试想一下，如果你的JSP页面中包含一句代码“System.exit(1);”，你的web应用访问到该JSP时，会发生什么？ 一般使用tomcat可能都没有注意到这个问题，本篇主要讲述tomcat 6中SecurityManager的管理机制，尽量使用简单明了的图片表示其中关系。 其他知识参考tomcat文档翻译。如有错误，请予指正。 理解java.policy Java是一门安全性很高的语言，因此也会考虑到用户代码对整个系统的侵入性。试想一下，如果你引用了一个jar包，里面包含了依据system.exit()，每次执行到这里都直接退出，会不会很蛋疼！ Java开发者肯定想过如此的问题，所以引入了java安全策略机制，利用一个配置文件来管理所有的代码权限。 JDK中就有这样的文件，就是 jre/lib/security/java.policy ，参考下该文件,就能理解其中的关系： 复制代码 // default permissions granted to all domains grant { // Allows any thread to stop itself using the java.lang.Thread.stop() // method that takes no argument. // Note that this permission is granted by default only to remain // backwards compatible. // It is strongly recommended that you either remove this permission // from this policy file or further restrict it to code sources // that you specify, because Thread.stop() is potentially unsafe. // See the API specification of java.lang.Thread.stop() for more // information. permission java.lang.RuntimePermission "stopThread"; // allows anyone to listen on dynamic ports permission java.net.SocketPermission "localhost:0", "listen"; // "standard" properies that can be read by anyone permission java.util.PropertyPermission "java.version", "read"; permission java.util.PropertyPermission "java.vendor", "read"; permission java.util.PropertyPermission "java.vendor.url", "read"; permission java.util.PropertyPermission "java.class.version", "read"; permission java.util.PropertyPermission "os.name", "read"; permission java.util.PropertyPermission "os.version", "read"; permission java.util.PropertyPermission "os.arch", "read"; permission java.util.PropertyPermission "file.separator", "read"; permission java.util.PropertyPermission "path.separator", "read"; permission java.util.PropertyPermission "line.separator", "read"; permission java.util.PropertyPermission "java.specification.version", "read"; permission java.util.PropertyPermission "java.specification.vendor", "read"; permission java.util.PropertyPermission "java.specification.name", "read"; permission java.util.PropertyPermission "java.vm.specification.version", "read"; permission java.util.PropertyPermission "java.vm.specification.vendor", "read"; permission java.util.PropertyPermission "java.vm.specification.name", "read"; permission java.util.PropertyPermission "java.vm.version", "read"; permission java.util.PropertyPermission "java.vm.vendor", "read"; permission java.util.PropertyPermission "java.vm.name", "read"; }; 复制代码 上面给出了基本的权限，例如任何人都可以监听动态端口，以及一些读操作。 基本过程如下面的图所示： 用户如果启用了安全管理，即在执行时添加了-Djava.security.manager, 就会在执行某些操作前 先读取 权限文件java.policy，检查是否具体相应权限。 当然也可以自己定义安全文件，一般有两种方式： 一种是自己创建SecuirtyManager类，创建一些checkXXX的方法，进行验证； 另一种就是创建my.policy文件（名字随意），按照规定的语法配置权限，然后启动时添加-Djava.security.manager-Djava.security.policy=xxxx/my.policy参数。 关于java本身的安全管理不是本篇的重点，下面介绍下tomcat中的安全策略。 理解tomcat中的Security Tomcat中的安全管理原理基本与前面JDK中的security类似，只是启动时需要在start后面添加-security参数，tomcat会自动读取 conf/catalina.policy 文件中的权限配置。启动命令如下： F:apache-tomcat-xxx/bin/startup.bat -security catalina.policy中默认已经配置了很多的安全策略，这里就不多说明了，下个部分会针对某一特定文件进行说明： 复制代码 // Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more // contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with // this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership. // The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0 // (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with // the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at // // http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 // // Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software // distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, // WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and // limitations under the License. // ============================================================================ // catalina.policy - Security Policy Permissions for Tomcat 6 // // This file contains a default set of security policies to be