在MySQL数据库中，在进行数据迁移和从库只读状态设置时，都会涉及到只读状态和Master-slave的设置和关系。
经过实际测试，对于MySQL单实例数据库和master库，如果需要设置为只读状态，需要进行如下操作和设置：
将MySQL设置为只读状态的命令：
# mysql -uroot -p mysql> show global variables like "%read_only%"; mysql> flush tables with read lock; mysql> set global read_only=1; mysql> show global variables like "%read_only%";
将MySQL从只读设置为读写状态的命令：
mysql> unlock tables; mysql> set global read_only=0;
对于需要保证master-slave主从同步的salve库，如果要设置为只读状态，需要执行的命令为：
mysql> set global read_only=1;
将salve库从只读状态变为读写状态，需要执行的命令是：
mysql> set global read_only=0;
对于数据库读写状态，主要靠 read_only 全局参数来设定；默认情况下，数据库是用于读写操作的，所以read_only参数也是0或faluse状态，这时候不论是本地用户还是远程访问数据库的用户，都可以进行读写操作；如需设置为只读状态，将该read_only参数设置为1或TRUE状态，但设置 read_only=1 状态有两个需要注意的地方：
1.read_only=1只读模式，不会影响slave同步复制的功能，所以在MySQL slave库中设定了read_only=1后，通过 show slave statusG 命令查看salve状态，可以看到salve仍然会读取master上的日志，并且在slave库中应用日志，保证主从数据库同步一致；
2.read_only=1只读模式，可以限定普通用户进行数据修改的操作，但不会限定具有super权限的用户的数据修改操作；在MySQL中设置read_only=1后，普通的应用用户进行insert、update、delete等会产生数据变化的DML操作时，都会报出数据库处于只读模式不能发生数据变化的错误，但具有super权限的用户，例如在本地或远程通过root用户登录到数据库，还是可以进行数据变化的DML操作；
为了确保所有用户，包括具有super权限的用户也不能进行读写操作，就需要执行给所有的表加读锁的命令 flush tables with read lock ，这样使用具有super权限的用户登录数据库，想要发生数据变化的操作时，也会提示表被锁定不能修改的报错。
这样通过 设置“read_only=1”和“flush tables with read lock;”两条命令，就可以确保数据库处于只读模式，不会发生任何数据改变，在MySQL进行数据库迁移时，限定master主库不能有任何数据变化，就可以通过这种方式来设定。
但同时由于加表锁的命令对数据库表限定非常严格，如果再slave从库上执行这个命令后，slave库可以从master读取binlog日志，但不能够应用日志，slave库不能发生数据改变，当然也不能够实现主从同步了，这时如果使用 “unlock tables;”解除全局的表读锁，slave就会应用从master读取到的binlog日志，继续保证主从库数据库一致同步。
为了保证主从同步可以一直进行，在slave库上要保证具有super权限的root等用户只能在本地登录，不会发生数据变化，其他远程连接的应用用户只按需分配为select,insert,update,delete等权限，保证没有super权限，则只需要将salve设定“read_only=1”模式，即可保证主从同步，又可以实现从库只读。
相对的，设定“read_only=1”只读模式开启的解锁命令为设定“read_only=0”;设定全局锁“flush tables with read lock;”，对应的解锁模式命令为：“unlock tables;”.
