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  • Java多线程系列- DelayQueue延时队列

    我们在开发中,有如下场景

    a) 关闭空闲连接。服务器中,有很多客户端的连接,空闲一段时间之后需要关闭之。
    b) 缓存。缓存中的对象,超过了空闲时间,需要从缓存中移出。
    c) 任务超时处理。在网络协议滑动窗口请求应答式交互时,处理超时未响应的请求。

    一种笨笨的办法就是,使用一个后台线程,遍历所有对象,挨个检查。这种笨笨的办法简单好用,但是对象数量过多时,可能存在性能问题,检查间隔时间不好设置,间隔时间过大,影响精确度,多小则存在效率问题。而且做不到按超时的时间顺序处理。

    这场景,使用DelayQueue最适合了。

    DelayQueue是java.util.concurrent中提供的一个很有意思的类。很巧妙,非常棒!但是java doc和Java SE 5.0的source中都没有提供Sample。我最初在阅读ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor源码时,发现DelayQueue的妙用。随后在实际工作中,应用在session超时管理,网络应答通讯协议的请求超时处理。

    本文将会对DelayQueue做一个介绍,然后列举应用场景。并且提供一个Delayed接口的实现和Sample代码。

    DelayQueue是一个BlockingQueue,其特化的参数是Delayed。(不了解BlockingQueue的同学,先去了解BlockingQueue再看本文)
    Delayed扩展了Comparable接口,比较的基准为延时的时间值,Delayed接口的实现类getDelay的返回值应为固定值(final)。DelayQueue内部是使用PriorityQueue实现的。

    DelayQueue = BlockingQueue + PriorityQueue + Delayed

    DelayQueue的关键元素BlockingQueue、PriorityQueue、Delayed。可以这么说,DelayQueue是一个使用优先队列(PriorityQueue)实现的BlockingQueue,优先队列的比较基准值是时间。

    他们的基本定义如下

    public interface Comparable<T> {
        public int compareTo(T o);
    }
    public interface Delayed extends Comparable<Delayed> {
        long getDelay(TimeUnit unit);
    }
    public class DelayQueue<E extends Delayed> implements BlockingQueue<E> { 
        private final PriorityQueue<E> q = new PriorityQueue<E>();
    }

    DelayQueue内部的实现使用了一个优先队列PriorityQueue。当调用DelayQueue的offer方法时,把Delayed对象加入到优先队列q PriorityQueue中。如下:

    public boolean offer(E e) {
        final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
        lock.lock();
        try {
            E first = q.peek();
            q.offer(e);
            if (first == null || e.compareTo(first) < 0)
                available.signalAll();
            return true;
        } finally {
            lock.unlock();
        }
    }

    DelayQueue的take方法,把优先队列q的first拿出来(peek),如果没有达到延时阀值,则进行await处理。如下:

    public E take() throws InterruptedException {
        final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
        lock.lockInterruptibly();
        try {
            for (;;) {
                E first = q.peek();
                if (first == null) {
                    available.await();
                } else {
                    long delay =  first.getDelay(TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS);
                    if (delay > 0) {
                        long tl = available.awaitNanos(delay);
                    } else {
                        E x = q.poll();
                        assert x != null;
                        if (q.size() != 0)
                            available.signalAll(); // wake up other takers
                        return x;
    
                    }
                }
            }
        } finally {
            lock.unlock();
        }
    }

    --------------
    以下是Delayed的实现

    import java.util.concurrent.Delayed;
    import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
    import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong;
    
    public class DelayItem<T> implements Delayed {
        /** Base of nanosecond timings, to avoid wrapping */
        private static final long NANO_ORIGIN = System.nanoTime();
    
        /**
         * Returns nanosecond time offset by origin
         */
        final static long now() {
            return System.nanoTime() - NANO_ORIGIN;
        }
    