enforced (by the // JVM) when Catalina is executed with the "-security" option. In addition // to the permissions granted here, the following additional permissions are // granted to the codebase specific to each web application: // // * Read access to its document root directory // * Read, write and delete access to its working directory // ============================================================================ // ========== SYSTEM CODE PERMISSIONS ========================================= // These permissions apply to javac grant codeBase "file:${java.home}/lib/-" { permission java.security.AllPermission; }; // These permissions apply to all shared system extensions grant codeBase "file:${java.home}/jre/lib/ext/-" { permission java.security.AllPermission; }; // These permissions apply to javac when ${java.home] points at $JAVA_HOME/jre grant codeBase "file:${java.home}/../lib/-" { permission java.security.AllPermission; }; // These permissions apply to all shared system extensions when // ${java.home} points at $JAVA_HOME/jre grant codeBase "file:${java.home}/lib/ext/-" { permission java.security.AllPermission; }; // ========== CATALINA CODE PERMISSIONS ======================================= // These permissions apply to the daemon code grant codeBase "file:${catalina.home}/bin/commons-daemon.jar" { permission java.security.AllPermission; }; // These permissions apply to the logging API // Note: If tomcat-juli.jar is in ${catalina.base} and not in ${catalina.home}, // update this section accordingly. // grant codeBase "file:${catalina.base}/bin/tomcat-juli.jar" {..} grant codeBase "file:${catalina.home}/bin/tomcat-juli.jar" { permission java.io.FilePermission "${java.home}${file.separator}lib${file.separator}logging.properties", "read"; permission java.io.FilePermission "${catalina.base}${file.separator}conf${file.separator}logging.properties", "read"; permission java.io.FilePermission "${catalina.base}${file.separator}logs", "read, write"; permission java.io.FilePermission "${catalina.base}${file.separator}logs${file.separator}*", "read, write"; permission java.lang.RuntimePermission "shutdownHooks"; permission java.lang.RuntimePermission "getClassLoader"; permission java.lang.RuntimePermission "setContextClassLoader"; permission java.util.logging.LoggingPermission "control"; permission java.util.PropertyPermission "java.util.logging.config.class", "read"; permission java.util.PropertyPermission "java.util.logging.config.file", "read"; permission java.util.PropertyPermission "catalina.base", "read"; // Note: To enable per context logging configuration, permit read access to // the appropriate file. Be sure that the logging configuration is // secure before enabling such access. // E.g. for the examples web application (uncomment and unwrap // the following to be on a single line): // permission java.io.FilePermission "${catalina.base}${file.separator} // webapps${file.separator}examples${file.separator}WEB-INF // ${file.separator}classes${file.separator}logging.properties", "read"; }; // These permissions apply to the server startup code grant codeBase "file:${catalina.home}/bin/bootstrap.jar" { permission java.security.AllPermission; }; // These permissions apply to the servlet API classes // and those that are shared across all class loaders // located in the "lib" directory grant codeBase "file:${catalina.home}/lib/-" { permission java.security.AllPermission; }; // If using a per instance lib directory, i.e. ${catalina.base}/lib, // then the following permission will need to be uncommented // grant codeBase "file:${catalina.base}/lib/-" { // permission java.security.AllPermission; // }; // ========== WEB APPLICATION PERMISSIONS ===================================== // These permissions are granted by default to all web applications // In addition, a web application will be given a read FilePermission // and JndiPermission for all files and directories in its document root. grant { // Required for JNDI lookup of named JDBC DataSource's and // javamail named MimePart DataSource used to send mail permission java.util.PropertyPermission "java.home", "read"; permission java.util.PropertyPermission "java.naming.