.cpp)
    target_link_libraries(point_kinect_node ${catkin_LIBRARIES}

    返回到你的工作空间的顶层目录下:

    catkin_make

    三:测试代码:

    roscore
    rosrun odom_tf_package odom_tf_node
    rosrun odom_tf_package point_kinect_node
    rviz

    3.1.rviz视图如下:tf变换和机器人移动信息.

    3.2.查看发布的点云数据。

    rostopic echo /cloud 

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/zxouxuewei/p/5285677.html
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