%iowait和CPU使用率的正确认知

 resources

• 理解 %IOWAIT (%WIO)
• LINUX系统的CPU使用率和LOAD
• Linux Performance Observability Tools
• How Linux CPU Usage Time and Percentage is calculated
• Linux进程状态

man (on RHEL 7)

# man mpstat
%usr
       Show the percentage of CPU utilization that occurred while executing at the user level (application).
%nice
       Show the percentage of CPU utilization that occurred while executing at the user level with nice priority.
%sys
       Show the percentage of CPU utilization that occurred while executing at the system level (kernel).Note that this does not include time spent servicing hardware and software interrupts.

%iowait
       Show the percentage of time that the CPU or CPUs were idle during which the system had an outstanding disk I/O request.
%irq
       Show the percentage of time spent by the CPU or CPUs to service hardware interrupts.
%soft
       Show the percentage of time spent by the CPU or CPUs to service software interrupts.
%steal
       Show the percentage of time spent in involuntary wait by the virtual CPU or CPUs while the hypervisor was servicing another virtual  processor.
%guest
       Show the percentage of time spent by the CPU or CPUs to run a virtual processor.
%gnice
       Show the percentage of time spent by the CPU or CPUs to run a niced guest.
%idle
       Show the percentage of time that the CPU or CPUs were idle and the system did not have an outstanding disk I/O request.

# man top
us, user : time running un-niced user processes
sy, system : time running kernel processes
ni, nice : time running niced user processes
id, idle : time spent in the kernel idle handler
wa, IO-wait : time waiting for I/O completion
hi : time spent servicing hardware interrupts
si : time spent servicing software interrupts
st : time stolen from this vm by the hypervisor

TIPS

• CPU Usage Time and Percentage

参考 mpstat 手册，%usr + %nice + %sys + %iwoait + %irq + %soft + %steal + %guest + %gnice + %idle = 100%

%steal一般是在虚拟机中才能看到数值，比如CPU overcommitment很严重的VPS，而%guest和%nice一般都很低,
所以也可以根据/proc/stat或者top可得，user + nice + system + idle + iowait + irq + softirq + steal = 100

To calculate Linux CPU usage time subtract the idle CPU time from the total CPU time as follows:
Total CPU time since boot       = user + nice + system + idle + iowait + irq + softirq + steal
Total CPU Idle time since boot  = idle + iowait
Total CPU usage time since boot = (Total CPU time since boot) - (Total CPU Idle time since boot)
Total CPU percentage            = (Total CPU usage time since boot)/(Total CPU time since boot X 100)

• Linux进程状态

运行状态（TASK_RUNNING）：
　　是运行态和就绪态的合并，表示进程正在运行或准备运行，Linux 中使用TASK_RUNNING 宏表示此状态
可中断睡眠状态（浅度睡眠）（TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE）：
　　进程正在睡眠（被阻塞），等待资源到来是唤醒，也可以通过其他进程信号或时钟中断唤醒，进入运行队列。Linux 使用TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE 宏表示此状态。
不可中断睡眠状态（深度睡眠状态）（TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE）：
　　其和浅度睡眠基本类似，但有一点就是不可被其他进程信号或时钟中断唤醒。Linux 使用TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE 宏表示此状态。
暂停状态（TASK_STOPPED）：
　　进程暂停执行接受某种处理。如正在接受调试的进程处于这种状态，Linux 使用TASK_STOPPED 宏表示此状态。
僵死状态（TASK_ZOMBIE）：
　　进程已经结束但未释放PCB，Linux 使用TASK_ZOMBIE 宏表示此状态

• %iowait 的正确认知

%iowait 表示在一个采样周期内有百分之几的时间属于以下情况：CPU空闲、并且有仍未完成的I/O请求。

对 %iowait 常见的误解有两个：
　　一是误以为 %iowait 表示CPU不能工作的时间，
　　二是误以为 %iowait 表示I/O有瓶颈。

首先 %iowait 升高并不能证明等待I/O的进程数量增多了，也不能证明等待I/O的总时间增加了。
　　例如，在CPU繁忙期间发生的I/O，无论IO是多还是少，%iowait都不会变；当CPU繁忙程度下降时，有一部分IO落入CPU空闲时间段内，导致%iowait升高。
　　再比如，IO的并发度低，%iowait就高；IO的并发度高，%iowait可能就比较低。

可见%iowait是一个非常模糊的指标，如果看到 %iowait 升高，还需检查I/O量有没有明显增加，avserv/avwait/avque等指标有没有明显增大，应用有没有感觉变慢，如果都没有，就没什么好担心的。

• 查看CPU使用率，推荐如下Linux命令：

# top
# sar -u 1 5
# vmstat -n 1 5
# mpstat -P ALL 1 5

• 查看Load的值，推荐如下Linux命令：

# top
# uptime
# sar -q 1 5