*", "read"; permission java.util.PropertyPermission "javax.sql.*", "read"; // OS Specific properties to allow read access permission java.util.PropertyPermission "os.name", "read"; permission java.util.PropertyPermission "os.version", "read"; permission java.util.PropertyPermission "os.arch", "read"; permission java.util.PropertyPermission "file.separator", "read"; permission java.util.PropertyPermission "path.separator", "read"; permission java.util.PropertyPermission "line.separator", "read"; // JVM properties to allow read access permission java.util.PropertyPermission "java.version", "read"; permission java.util.PropertyPermission "java.vendor", "read"; permission java.util.PropertyPermission "java.vendor.url", "read"; permission java.util.PropertyPermission "java.class.version", "read"; permission java.util.PropertyPermission "java.specification.version", "read"; permission java.util.PropertyPermission "java.specification.vendor", "read"; permission java.util.PropertyPermission "java.specification.name", "read"; permission java.util.PropertyPermission "java.vm.specification.version", "read"; permission java.util.PropertyPermission "java.vm.specification.vendor", "read"; permission java.util.PropertyPermission "java.vm.specification.name", "read"; permission java.util.PropertyPermission "java.vm.version", "read"; permission java.util.PropertyPermission "java.vm.vendor", "read"; permission java.util.PropertyPermission "java.vm.name", "read"; // Required for OpenJMX permission java.lang.RuntimePermission "getAttribute"; // Allow read of JAXP compliant XML parser debug permission java.util.PropertyPermission "jaxp.debug", "read"; // Precompiled JSPs need access to these packages. permission java.lang.RuntimePermission "accessClassInPackage.org.apache.jasper.el"; permission java.lang.RuntimePermission "accessClassInPackage.org.apache.jasper.runtime"; permission java.lang.RuntimePermission "accessClassInPackage.org.apache.jasper.runtime.*"; // Precompiled JSPs need access to these system properties. permission java.util.PropertyPermission "org.apache.jasper.runtime.BodyContentImpl.LIMIT_BUFFER", "read"; permission java.util.PropertyPermission "org.apache.el.parser.COERCE_TO_ZERO", "read"; }; // The Manager application needs access to the following packages to support the // session display functionality. These settings support the following // configurations: // - default CATALINA_HOME == CATALINA_BASE // - CATALINA_HOME != CATALINA_BASE, per instance Manager in CATALINA_BASE // - CATALINA_HOME != CATALINA_BASE, shared Manager in CATALINA_HOME grant codeBase "file:${catalina.base}/webapps/manager/-" { permission java.lang.RuntimePermission "accessClassInPackage.org.apache.catalina"; permission java.lang.RuntimePermission "accessClassInPackage.org.apache.catalina.manager"; permission java.lang.RuntimePermission "accessClassInPackage.org.apache.catalina.manager.util"; }; grant codeBase "file:${catalina.home}/webapps/manager/-" { permission java.lang.RuntimePermission "accessClassInPackage.org.apache.catalina"; permission java.lang.RuntimePermission "accessClassInPackage.org.apache.catalina.manager"; permission java.lang.RuntimePermission "accessClassInPackage.org.apache.catalina.manager.util"; }; // You can assign additional permissions to particular web applications by // adding additional "grant" entries here, based on the code base for that // application, /WEB-INF/classes/, or /WEB-INF/lib/ jar files. // // Different permissions can be granted to JSP pages, classes loaded from // the /WEB-INF/classes/ directory, all jar files in the /WEB-INF/lib/ // directory, or even to individual jar files in