列表类型内置方法
用来存多个元素，[]内用逗号隔开任意数据类型的元素
1. list()强制类型转换
print(list('name'))
['n', 'a', 'm', 'e']
2. 按索引取值：正向取值+反向取值，既可以存也可以取
hobby = ['run', 'read', 'fishing', 'singing','rap','travelling']
print(hobby[1]) # 取第二个元素
print(hobby[-1]) # 取最后一个元素
hobby[0] = 'swimming' # 改变列表中的元素
print(hobby)
read
travelling
['swimming', 'read', 'fishing', 'singing', 'rap', 'travelling']
3. 切片：正向切片+反向切片
hobby = ['run', 'read', 'fishing', 'singing','rap','travelling']
print(hobby[:3]) # 取前三个元素
print(hobby[-1:-4:-1]) # 取后三个值
['run', 'read', 'fishing']
['travelling', 'rap', 'singing']
4. 长度len：获取列表的长度
hobby = ['run', 'read', 'fishing', ['singing','rap','travelling']]
print(len(hobby))
4
5. 成员运算 in|not in：判断元素是否在列表内，返回布尔值True或者False
hobby = ['run', 'read', 'fishing', ['singing','rap','travelling']]
print('run' in hobby)
print('rap' in hobby) # 'rap'是hobby中某个元素的其中一个元素，不是hobby的元素，所以返回False
True
False
6.追加append(self, p_object):在列表的最后加入一个数据
hobby = ['run', 'read', 'fishing', ['singing','rap','travelling']]
hobby.append('hiking') # 在列表的最后添加
print(hobby)
['run', 'read', 'fishing', ['singing', 'rap', 'travelling'], 'hiking']
7. 删除del：删除列表
hobby = ['run', 'read', 'fishing', ['singing','rap','travelling']]
del hobby
8. 循环：将列表中的元素一个个取出来
hobby = ['run', 'read', 'fishing', ['singing','rap','travelling']]
for i in hobby:
print(i)
run
read
fishing
['singing', 'rap', 'travelling']
9. 插入元素insert(self, index, p_object):index是索引值，p_object是要插入的对象。在指定索引前插入一个值
hobby = ['run', 'read', 'fishing', ['singing','rap','travelling']]
hobby.insert(-1,'swimming') # 在指定位置-1的前面插入一个值
print(hobby)
['run', 'read', 'fishing', 'swimming', ['singing', 'rap', 'travelling']]
10.删除元素pop(self, index=None)：删除指定索引的值，不写默认删除最后一个值。返回被删除的值
hobby = ['run', 'read', 'fishing', ['singing','rap','travelling']]
print(hobby.pop()) # 删除最后一个值
print(hobby.pop(0)) # 删除第一个值
print(hobby)
['singing', 'rap', 'travelling']
run
['read', 'fishing']
11. 移除remove(self, value)：按指定元素删除对象，不存在时则报错
hobby = ['run', 'read', 'fishing', ['singing','rap','travelling']]
hobby.remove('run')
print(hobby)
hobby.remove('rap') # 报错：‘rap不在列表里’
['read', 'fishing', ['singing', 'rap', 'travelling']]
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ValueError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-21-61db1bc842bd> in <module>
2 hobby.remove('run')
3 print(hobby)
----> 4 hobby.remove('rap') # 报错：‘rap不在列表里’
ValueError: list.remove(x): x not in list
12.计数count(self, value)：获取指定元素在列表中出现的次数
hobby = ['run', 'read', 'run', ['singing','rap','travelling']]
print(hobby.count('run'))
2
13. 索引index(self, value, start=None, stop=None):获取指定元素的索引
hobby = ['run', 'read', 'run', ['singing','rap','travelling']]
print(hobby.index('read'))
1
14. 清空列表clear：清空列表里的元素,得到一个空列表
hobby = ['run', 'read', 'run', ['singing','rap','travelling']]
hobby.clear()
print(hobby)
[]
15. 复制copy:复制列表，不改变原列表
hobby = ['run', 'read', 'run', ['singing','rap','travelling']]
new_list = hobby.copy()
print(new_list)
print(hobby)
['run', 'read', 'run', ['singing', 'rap', 'travelling']]
['run', 'read', 'run', ['singing', 'rap', 'travelling']]
16.扩展extend(self, iterable)：iterable是可迭代对象，可以放列表，字符串
hobby = ['run', 'read', 'run', ['singing','rap','travelling']]
hobby.extend(['hiking','fishing']) # 将元素加到列表的后面
print(hobby)
['run', 'read', 'run', ['singing', 'rap', 'travelling'], 'hiking', 'fishing']
17. 反转reverse：将列表反转
hobby = ['run', 'read', 'run', ['singing','rap','travelling']]
hobby.reverse()
print(hobby)
[['singing', 'rap', 'travelling'], 'run', 'read', 'run']
18. 排序sort(self, key=None, reverse=False)：reverse为False时是默认按从小到大排序，不为False时是从大到小排序
