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  • linux 系统管理 实战技巧

    一、这篇文章讲了什么?

      这篇文章很有参考性哈。本来是想等一段时间有更多条技巧后在发布的,不过,突然发现,我是去年的今天在博客园落户了,祝我的博客一周岁快乐,希望以后多分享一些文章啦。所以就把草稿箱的其中一篇很实用性的linux小技巧分享给运维的基友们。后续该篇文章会一直更新新技巧哟。感谢童鞋们的关注哈。

      

    二、干货开始啦!

    1.查看端口监听

    [root@opm ~]# netstat -n | awk '/^tcp/ {++S[$NF]} END {for(a in S) print a,S[a]}'
    CLOSE_WAIT 4
    ESTABLISHED 343

    2.查看端口监听状态统计

    [root@Master ~]# netstat -aultn | awk '/^tcp/ {++S[$NF]} END {for(a in S) print a,S[a]}'
    TIME_WAIT 28253
    ESTABLISHED 15
    LISTEN 13

     可以看出当前系统有28253的端口在使用,

    3.优化以上内核参数方式:

    编辑/etc/sysctl.conf
    net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1
    net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse = 1
    net.ipv4.tcp_tw_recycle = 1
    net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout = 30

     修改完成后,sysctl -p 立即生效

    4.修改流量大的web 服务器上,优化内核参数

    net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time = 1200
    net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 10000 65000
    net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 8192
    net.ipv4.tcp_max_tw_buckets = 5000
    #这几个参数,建议只在流量非常大的服务器上开启,会有显著的效果。一般的流量小的服务器上,没有必要去设置这几个参数。

     5.查看linux 系统默认网关

    ip route show | grep 'default' | awk '{print $3}'

     6.过滤文件中的注释以及空格开头

    egrep -v '^$|^#' /etc/rsyslog.conf

     7.如何清空/删除 last记录

    #清空最后登录
    echo >/var/log/wtmp
    #清空历史纪录
    echo > ./.bash_history
    
    #在空格后输入命令,不记录到历史命令中,先输入到环境变量中
    export HISTCONTROL=ignorespace

     8.mysql密码忘记了,咋办?

    vi /etc/my.cnf 添加下面一句话
    [mysqld]
    skip-grant-tables
    重启mysqld。
    之后登陆mysql系统,修改root 的密码
    USE mysql;
    UPDATE user SET Password = password ( 'new-password' ) WHERE User = 'root' ;
    flush privileges
    以上就可以了。

     9.利用tcpdump 监控某个接口上的端口,如80 端口,-i 后跟网络接口,centos6上是eth0。-c 是抓的包数目

    [root@web ~]# tcpdump -i eno16777984 'port 80' -c 8
    tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode
    listening on eno16777984, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 65535 bytes
    23:41:42.142270 IP 192.168.30.65.27342 > web.ichunqiu.com.http: Flags [S], seq 779859144, win 8192, options [mss 1460,nop,wscale 8,nop,nop,sackOK], length 0
    23:41:42.142360 IP web.ichunqiu.com.http > 192.168.30.65.27342: Flags [S.], seq 1569747590, ack 779859145, win 29200, options [mss 1460,nop,nop,sackOK,nop,wscale 7], length 0
    23:41:42.142677 IP 192.168.30.65.27342 > web.ichunqiu.com.http: Flags [.], ack 1, win 256, length 0
    23:41:42.142722 IP 192.168.30.65.27343 > web.ichunqiu.com.http: Flags [S], seq 2277286734, win 8192, options [mss 1460,nop,wscale 8,nop,nop,sackOK], length 0
    23:41:42.142759 IP web.ichunqiu.com.http > 192.168.30.65.27343: Flags [S.], seq 3574925053, ack 2277286735, win 29200, options [mss 1460,nop,nop,sackOK,nop,wscale 7], length 0
    23:41:42.143280 IP 192.168.30.65.27344 > web.ichunqiu.com.http: Flags [S], seq 2564439030, win 8192, options [mss 1460,nop,wscale 8,nop,nop,sackOK], length 0
    23:41:42.143317 IP web.ichunqiu.com.http > 192.168.30.65.27344: Flags [S.], seq 4279749150, ack 2564439031, win 29200, options [mss 1460,nop,nop,sackOK,nop,wscale 7], length 0
    23:41:42.143346 IP 192.168.30.65.27343 > web.ichunqiu.com.http: Flags [.], ack 1, win 256, length 0
    8 packets captured
    23 packets received by filter
    0 packets dropped by kernel

