async /await相关知识理解

用asyncio提供的@asyncio.coroutine可以把一个generator标记为coroutine类型，然后在coroutine内部用yield from调用另一个coroutine实现异步操作。

为了简化并更好地标识异步IO，从Python 3.5开始引入了新的语法async和await，可以让coroutine的代码更简洁易读。

请注意，async和await是针对coroutine的新语法，要使用新的语法，只需要做两步简单的替换：

　　

1. 把@asyncio.coroutine替换为async；
2. 把yield from替换为await。
   
   
   

实例1：

@asyncio.coroutine把一个generator标记为coroutine类型，然后，我们就把这个coroutine扔到EventLoop中执行。

hello()会首先打印出Hello world!，然后，yield from语法可以让我们方便地调用另一个generator。由于asyncio.sleep()也是一个coroutine，所以线程不会等待asyncio.sleep()，而是直接中断并执行下一个消息循环。当asyncio.sleep()返回时，线程就可以从yield from拿到返回值（此处是None），然后接着执行下一行语句。

把asyncio.sleep(1)看成是一个耗时1秒的IO操作，在此期间，主线程并未等待，而是去执行EventLoop中其他可以执行的coroutine了，因此可以实现并发执行。

我们用Task封装两个coroutine试试：

用asyncio的异步网络连接来获取sina、sohu和163的网站首页：

import asyncio

@asyncio.coroutine
def wget(host):
    print('wget %s...' % host)
    connect = asyncio.open_connection(host, 80)
    reader, writer = yield from connect
    header = 'GET / HTTP/1.0
Host: %s

' % host
    writer.write(header.encode('utf-8'))
    yield from writer.drain()
    while True:
        line = yield from reader.readline()
        if line == b'
':
            break
        print('%s header > %s' % (host, line.decode('utf-8').rstrip()))
    # Ignore the body, close the socket
    writer.close()

loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
tasks = [wget(host) for host in ['www.sina.com.cn', 'www.sohu.com', 'www.163.com']]
loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.wait(tasks))
loop.close()

result:

wget www.sohu.com...
wget www.sina.com.cn...
wget www.163.com...
(等待一段时间)
(打印出sohu的header)
www.sohu.com header > HTTP/1.1 200 OK
www.sohu.com header > Content-Type: text/html
...
(打印出sina的header)
www.sina.com.cn header > HTTP/1.1 200 OK
www.sina.com.cn header > Date: Wed, 20 May 2015 04:56:33 GMT
...
(打印出163的header)
www.163.com header > HTTP/1.0 302 Moved Temporarily
www.163.com header > Server: Cdn Cache Server V2.0
...

可见3个连接由一个线程通过coroutine并发完成。

小结

asyncio提供了完善的异步IO支持；

异步操作需要在coroutine中通过yield from完成；

多个coroutine可以封装成一组Task然后并发执行。

实例2:async

import asyncio
import time

start = time.time()


def tic():
    return 'at %1.1f seconds' % (time.time() - start)


async def gr1():
    # Busy waits for a second, but we don't want to stick around...
    print('gr1 started work: {}'.format(tic()))
    # 暂停两秒，但不阻塞时间循环，下同
    await asyncio.sleep(2)
    print('gr1 ended work: {}'.format(tic()))


async def gr2():
    # Busy waits for a second, but we don't want to stick around...
    print('gr2 started work: {}'.format(tic()))
    await asyncio.sleep(2)
    print('gr2 Ended work: {}'.format(tic()))


async def gr3():
    print("Let's do some stuff while the coroutines are blocked, {}".format(tic()))
    await asyncio.sleep(1)
    print("Done!")

# 事件循环
ioloop = asyncio.get_event_loop()

# tasks中也可以使用asyncio.ensure_future(gr1())..
tasks = [
    ioloop.create_task(gr1()),
    ioloop.create_task(gr2()),
    ioloop.create_task(gr3())
]
ioloop.run_until_complete(asyncio.wait(tasks))
ioloop.close()


output：
    gr1 started work: at 0.0 seconds
    gr2 started work: at 0.0 seconds
    Let's do some stuff while the coroutines are blocked, at 0.0 seconds
    Done!
    gr2 Ended work: at 2.0 seconds
    gr1 ended work: at 2.0 seconds