hobby = ['run', 'read', 'fishing']
hobby.sort() # 默认从小到大排序
print(hobby)
hobby.sort(reverse=1) # 不为False时，从大到小排序
print(hobby)
['fishing', 'read', 'run']
['run', 'read', 'fishing']
注意：列表中必须是同类型元素，才能进行排序，否则会报错
hobby = ['run', 'read', 'run', 1]
hobby.sort()
print(hobby)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-46-10793fa985bf> in <module>
1 hobby = ['run', 'read', 'run', 1]
----> 2 hobby.sort()
3 print(hobby)
TypeError: '<' not supported between instances of 'int' and 'str'
元组类型内置方法
类似于列表，只不过元组只能取不能更改。在()内用逗号隔开任意数据类型的元素
1. 索引取值
tuple = ('a','b','c','b')
print(tuple[0]) # 打印元组的第一个元素
a
2. 切片
tuple = ('a','b','c','b')
print(tuple[0:3]) # 打印元组前三个元素
('a', 'b', 'c')
3. 长度len：获取元组的长度
tuple = ('a','b','c','b')
print(len(tuple))
4
4. 成员运算符 in|not in：判断数据是不是在元组内
tuple = ('a','b','c','b')
print('c' in tuple)
True
5. 循环：取元组的值
tuple = ('a','b','c','b')
for i in tuple:
print(i)
6. 计数count：获取指定元素在元组中的个数
tuple = ('a','b','c','b')
print(tuple.count('b'))
2
7. 索引值index：获取指定元素的索引值,当元素不存在时报错
tuple = ('a','b','c','b')
print(tuple.index('c')) # 返回元素的索引
print(tuple.index('d')) # 不存在时报错
2
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ValueError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-3-84596206fce9> in <module>
1 tuple = ('a','b','c','b')
2 print(tuple.index('c'))
----> 3 print(tuple.index('d'))
ValueError: tuple.index(x): x not in tuple
字典类型内置方法
当列表存很多值的时候，列表会显得很乱，所以有了字典。在{}内以逗号分隔开多个键值对key:value的值，key一般为字符串，因为key一般具有描述意义
1. 按键存取值，可存可取
info_dict = {'name':'nick','age':18,'height':'180cm','hobby':['read','run','fishing']}
print(info_dict['name']) # 通过key取值
info_dict['weight'] = 140 # 通过key存值
print(info_dict)
nick
{'name': 'nick', 'age': 18, 'height': '180cm', 'hobby': ['read', 'run', 'fishing'], 'weight': 140}
2. 长度len：获取字典的长度
info_dict = {'name':'nick','age':18,'height':'180cm','hobby':['read','run','fishing']}
print(len(info_dict))
4
3. 成员运算符 in|not in：判断字符是否在字典的key中，判断的是key值
info_dict = {'name':'nick','age':18,'height':'180cm','hobby':['read','run','fishing']}
print('name' in info_dict) # 'name'在字典的key
print('nick' in info_dict) # 'nick'不在字典中
True
False
4. 删除del：删除字典
info_dict = {'name':'nick','age':18,'height':'180cm','hobby':['read','run','fishing']}
del info_dict
5. 取键keys：获取字典的键;取值values：获取字典的值；取键值对items：获取字典的键值对
info_dict = {'name':'nick','age':18,'height':'180cm','hobby':['read','run','fishing']}
print(info_dict.keys())
print(info_dict.values())
print(info_dict.items())
dict_keys(['name', 'age', 'height', 'hobby'])
dict_values(['nick', 18, '180cm', ['read', 'run', 'fishing']])
dict_items([('name', 'nick'), ('age', 18), ('height', '180cm'), ('hobby', ['read', 'run', 'fishing'])])
6. 循环：
info_dict = {'name':'nick','age':18,'height':'180cm','hobby':['read','run','fishing']}
for key in info_dict.keys():
print(key)
for value in info_dict.values():
print(value)
for k,v in info_dict.items():
print(k,v)
name
age
height
hobby
nick
18
180cm
['read', 'run', 'fishing']
name nick
age 18
height 180cm
hobby ['read', 'run', 'fishing']
7. get(self, k, d=None)：获取指定键的值，如果key不存在，返回None，也可以指定返回值，不会报错。
info_dict = {'name':'nick','age':18,'height':'180cm','hobby':['read','run','fishing']}
print(info_dict.get('name')) # 获取'name'的值
print(info_dict.get('weight','140')) # 当指定的key不存在时，返回指定的值
nick
140
**8. update(self, E=None, F)：有就更新，没有就添加
info_dict = {'name':'nick','age':18,'height':'180cm','hobby':['read','run','fishing']}
new = {'name':'Jim','weight':'140'}
info_dict.update(new) # 当new里的键在info_dict中，有new所对应的值替换info_dict的值；键不存在时就添加到info_dict中去
print(info_dict)