        /**
         * Sequence number to break scheduling ties, and in turn to guarantee FIFO order among tied
         * entries.
         */
        private static final AtomicLong sequencer = new AtomicLong(0);
    
        /** Sequence number to break ties FIFO */
        private final long sequenceNumber;
    
        /** The time the task is enabled to execute in nanoTime units */
        private final long time;
    
        private final T item;
    
        public DelayItem(T submit, long timeout) {
            this.time = now() + timeout;
            this.item = submit;
            this.sequenceNumber = sequencer.getAndIncrement();
        }
    
        public T getItem() {
            return this.item;
        }
    
        public long getDelay(TimeUnit unit) {
            long d = unit.convert(time - now(), TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS);
            return d;
        }
    
        public int compareTo(Delayed other) {
            if (other == this) // compare zero ONLY if same object
                return 0;
            if (other instanceof DelayItem) {
                DelayItem x = (DelayItem) other;
                long diff = time - x.time;
                if (diff < 0)
                    return -1;
                else if (diff > 0)
                    return 1;
                else if (sequenceNumber < x.sequenceNumber)
                    return -1;
                else
                    return 1;
            }
            long d = (getDelay(TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS) - other.getDelay(TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS));
            return (d == 0) ? 0 : ((d < 0) ? -1 : 1);
        }
    }

    以下是Cache的实现,包括了put和get方法,还包括了可执行的main函数。

    import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
    import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentMap;
    import java.util.concurrent.DelayQueue;
    import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
    import java.util.logging.Level;
    import java.util.logging.Logger;
    
    public class Cache<K, V> {
        private static final Logger LOG = Logger.getLogger(Cache.class.getName());
    
        private ConcurrentMap<K, V> cacheObjMap = new ConcurrentHashMap<K, V>();
    
        private DelayQueue<DelayItem<Pair<K, V>>> q = new DelayQueue<DelayItem<Pair<K, V>>>();
    
        private Thread daemonThread;
    
        public Cache() {
    
            Runnable daemonTask = new Runnable() {
                public void run() {
                    daemonCheck();
                }
            };
    
            daemonThread = new Thread(daemonTask);
            daemonThread.setDaemon(true);
            daemonThread.setName("Cache Daemon");
            daemonThread.start();
        }
    
        private void daemonCheck() {
    
            if (LOG.isLoggable(Level.INFO))
                LOG.info("cache service started.");
    
            for (;;) {
                try {
                    DelayItem<Pair<K, V>> delayItem = q.take();
                    if (delayItem != null) {
                        // 超时对象处理
                        Pair<K, V> pair = delayItem.getItem();
                        cacheObjMap.remove(pair.first, pair.second); // compare and remove
                    }
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    if (LOG.isLoggable(Level.SEVERE))
                        LOG.log(Level.SEVERE, e.getMessage(), e);
                    break;
                }
            }
    
            if (LOG.isLoggable(Level.INFO))
                LOG.info("cache service stopped.");
        }
    
        // 添加缓存对象
        public void put(K key, V value, long time, TimeUnit unit) {
            V oldValue = cacheObjMap.put(key, value);
            if (oldValue != null)
                q.remove(key);
    
            long nanoTime = TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS.convert(time, unit);
            q.put(new DelayItem<Pair<K, V>>(new Pair<K, V>(key, value), nanoTime));
        }
    
        public V get(K key) {
            return cacheObjMap.get(key);
        }
    
        // 测试入口函数
        public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
            Cache<Integer, String> cache = new Cache<Integer, String>();
            cache.put(1, "aaaa", 3, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
    
            Thread.sleep(1000 * 2);
            {
                String str = cache.get(1);
                System.out.println(str);
            }
    
            Thread.sleep(1000 * 2);
            {
                String str = cache.get(1);
                System.out.println(str);
            }
        }
    }

    运行Sample,main函数执行的结果是输出两行,第一行为aaa,第二行为null。

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/fengjian/p/5169003.html
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