一、docker介绍
容器:一种将运行环境与app打包的技术;解决了开发与运维之间的矛盾,是DevOPS最佳解决方案;可运行在多种主流OS上,共享同一个OS内核,实现应用间的隔离;

Docker是一个容器的开源软件项目,使用namespace,cgroup,union filesystem等技术实现进程的视图及资源隔离。
Docker 包括三个基本概念:
- 镜像(Image):Docker 镜像(Image),就相当于是一个 root 文件系统。比如官方镜像 ubuntu:16.04 就包含了完整的一套 Ubuntu16.04 最小系统的 root 文件系统。
- 容器(Container):镜像(Image)和容器(Container)的关系,就像是面向对象程序设计中的类和实例一样,镜像是静态的定义,容器是镜像运行时的实体。容器可以被创建、启动、停止、删除、暂停等。
- 仓库(Repository):仓库可看成一个代码控制中心,用来保存镜像。
Docker 使用客户端-服务器 (C/S) 架构模式,使用远程API来管理和创建Docker容器。

在Docker旧版本中,Docker引擎核心组件有:LXC(Linux Container)和 Docker daemon。Docker daemon 是单一的二进制文件,包含诸如 Docker 客户端、Docker API、容器运行时、镜像构建等。LXC 提供了对诸如命名空间(Namespace)和控制组(CGroup)等基础工具的操作能力,它们是基于Linux内核的容器虚拟化技术。

在 Docker 0.9 版本中,Libcontainer 取代 LXC 成为默认的执行驱动。后来,开始努力着手拆解这个大而全的 Docker daemon 进程,并将其模块化。目前, Docker引擎主要组件:
Docker客户端(Docker Client):用户与docker守护进程交互的接口。
Docker守护进程(Docker daemon):接受客户端指令并协调docker组件工作。
containerd:它的主要任务是容器的生命周期管理——start | stop | pause | rm....;
runc:是实现无 daemon 的容器(用于将运行中的容器与 daemon 解耦,以便进行 daemon 升级等操作)不可或缺的工具。实质是一个轻量级的、针对 Libcontainer 进行了包装的命令行交互工具(Libcontainer 取代了早期 Docker 架构中的 LXC)。
它们共同负责容器的创建和运行。


二、docker底层技术
namespaces:进行应用隔离,如:pid、net、mpt、ipc、uts;
ctrolgroups:限制容器使用的资源;
union filesystems:容器与镜像的分层文件系统;
三、docker命令
docker命令类别:管理命令、普通命令;
Usage: docker [OPTIONS] COMMAND
A self-sufficient runtime for containers
Options:
--config string Location of client config files (default "/root/.docker")
-c, --context string Name of the context to use to connect to the daemon (overrides DOCKER_HOST env var and default context set with "docker context use")
-D, --debug Enable debug mode
-H, --host list Daemon socket(s) to connect to
-l, --log-level string Set the logging level ("debug"|"info"|"warn"|"error"|"fatal") (default "info")
--tls Use TLS; implied by --tlsverify
--tlscacert string Trust certs signed only by this CA (default "/root/.docker/ca.pem")
--tlscert string Path to TLS certificate file (default "/root/.docker/cert.pem")
--tlskey string Path to TLS key file (default "/root/.docker/key.pem")
--tlsverify Use TLS and verify the remote
-v, --version Print version information and quit
Management Commands:
builder Manage builds
config Manage Docker configs
container Manage containers
context Manage contexts
engine Manage the docker engine
image Manage images
network Manage networks
node Manage Swarm nodes
plugin Manage plugins
secret Manage Docker secrets
service Manage services
stack Manage Docker stacks
swarm Manage Swarm
system Manage Docker
trust Manage trust on Docker images
volume Manage volumes
Commands:
attach Attach local standard input, output, and error streams to a running container
build Build an image from a Dockerfile
commit Create a new image from a container's changes
cp Copy files/folders between a container and the local filesystem
create Create a new container
diff Inspect changes to files or directories on a container's filesystem
events Get real time events from the server
exec Run a command in a running container
export Export a container's filesystem as a tar archive
history Show the history of an image
images List images
import Import the contents from a tarball to create a filesystem image
info Display system-wide information
inspect Return low-level information on Docker objects
kill Kill one or more running containers
load Load an image from a tar archive or STDIN
login Log in to a Docker registry
logout Log out from a Docker registry
logs Fetch the logs of a container
pause Pause all processes within one or more containers
port List port mappings or a specific mapping for the container
ps List containers
pull Pull an image or a repository from a registry
push Push an image or a repository to a registry
rename Rename a container
restart Restart one or more containers
rm Remove one or more containers
rmi Remove one or more images
run Run a command in a new container
save Save one or more images to a tar archive (streamed to STDOUT by default)
search Search the Docker Hub for images
start Start one or more stopped containers
stats Display a live stream of container(s) resource usage statistics
stop Stop one or more running containers
tag Create a tag TARGET_IMAGE that refers to SOURCE_IMAGE
top Display the running processes of a container
unpause Unpause all processes within one or more containers
update Update configuration of one or more containers
version Show the Docker version information
wait Block until one or more containers stop, then print their exit codes