{'name': 'Jim', 'age': 18, 'height': '180cm', 'hobby': ['read', 'run', 'fishing'], 'weight': '140'}
9. fromkeys:默认把给定的列表内的元素取出来当成key，然后使用一个默认的value新建一个字典
dic = dict.fromkeys([1,2,3],None) # 将列表中的元素当key，第二个元素当value，新建一个字典
print(dic)
{1: None, 2: None, 3: None}
10. setdefault(self, k, d=None):如果字典中有该key的话，则key对应的值不变，没有则增加d
info_dict = {'name':'nick','age':18,'height':'180cm','hobby':['read','run','fishing']}
print(info_dict.setdefault('name')) # 'name'在info_dict中，返回'name'的值
print(info_dict.setdefault('weight','140')) # 'weight'不在info_dict中，返回指定值，同时将该键值对增加到字典中
print(info_dict)
nick
140
{'name': 'nick', 'age': 18, 'height': '180cm', 'hobby': ['read', 'run', 'fishing'], 'weight': '140'}
11. 清除clear():清空字典
info_dict = {'name':'nick','age':18,'height':'180cm','hobby':['read','run','fishing']}
info_dict.clear()
print(info_dict)
{}
12. copy复制:不改变原字典
info_dict = {'name':'nick','age':18,'height':'180cm','hobby':['read','run','fishing']}
print(info_dict.copy())
print(info_dict)
{'name': 'nick', 'age': 18, 'height': '180cm', 'hobby': ['read', 'run', 'fishing']}
{'name': 'nick', 'age': 18, 'height': '180cm', 'hobby': ['read', 'run', 'fishing']}
13. pop(self, k, d=None)：删除指定的键并返回相应的值。如果没有找到key，则返回d，否则将引发KeyError
info_dict = {'name':'nick','age':18,'height':'180cm','hobby':['read','run','fishing']}
print(info_dict.pop('hobby'))
print(info_dict.pop('weight',None))
['read', 'run', 'fishing']
None
14. popitem(self):删除并返回(key, value)对作元组;但如果D为空，则引发KeyError
info_dict = {'name':'nick','age':18,'height':'180cm'}
print(info_dict.popitem()) # 删除了键值对‘height’:'180cm',并将其作为元组返回
print(info_dict)
('height', '180cm')
{'name': 'nick', 'age': 18}
集合类型内置方法
集合用来存储多个值，在{}内以逗号分隔开多个元素，这个元素必须是不可变类型。
注意:用set()来定义一个空集合
1. 去重：在去重的同时，打乱了列表元素原有的顺序
l = [7,1,2,1,3,2,4,5,1]
print(set(l))
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7}
2. 长度len：获取集合的长度
set = {'a','f','h','e'}
print(len(set))
4
3.成员运算 in|not in:判断字符是否在集合内
set = {'a','f','h','e'}
print('f' in set)
True
4.并集union 或符号“|”
set1 = {'a','f','h','e'}
set2 = {'a','g','i','e'}
print(set1.union(set2)) #在set1中或者在set2中的字符集合
print(set1|set2)
{'e', 'h', 'a', 'g', 'f', 'i'}
{'e', 'h', 'a', 'g', 'f', 'i'}
5.交集intersection 或符号“&”
set1 = {'a','f','h','e'}
set2 = {'a','g','i','e'}
print(set1.intersection(set2)) # 在set1中又在set2中的字符集合
print(set1&set2)
{'e', 'a'}
{'e', 'a'}
5.差集difference 或符号“-”
set1 = {'a','f','h','e'}
set2 = {'a','g','i','e'}
print(set1.difference(set2)) # 在set1中、不在set2中的字符集合
print(set1-set2)
{'h', 'f'}
{'h', 'f'}
6.对称差集symmetric_difference 或符号“^”
set1 = {'a','f','h','e'}
set2 = {'a','g','i','e'}
print(set1.symmetric_difference(set2)) # 就是并集减去交集，不同时在set1、set2的字符集合
print(set1^set2)
{'h', 'g', 'f', 'i'}
{'h', 'g', 'f', 'i'}
7.父集issuperset 或符号">/>="
set1 = {'a','f','h','e'}
set2 = {'a','e'}
print(set1.issuperset(set2)) # 就是set1是否包含set2中所有的字符
print(set1>set2)
print(set1>=set2)
True
True
8.子集issubset 或符号"</<="
set1 = {'a','e'}
set2 = {'a','f','h','e'}
print(set1.issubset(set2)) # 就是set1中所有的字符是否全在set2中
print(set1 < set2)
print(set1 <= set2)
True
True
True
9.是否相等"=="
set1 = {'a','e'}
set2 = {'a','e'}
print(set1 == set2) # 两集合是否相等
True
10.添加元素add
set = {'a','e'}
set.add('f')
print(set)
{'e', 'f', 'a'}
11.移除元素remove：元素不存时则报错
set = {'a','e'}
set.remove('a')
print(set)
{'e'}
12.difference_update：删除另一集合中有的元素
set1 = {'a','e'}
set2 = {'a','f','h','e'}
set2.difference_update(set1) # 删除set2中在set1中存在的元素
print(set2)
{'h', 'f'}
13.discard：删除元素，元素不存在时不报错
set1 = {'a','e'}
set1.discard('a')
print(set1)
{'e'}
14.isdisjoint:判断两交集是否为空，为空返回True，不为空返回False
set1 = {'a','e'}
set2 = {'f','h'}
print(set1.isdisjoint(set2))
True