    10.统计web服务器站点的日志,如apache 的access.log日志

    •  统计访问者的ip数目
    [root@elk ~]# awk '{print $1}' /var/log/nginx/access.log | sort | uniq -c | sort -nr | head -n 25
       5568 124.126.211.201
       5247 123.125.2.108
       4085 139.59.253.208
    • 利用系统自带geoiplookup查看访问者的ip归属地(注:需要在本机先安装GeoIP软件)如下:
    安装geoip软件
    [root@elk nginx]# yum install GeoIP -y
    
    查询ip归属地
    [root@elk nginx]# cat access.log-20160903 | awk '{ print $1 }' | sort | uniq -c | sort -rn | head -n 25 | 
    awk '{ printf("%5d %-15s ", $1, $2); system("geoiplookup " $2 " | cut -d \: -f2 ") }' 5568 124.126.211.201 CN, China 5337 123.125.2.108 CN, China 4085 139.59.253.208 AU, Australia 1543 223.223.181.131 CN, China 80 93.174.93.99 NL, Netherlands 42 121.43.61.205 CN, China 26 36.110.44.114 CN, China 26 183.6.143.154 CN, China 25 116.226.39.94 CN, China 24 111.207.81.199 CN, China 24 106.81.231.217 CN, China 18 36.44.56.82 CN, China 18 112.80.61.114 CN, China 11 220.181.132.219 CN, China 5 61.141.94.68 CN, China 5 171.8.167.69 CN, China 4 101.226.33.240 CN, China 3 180.153.212.13 CN, China 3 180.153.206.20 CN, China 3 171.8.167.68 CN, China 3 101.226.89.119 CN, China 3 101.226.33.226 CN, China 3 101.226.102.97 CN, China 2 27.221.19.18 CN, China
    • 查看访问者404 错误页面的请求次数以及请求页面,并按降序排列
    [root@elk nginx]# cat /var/log/nginx/access.log | awk '($9 ~ /404/)' | awk '{ print $7 }' | sort | uniq -c | sort -rn | head -n 25
    •  查看访问者使用的User-Agent,并统计排序
    [root@elk nginx]# cat /var/log/nginx/access.log | awk -F" '{ print $6 }' | sort | uniq -c |sort -frn | head -n 25
    • 统计web服务器的 UV 量
    [root@elk nginx]# cat /var/log/nginx/access.log | awk '{ print $1 }' | sort | uniq -c | wc -l
    122
    • 统计当天的uv访问量
    [root@elk nginx]# cat /var/log/nginx/access.log | grep `date '+%d/%b/%G'` | awk '{ print $1 }' | sort | uniq -c | wc -l
    10
    • 统计当月的uv访问量
    [root@elk nginx]# cat access.log | grep `date '+%b/%G'` | awk '{ print $1 }' | sort | uniq -c | wc -l
    111
    • 根据返回的响应码进行排序
    [root@elk nginx]# cat /var/log/nginx/access.log | awk '{ print $9 }' | sort | uniq -c | sort -rn
       8973 200
       7304 401
        720 304
         79 404
         49 400
         10 502
         10 "-"
          7 201
          4 499
          4 409
          4 173
          1 405
    • 快速列出点击量最多的请求页面
    [root@elk nginx]# cat /var/log/nginx/access.log | awk '{ print $7 }' | sort | uniq -c | sort -rn | head -n 25
       4015 /elasticsearch/packetbeat-*/_field_stats?level=indices
       3581 /favicon.ico
       2117 /bundles/src/ui/public/images/elk.ico
        799 /
        340 /elasticsearch/logstash-*/_field_stats?level=indices
        225 /elasticsearch/.kibana/_refresh
        171 /app/kibana
        167 /elasticsearch/_msearch?timeout=0&ignore_unavailable=true&preference=1472786252222
        153 /elasticsearch/_msearch?timeout=0&ignore_unavailable=true&preference=1472784429830
        144 /elasticsearch/_mget?timeout=0&ignore_unavailable=true&preference=1472746017033
        139 /elasticsearch/.kibana/index-pattern/_search?fields=