当然设定了read_only=1后，所有的select查询操作都是可以正常进行的。
实验一：设置了read_only=1后，远程业务用户进行数据库修改会提示ERROR 1290错误：
(test01@172.32.1.200) [data03]> show tables; +------------------+ | Tables_in_data03 | +------------------+ | t01 | | t02 | | user | +------------------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) (test01@172.32.1.200) [data03]> (test01@172.32.1.200) [data03]> (test01@172.32.1.200) [data03]> show global variables like "%read_only%"; +------------------+-------+ | Variable_name | Value | +------------------+-------+ | innodb_read_only | OFF | | read_only | ON | | tx_read_only | OFF | +------------------+-------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) (test01@172.32.1.200) [data03]> (test01@172.32.1.200) [data03]> (test01@172.32.1.200) [data03]> delete from t01 where id1=3; <span style="color:#ff0000;">ERROR 1290 (HY000): The MySQL server is running with the --read-only option so it cannot execute this statement</span> (test01@172.32.1.200) [data03]> update t01 set id1=id1+30 where id1=3; ERROR 1290 (HY000): The MySQL server is running with the --read-only option so it cannot execute this statement (test01@172.32.1.200) [data03]> insert into t01(id1,a1,b1) values(9,9,9); ERROR 1290 (HY000): The MySQL server is running with the --read-only option so it cannot execute this statement (test01@172.32.1.200) [data03]> (test01@172.32.1.200) [data03]> select * from t01; +-----+------+------+ | id1 | a1 | b1 | +-----+------+------+ | 1 | 1 | 1 | | 2 | 2 | 2 | | 4 | 4 | 4 | | 5 | 5 | 5 | | 6 | 6 | 6 | +-----+------+------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec) (test01@172.32.1.200) [data03]>
实验二：设定了全局读写后，具有super权限的用户进行数据修改后，也会提示错误ERROR 1223：
mysql> use data03; Reading table information for completion of table and column names You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A Database changed mysql> show tables; +------------------+ | Tables_in_data03 | +------------------+ | t01 | | t02 | | user | +------------------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from t01; +-----+------+------+ | id1 | a1 | b1 | +-----+------+------+ | 1 | 1 | 1 | | 2 | 2 | 2 | | 4 | 4 | 4 | | 5 | 5 | 5 | | 6 | 6 | 6 | +-----+------+------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> mysql> show global variables like "%read_only%"; +------------------+-------+ | Variable_name | Value | +------------------+-------+ | innodb_read_only | OFF | | read_only | ON | | tx_read_only | OFF | +------------------+-------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> mysql> mysql> insert into t01(id1,a1,b1) values(8,8,8); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> update t01 set a1=a1+10 where id1=2; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0 mysql> delete from t01 where id1=4; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from t01; +-----+------+------+ | id1 | a1 | b1 | +-----+------+------+ | 1 | 1 | 1 | | 2 | 12 | 2 | | 5 | 5 | 5 | | 6 | 6 | 6 | | 8 | 8 | 8 | +-----+------+------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> mysql> flush tables with read lock; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> mysql> insert into t01(id1,a1,b1) values(9,9,9); <span style="color:#ff0000;">ERROR 1223 (HY000): Can't execute the query because you have a conflicting read lock</span> mysql> mysql> update t01 set a1=a1+10 where id1=5; ERROR 1223 (HY000): Can't execute the query because you have a conflicting read lock mysql> mysql> delete from t01 where id1=5; ERROR 1223 (HY000): Can't execute the query because you have a conflicting read lock mysql> mysql>
实验三：MySQL从库设定read_only=1后主从同步正常，设定表读锁后，不能同步，解除读锁后，主从同步恢复。
mysql> mysql> show databases; +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | bitvc | | data03 | | ga | | jiradb | | meibi | | meibi02 | | mysql | | performance_schema | | sbtest | +--------------------+ 10 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> mysql> mysql> mysql> show global variables like "%read_only%"; +------------------+-------+ | Variable_name | Value | +------------------+-------+ | innodb_read_only | OFF | | read_only | ON | | tx_read_only | OFF | +------------------+-------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> mysql> show slave statusG *************************** 1. row *************************** Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event Master_Host: 172.32.1.200 Master_User: repl Master_Port: 3307 Connect_Retry: 60 Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000009 Read_Master_Log_Pos: 5853 Relay_Log_File: huobiDBtest-relay-bin.000002 Relay_Log_Pos: 6016 Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000009 Slave_IO_Running: Yes Slave_SQL_Running: Yes Replicate_Do_DB: Replicate_Ignore_DB: Replicate_Do_Table: Replicate_Ignore_Table: Replicate_Wild_Do_Table: Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table: Last_Errno: 0 Last_Error: Skip_Counter: 0 Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 5853 Relay_Log_Space: 6195 Until_Condition: None Until_Log_File: Until_Log_Pos: 0 Master_SSL_Allowed: No Master_SSL_CA_File: Master_SSL_CA_Path: Master_SSL_Cert: Master_SSL_Cipher: Master_SSL_Key: Seconds_Behind_Master: 0 Master_SSL_Verify_Server_Cert: No Last_IO_Errno: 0 Last_IO_Error: Last_SQL_Errno: 0 Last_SQL_Error: Replicate_Ignore_Server_Ids: Master_Server_Id: 2003307 Master_UUID: 6f68eea7-76e9-11e4-8f99-00221904cd5d Master_Info_File: /data/mysqldata/3308/data/master.info SQL_Delay: 0 SQL_Remaining_Delay: NULL Slave_SQL_Running_State: Slave has read all relay log; waiting for the slave I/O thread to update it Master_Retry_Count: 86400 Master_Bind: Last_IO_Error_Timestamp: Last_SQL_Error_Timestamp: Master_SSL_Crl: Master_SSL_Crlpath: Retrieved_Gtid_Set: Executed_Gtid_Set: Auto_Position: 0 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> mysql> flush tables with read lock; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> show slave statusG *************************** 1. row *************************** Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event Master_Host: 172.32.1.200 Master_User: repl Master_Port: 3307 Connect_Retry: 60 <span style="color:#ff0000;"> Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000009 Read_Master_Log_Pos: 6531</span> Relay_Log_File: huobiDBtest-relay-bin.000002 Relay_Log_Pos: 6016 Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000009 Slave_IO_Running: Yes Slave_SQL_Running: Yes Replicate_Do_DB: Replicate_Ignore_DB: Replicate_Do_Table: Replicate_Ignore_Table: Replicate_Wild_Do_Table: Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table: Last_Errno: 0 Last_Error: Skip_Counter: 0 <span style="color:#ff0000;"> Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 5853</span> Relay_Log_Space: 6873 Until_Condition: None Until_Log_File: Until_Log_Pos: 0 Master_SSL_Allowed: No Master_SSL_CA_File: Master_SSL_CA_Path: Master_SSL_Cert: Master_SSL_Cipher: Master_SSL_Key: Seconds_Behind_Master: 120 Master_SSL_Verify_Server_Cert: No Last_IO_Errno: 0 Last_IO_Error: Last_SQL_Errno: 0 Last_SQL_Error: Replicate_Ignore_Server_Ids: Master_Server_Id: 2003307 Master_UUID: 6f68eea7-76e9-11e4-8f99-00221904cd5d Master_Info_File: /data/mysqldata/3308/data/master.info SQL_Delay: 0 SQL_Remaining_Delay: NULL Slave_SQL_Running_State: Waiting for global read lock Master_Retry_Count: 86400 Master_Bind: Last_IO_Error_Timestamp: Last_SQL_Error_Timestamp: Master_SSL_Crl: Master_SSL_Crlpath: Retrieved_Gtid_Set: Executed_Gtid_Set: Auto_Position: 0 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> mysql> mysql> select * from data03.t01; +-----+------+------+ | id1 | a1 | b1 | +-----+------+------+ | 1 | 1 | 1 | | 2 | 2 | 2 | | 4 | 4 | 4 | | 5 | 5 | 5 | | 6 | 6 | 6 | +-----+------+------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> mysql> unlock tables; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> show slave statusG *************************** 1. row *************************** Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event Master_Host: 172.32.1.200 Master_User: repl Master_Port: 3307 Connect_Retry: 60 <span style="color:#ff0000;"> Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000009 Read_Master_Log_Pos: 6531</span> Relay_Log_File: huobiDBtest-relay-bin.000002 Relay_Log_Pos: 6694 Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000009 Slave_IO_Running: Yes Slave_SQL_Running: Yes Replicate_Do_DB: Replicate_Ignore_DB: Replicate_Do_Table: Replicate_Ignore_Table: Replicate_Wild_Do_Table: Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table: Last_Errno: 0 Last_Error: Skip_Counter: 0 <span style="color:#ff0000;"> Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 6531</span> Relay_Log_Space: 6873 Until_Condition: None Until_Log_File: Until_Log_Pos: 0 Master_SSL_Allowed: No Master_SSL_CA_File: Master_SSL_CA_Path: Master_SSL_Cert: Master_SSL_Cipher: Master_SSL_Key: Seconds_Behind_Master: 0 Master_SSL_Verify_Server_Cert: No Last_IO_Errno: 0 Last_IO_Error: Last_SQL_Errno: 0 Last_SQL_Error: Replicate_Ignore_Server_Ids: Master_Server_Id: 2003307 Master_UUID: 6f68eea7-76e9-11e4-8f99-00221904cd5d Master_Info_File: /data/mysqldata/3308/data/master.info SQL_Delay: 0 SQL_Remaining_Delay: NULL Slave_SQL_Running_State: Slave has read all relay log; waiting for the slave I/O thread to update it Master_Retry_Count: 86400 Master_Bind: Last_IO_Error_Timestamp: Last_SQL_Error_Timestamp: Master_SSL_Crl: Master_SSL_Crlpath: Retrieved_Gtid_Set: Executed_Gtid_Set: Auto_Position: 0 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from data03.t01; +-----+------+------+ | id1 | a1 | b1 | +-----+------+------+ | 1 | 1 | 1 | | 2 | 12 | 2 | | 5 | 5 | 5 | | 6 | 6 | 6 | | 8 | 8 | 8 | +-----+------+------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
文章转载：https://blog.csdn.net/yumushui/article/details/41645469