the /WEB-INF/lib/ directory. // // For instance, assume that the standard "examples" application // included a JDBC driver that needed to establish a network connection to the // corresponding database and used the scrape taglib to get the weather from // the NOAA web server. You might create a "grant" entries like this: // // The permissions granted to the context root directory apply to JSP pages. // grant codeBase "file:${catalina.base}/webapps/examples/-" { // permission java.net.SocketPermission "dbhost.mycompany.com:5432", "connect"; // permission java.net.SocketPermission "*.noaa.gov:80", "connect"; // }; // // The permissions granted to the context WEB-INF/classes directory // grant codeBase "file:${catalina.base}/webapps/examples/WEB-INF/classes/-" { // }; // // The permission granted to your JDBC driver // grant codeBase "jar:file:${catalina.base}/webapps/examples/WEB-INF/lib/driver.jar!/-" { // permission java.net.SocketPermission "dbhost.mycompany.com:5432", "connect"; // }; // The permission granted to the scrape taglib // grant codeBase "jar:file:${catalina.base}/webapps/examples/WEB-INF/lib/scrape.jar!/-" { // permission java.net.SocketPermission "*.noaa.gov:80", "connect"; // }; 复制代码 这里需要注意的是其配置语法： grant [signedBy <signer>,] [codeBase <code source>] { permission <class> [<name> [, <action list>]]; }; 都要按照上面的格式进行配置。其中： codeBase 是通过URL的方式指定文件，可以使用变量java.home或者 java.home或者{catalina.home}来表示JDK和tomcat的根目录。 class 指定了相应的操作 [name,[,action]] name指定具体的操作或者文件，action指定可选的动作（比如read write等等）。 具体的配置样例，可以参考上面的默认文件。 另外要说明的就是都可以配置哪些操作，也就是permission后面都可以跟哪些类，他们的作用都是什么？ 上面列表中，最常用的java.io.FilePermission用于文件的操作、java.lang.RuntimePermission（可以通过禁用该权限达到防止system.exit(1)的目的）等等。 Security配置实战 在tomcat中配置security，可以按照下面几个步骤： 1 在样例代码中执行特殊权限操作： 复制代码 <%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=utf-8" import="java.net.*,java.io.*" pageEncoding="utf-8"%> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"> <html> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> <title>security Test</title> </head> <body> <h1>security Test</h1> <hr> <%! String txt2String(File file){ String result = ""; try{ BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(file));//构造一个BufferedReader类来读取文件 String s = null; while((s = br.readLine())!=null){//使用readLine方法，一次读一行 result = result + " " +s; } br.close(); }catch(Exception e){ e.printStackTrace(); } return result; } %> <% //是否启用了security，如果没有启用会输入null。 System.out.println("SecurityManager: " + System.getSecurityManager()); File file = new File("C:/Users/Administrator/Desktop/test.txt"); //执行文件读操作,即java.io.FilePermission System.out.println(txt2String(file)); //执行获取文件属性操作，即java.util.PropertyPermission System.out.println(System.getProperty("file.encoding")); %> </body> </html> 复制代码 当访问该页面时，会自动执行下面的代码，如果不具有相应的权限，会直接报错： //执行文件读操作,即java.io.FilePermission System.out.println(txt2String(file)); //执行获取文件属性操作，即java.util.PropertyPermission System.out.println(System.getProperty("file.encoding")); 2 配置安全策略文件catalina.policy： 只需要在catalina.policy末尾添加如下的配置即可： grant { permission java.io.FilePermission "C:/Users/Administrator/Desktop/test.txt", "read"; permission java.util.PropertyPermission "file.encoding", "read"; }; 3 在命令行中添加-security启动 访问JSP执行代码，样例中访问 http://localhost:8080/JSPTest/securityTest.jsp 可以看到控制台正常输出： 对比下正常启动的输出，SecurityManager会输出null（此时，如果JSP中有system.exit(1);程序就会直接退出）： 如果没有配置读写文件的权限，会报错（注释掉安全配置的第一句）： grant { //permission java.io.FilePermission "C:/Users/Administrator/Desktop/test.txt", "read"; permission java.util.PropertyPermission "file.encoding", "read"; }; 如果没有配置获取文件属性权限，则会报错： grant { permission java.io.FilePermission "C:/Users/Administrator/Desktop/test.txt", "read"; //permission java.util.PropertyPermission "file.encoding", "read"; }; 因此，如果在安全管理模式下，进行了越权的操作，就会报错有的甚至直接导致程序退出。 通过报错信息，可以快速的知道缺乏什么权限，根绝该报错就可以方便的配置安全策略。 参考 【1】Java.security.policy文件：http://www.tmser.com/post-187.html 【2】Java安全管理器：http://bubuko.com/infodetail-306759.html