        132 /bundles/src/ui/public/images/kibana.svg
        130 /bundles/kibana.bundle.js?v=10000
        129 /bundles/node_modules/font-awesome/fonts/fontawesome-webfont.woff2
        128 /bundles/commons.style.css?v=10000
        128 /bundles/commons.bundle.js?v=10000
        121 /bundles/kibana.style.css?v=10000
        107 /elasticsearch/topbeat-*/_field_stats?level=indices
         97 /elasticsearch/_mget?timeout=0&ignore_unavailable=true&preference=1472744909049
         97 /elasticsearch/.kibana/visualization/_search?size=100
         75 /elasticsearch/_mget?timeout=0&ignore_unavailable=true&preference=1472749929499
         72 /elasticsearch/_mget?timeout=0&ignore_unavailable=true&preference=1472750405461
         66 /elasticsearch/_mget?timeout=0&ignore_unavailable=true&preference=1472750160122
         66 /elasticsearch/.kibana/dashboard/_search?size=100
         62 /elasticsearch/_mget?timeout=0&ignore_unavailable=true&preference=1472743171471
    • 实时的查看请求者ip、http方法、响应码、请求的页面
    [root@elk nginx]# tailf /var/log/nginx/access.log | awk '{ printf("%-15s	%s	%s	%s
    ", $1, $6, $9,$7) }'
    60.191.52.254      "HEAD    401    http://115.236.176.134:3434/
    141.212.122.160    "GET    401    /
    101.200.215.149    "GET    401    /manager/html
    114.44.57.4        "CONNECT    400    126mx01.mxmail.netease.com:25
    187.160.7.218      "GET    401    /cgi/common.cgi
    187.160.7.218      "GET    401    /stssys.htm
    187.160.7.218      "GET    401    /
    187.160.7.218      "POST    401    /command.php
    218.75.70.3        "GET    401    /
    163.172.173.181    "GET    401    http://www.baidu.com/cache/global/img/gs.gif
    123.125.2.108      "GET    200    /
    123.125.2.108      "GET    200    /app/kibana
    123.125.2.108      "GET    304    /bundles/commons.style.css?v=10000
    • 跟上面的类似,只是在第四个字段加了个GeoIP解析归属地,如下:
    [root@elk nginx]# tailf /var/log/nginx/access.log | awk '{
        "geoiplookup " $1 " | cut -d \: -f2 " | getline geo
        printf("%-15s	%s	%s	%-20s	%s
    ", $1, $6, $9, geo, $7);}'
    123.125.2.108      "GET    304     CN, China              /bundles/src/ui/public/images/kibana.svg
    123.125.2.108      "POST    200     CN, China              /elasticsearch/_mget?timeout=0&ignore_unavailable=true&preference=1472922034187
    123.125.2.108      "POST    200     CN, China              /elasticsearch/.kibana/index-pattern/_search?fields=
    123.125.2.108      "GET    200     CN, China              /elasticsearch/.kibana/_mapping/*/field/_source?_=1472922034556
    123.125.2.108      "POST    200     CN, China              /elasticsearch/_mget?timeout=0&ignore_unavailable=true&preference=1472922034187
    123.125.2.108      "GET    304     CN, China              /bundles/node_modules/font-awesome/fonts/fontawesome-webfont.woff2
    • 显示非法代理的访问者
    [root@elk nginx]# awk -F" '($6 ~ /^-?$/)' /var/log/nginx/access.log | awk '{ print $1 }' | sort | uniq
    114.44.57.4
    183.129.160.229
    218.75.70.3
    61.231.3.98

