python基础（二）- 字符串

一、运算符

1、结果是值：

算术运算

赋值运算

2、结果是布尔值：

比较运算：>   <   ==    >=   <=  !=  <>

逻辑运算：and  or  not

成员运算：in

身份运算：用于比较连个对象的存储单元(内存地址)，

　　is      判断两个标识符是否引用自一个对象，如果相同则为True ==>  id(a) == id(b)

　　

a = "abc"
b = "abc"
a is b  ==> True

a=12
b=12
a is b ==> True

==============

a = [1,2,3]
b = [1,2,3]
a is b ==> False

#逻辑运算

#没有括号 按照顺序从左往右运算
#and运算 左右为真结果才为真；左面为真，结果取决于右面，最终结果取右面值；
# or 运算 左右一个值为真结果为真；左面为真，结果就为真，值取左值即可；左面为假，不管右面值真假，都取右面值

# 混合运算 and优先 

位运算：二进制

二、基本数据类型

1、数字   int

- int
#将字符串转换为数字
a = "123"
print(type(a),a)

b = int(a)
print(type(b),b)

num = "0011"
v = int(num, base=16)
print(v)

- bit_lenght
# 当前数字的二进制位数，至少用n位表示
r = age.bit_length()

2、字符串  str

方法：

# test = "aLex"
# 首字母大写
# v = test.capitalize()
# print(v)

# 所有变小写，casefold更牛逼，很多未知的对相应变小写
# v1 = test.casefold()
# print(v1)
# v2 = test.lower()
# print(v2)

# 设置宽度，并将内容居中
# 20 代指总长度
# * 空白未知填充，一个字符，可有可无
# v = test.center(20,"中")
# print(v)

# 去字符串中寻找，寻找子序列的出现次数
# test = "aLexalexr"
# v = test.count('ex')
# print(v)

# test = "aLexalexr"
# v = test.count('ex',5,6)
# print(v)

# 以什么什么结尾
# 以什么什么开始
# test = "alex"
# v = test.endswith('ex')
# v = test.startswith('ex')
# print(v)

# 从开始往后找，找到第一个之后，获取其未知
# > 或 >=
# test = "alexalex"
# 未找到 -1
# v = test.find('ex')
# print(v)

# index找不到，报错 忽略
# test = "alexalex"
# v = test.index('8')
# print(v)

def split(self, sep=None, maxsplit=-1): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
    S.split(sep=None, maxsplit=-1) -> list of strings
    sep为分割标记，maxsplit为分割次数，结果为列表，不包含分割符       
        
print('abcaac'.split('c',1))  
['ab', 'aac']

print('abcaac'.split('d',1))
#['abcaac']

-------------------------

def partition(self, sep): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        以sep为分割，将S分成head,sep,tail三部分

        S.partition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail)

        Search for the separator sep in S, and return the part before it,
        the separator itself, and the part after it.  If the separator is not
        found, return S and two empty strings.
       没找到分割符，返回两个空字符串    
        """
        pass

print('abcaac'.partition('a'))
# ('', 'a', 'bcaac')
print('abcaac'.partition('d'))
# ('abcaac', '', '')

        格式化输出
       
        形式一.
        >>> print('{0}{1}{0}'.format('a','b'))
        aba

        形式二：（必须一一对应）
        >>> print('{}{}{}'.format('a','b'))
        Traceback (most recent call last):
          File "<input>", line 1, in <module>
        IndexError: tuple index out of range
        >>> print('{}{}'.format('a','b'))
        ab

        形式三：
        >>> print('{name}--{age}'.format(age=12,name='lhf'))
        lhf--12

        S.format(*args, **kwargs) -> str

def replace(self, old, new, count=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.replace(old, new[, count]) -> str

        Return a copy of S with all occurrences of substring
        old replaced by new.  If the optional argument count is
        given, only the first count occurrences are replaced.
        """
        return ""

print('aaaaa'.replace('a','1',2))
#11aaa

def join(self, iterable): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        S.join(iterable) -> str

        Return a string which is the concatenation of the strings in the
        iterable.  The separator between elements is S.
        """
        return ""

        #对序列进行操作（分别使用' '与':'作为分隔符）
        >>> seq1 = ['hello','good','boy','doiido']
        >>> print ' '.join(seq1)
        hello good boy doiido
        >>> print ':'.join(seq1)
        hello:good:boy:doiido


        #对字符串进行操作

        >>> seq2 = "hello good boy doiido"
        >>> print ':'.join(seq2)
        h:e:l:l:o: :g:o:o:d: :b:o:y: :d:o:i:i:d:o


        #对元组进行操作

        >>> seq3 = ('hello','good','boy','doiido')
        >>> print ':'.join(seq3)
        hello:good:boy:doiido


        #对字典进行操作

        >>> seq4 = {'hello':1,'good':2,'boy':3,'doiido':4}
        >>> print ':'.join(seq4)
        boy:good:doiido:hello

num = "1"  #unicode
num.isdigit()   # True
num.isdecimal() # True
num.isnumeric() # True

num = "1" # 全角
num.isdigit()   # True
num.isdecimal() # True
num.isnumeric() # True

num = b"1" # byte
num.isdigit()   # True
num.isdecimal() # AttributeError 'bytes' object has no attribute 'isdecimal'
num.isnumeric() # AttributeError 'bytes' object has no attribute 'isnumeric'

num = "IV" # 罗马数字
num.isdigit()   # True
num.isdecimal() # False
num.isnumeric() # True

num = "四" # 汉字
num.isdigit()   # False
num.isdecimal() # False
num.isnumeric() # True

===================
isdigit()
True: Unicode数字，byte数字（单字节），全角数字（双字节），罗马数字
False: 汉字数字
Error: 无

isdecimal()
True: Unicode数字，，全角数字（双字节）
False: 罗马数字，汉字数字
Error: byte数字（单字节）

isnumeric()
True: Unicode数字，全角数字（双字节），罗马数字，汉字数字
False: 无
Error: byte数字（单字节）

================
import unicodedata

unicodedata.digit("2")   # 2
unicodedata.decimal("2") # 2
unicodedata.numeric("2") # 2.0

unicodedata.digit("2")   # 2
unicodedata.decimal("2") # 2
unicodedata.numeric("2") # 2.0

unicodedata.digit(b"3")   # TypeError: must be str, not bytes
unicodedata.decimal(b"3") # TypeError: must be str, not bytes
unicodedata.numeric(b"3") # TypeError: must be str, not bytes

unicodedata.digit("Ⅷ")   # ValueError: not a digit
unicodedata.decimal("Ⅷ") # ValueError: not a decimal
unicodedata.numeric("Ⅷ") # 8.0

unicodedata.digit("四")   # ValueError: not a digit
unicodedata.decimal("四") # ValueError: not a decimal
unicodedata.numeric("四") # 4.0

#"〇","零","一","壱","二","弐","三","参","四","五","六","七","八","九","十","廿","卅","卌","百","千","万","万","亿"

python中str函数isdigit、isdecimal、isnumeric的区别

# 格式化，将一个字符串中的占位符替换为指定的值
# test = 'i am {name}, age {a}'
# print(test)
# v = test.format(name='alex',a=19)
# print(v)

# test = 'i am {0}, age {1}'
# print(test)
# v = test.format('alex',19)
# print(v)

# 格式化，传入的值 {"name": 'alex', "a": 19}
# test = 'i am {name}, age {a}'
# v1 = test.format(name='df',a=10)
# v2 = test.format_map({"name": 'alex', "a": 19})

# 字符串中是否只包含 字母和数字
# test = "123"
# v = test.isalnum()
# print(v)