    11.linux中利用python开启临时的web下载服务,访问端口是88,http://ip:88/,端口可以自定义其它的,避免与系统其它的冲突

    [root@web ~]# python -m SimpleHTTPServer 88
    Serving HTTP on 0.0.0.0 port 88 ...

     12.vim 复制多行内容

    :1,10 co 10
    意思是复制第1行到10行之间的内容到第10行后面。
    
    :1,-1 co 10
    意思是复制第1行到文件最后一行之间的内容到第10行后面。

     13.快速删除文件内每行中的的空格
      删除行首的空格

    [root@hcloud webtest]# sed -i 's/^[ 	]*//g' filename

      删除行尾的空格

    [root@hcloud webtest]# sed -i 's/[ 	]*$//g' filename

    14.windows 编写的脚本到linux 上运行,编码错误解决方法:

    :set ff=unix
    :wq

     15.yum 安装软件时,出现以下提示:

    Resolving Dependencies
    There are unfinished transactions remaining. You might consider running yum-complete-transaction first to finish them.

      解决方法:

    [root@test ]# yum-complete-transaction

     16.用grep 过滤文件中的空行已经#注释,并将显示出来的内容标上行号

    grep -Ev  '^$|^#' hosts >test.txt && cat -n test.txt && rm -f test.txt

     17.假如server的某个进程的日志由于访问量或者其它错误bug导致日志大小暴增,且该日志分区空间即将不足,需要在线清空该日志(清理前先备份)

      解决方法,有以下几种:

      1)

    cat /dev/null > logfile

      2)

    dd if=/dev/null of=logfile

      3)

    rm logfile

     18.利用linux 自带工具实时检测网卡流量

      1)ifconfig

    [root@zabbix-6 ~]# watch -d ifconfig eth0

       2)/proc/net/dev

    [root@zabbix-6 ~]# watch -d cat /proc/net/dev

     19.模拟cpu升高(可后台运行n次,每个进程的使用率*n 就是总的cpu利用率)

      1)

    dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null

      2)

    fulload() { dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null | dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null | dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null | dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null & }; fulload; read; killall dd

      3)

    yes > /dev/null &

      4) 哈哈,这个慎用。。。。。!!!!

    :(){ :|:& };:

     20. 查看浏览器内部的缓存,谷歌为例,浏览器内输入以下内容:

    chrome://net-internals/#dns

     21. 使用awk 做百分比计算(用-v 连接外部变量)

    如下图:

    [root@docker ~]# awk -v a=$a -v b=$b -v c=$c 'BEGIN{printf "%2.f%
    ",((a - b) / c) * c}'

    22. 将查看man手册时的终端设置为有颜色高亮的,添加如下:

    修改/root/.bashrc 文件,添加到文末

    # Set have color's terminal
    export LESS_TERMCAP_mb=$'E[01;31m'       # begin blinking
    export LESS_TERMCAP_md=$'E[01;38;5;74m'  # begin bold
    export LESS_TERMCAP_me=$'E[0m'           # end mode
    export LESS_TERMCAP_se=$'E[0m'           # end standout-mode
    export LESS_TERMCAP_so=$'E[38;5;246m'    # begin standout-mode - info box
    export LESS_TERMCAP_ue=$'E[0m'           # end underline
    export LESS_TERMCAP_us=$'E[04;38;5;146m' # begin underline

    23.断点续传下载文件

    使用wget 下载文件,-c 断点续传

    wget -c http://www.niu.com/filename

    使用rsync 走ssh 协议拷贝文件, -e 参数,是指定远程ssh 的服务端口为8080

    rsync -azP -e "ssh -p 8080" root@10.10.0.88:/root/4-21/* ./

    24.修改ulimit 文件大小,并且加入/etc/profile最后一行中,已经看到生效了,但是scp 传输给服务器时,文件依旧会中断

    ulimit -f unlimited

    后来觉得是ssh的问题,因为scp 依靠的是ssh 协议,所以重启了服务器上的ssh 服务。从客户端上继续上传文件成功。所以应该在不重启主机的情况下,只要重启相关使用的程序即可

    service sshd restart

    25.批量修改数据库中的ip记录成统一格式,如下所示

    在库里,有一批服务器需要修改ip子网网段地址,如原来都是192.168.10.x, 现在要统一修改成10.10.0.0,那么可以使用该sql 语句

    MariaDB [cloud]> update d_host set HostIP=concat('10.10.0',substring(hostip,10));

    26.xargs 的一般使用技巧

    处理每行显示的单词数量,如下:没有使用xargs处理的方式:

    [root@docker test]# ls *.html
    baaiqzryca_oldboy.html  fhqvkawqgv_oldboy.html  mdxppexnhr_oldboy.html  ozkqzhpcof_oldboy.html  xkkclfmfsx_oldboy.html
    eqxvzmbthe_oldboy.html  hckcitirol_oldboy.html  okpolqsrlz_oldboy.html  vhktzmneui_oldboy.html  yytrltjhjy_oldboy.html

    使用xargs 加 -n number 处理的方式,如下:

    [root@docker test]# ls *.html | xargs -n 2
    baaiqzryca_oldboy.html eqxvzmbthe_oldboy.html
    fhqvkawqgv_oldboy.html hckcitirol_oldboy.html
    mdxppexnhr_oldboy.html okpolqsrlz_oldboy.html
    ozkqzhpcof_oldboy.html vhktzmneui_oldboy.html
    xkkclfmfsx_oldboy.html yytrltjhjy_oldboy.html
    [root@docker test]#
    ls *.html | xargs -n 1 baaiqzryca_oldboy.html eqxvzmbthe_oldboy.html fhqvkawqgv_oldboy.html hckcitirol_oldboy.html mdxppexnhr_oldboy.html okpolqsrlz_oldboy.html ozkqzhpcof_oldboy.html vhktzmneui_oldboy.html xkkclfmfsx_oldboy.html yytrltjhjy_oldboy.html

    还有一个功能,是xargs 的 -I {} 参数 将管道前的标准输出,传递给xargs参数,后面可以把 {}当作参数传递给它其它命令,如下:

    [root@docker test]# ls *.html | xargs -I {} cp {} /tmp/test2/.

    上面的意思就是将当前目录 所有以.html 结尾的文件,cp到 /tmp/test2目录下。(备注:这个目的用xargs 有点多此一举啦,直接cp *.html dest 也是可以的)

    27.curl 构造参数,传参,提交请求

    curl -d 'Key=xxx&phone=xxx&sms=xxx' -X POST -v api接口地址

    28.如何杀死僵尸进程 Z

    找出该Z进程的父进程,进而杀死

    kill $(ps -A -ostat,ppid | awk '/[zZ]/{print $2}')

    孤儿进程:一个父进程退出,而它的一个或多个子进程还在运行,那么那些子进程将成为孤儿进程。孤儿进程将被init进程(进程号为1)所收养,并由init进程对它们完成状态收集工作。

    僵尸进程:一个进程使用fork创建子进程,如果子进程退出,而父进程并没有调用wait或waitpid获取子进程的状态信息,那么子进程的进程描述符仍然保存在系统中。这种进程称之为僵死进程。详细参考内容

    29.永远的擦除硬盘数据,比rm更危险,谨慎操作

    [root@node-2 ~]# shred --help
    Usage: shred [OPTION]... FILE...
    Overwrite the specified FILE(s) repeatedly, in order to make it harder
    for even very expensive hardware probing to recover the data.
    
    Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
      -f, --force    change permissions to allow writing if necessary
      -n, --iterations=N  overwrite N times instead of the default (3)
          --random-source=FILE  get random bytes from FILE
      -s, --size=N   shred this many bytes (suffixes like K, M, G accepted)
      -u, --remove   truncate and remove file after overwriting
      -v, --verbose  show progress
      -x, --exact    do not round file sizes up to the next full block;
                       this is the default for non-regular files
      -z, --zero     add a final overwrite with zeros to hide shredding
          --help     display this help and exit
          --version  output version information and exit
    
    If FILE is -, shred standard output.
    
    Delete FILE(s) if --remove (-u) is specified.  The default is not to remove
    the files because it is common to operate on device files like /dev/hda,
    and those files usually should not be removed.  When operating on regular
    files, most people use the --remove option.
    
    CAUTION: Note that shred relies on a very important assumption:
    that the file system overwrites data in place.  This is the traditional
    way to do things, but many modern file system designs do not satisfy this
    assumption.  The following are examples of file systems on which shred is
    not effective, or is not guaranteed to be effective in all file system modes:
    
    * log-structured or journaled file systems, such as those supplied with
    AIX and Solaris (and JFS, ReiserFS, XFS, Ext3, etc.)
    
    * file systems that write redundant data and carry on even if some writes
    fail, such as RAID-based file systems
    
    * file systems that make snapshots, such as Network Appliance's NFS server
    
    * file systems that cache in temporary locations, such as NFS
    version 3 clients
    
    * compressed file systems
    
    In the case of ext3 file systems, the above disclaimer applies
    (and shred is thus of limited effectiveness) only in data=journal mode,
    which journals file data in addition to just metadata.  In both the
    data=ordered (default) and data=writeback modes, shred works as usual.
    Ext3 journaling modes can be changed by adding the data=something option
    to the mount options for a particular file system in the /etc/fstab file,
    as documented in the mount man page (man mount).
    
    In addition, file system backups and remote mirrors may contain copies
    of the file that cannot be removed, and that will allow a shredded file
    to be recovered later.
    
    Report shred bugs to bug-coreutils@gnu.org
    GNU coreutils home page: <http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/>
    General help using GNU software: <http://www.gnu.org/gethelp/>
    For complete documentation, run: info coreutils 'shred invocation'
    View Code

    30.过滤ip 地址的通用方法

    echo My ip address is 192.168.8.88 | grep -E -o "([0-9]{1,3}.){3}[0-9]{1,3}"echo My ip address is 192.168.8.88 | egrep -o "([0-9]{1,3}.){3}[0-9]{1,3}"

    40.在mysql 中,为用户修改远程授权

    MariaDB [(none)]> update mysql.user set Host='%' where Host='::1'

    更新历史:

    2017/06/01: 更新curl构造参数、如何杀死僵尸进程; 

    注意:该文章属于作者原创,如有转载或者分享,请注明出处以及该文章链接:http://www.cnblogs.com/hanyifeng/p/5440274.html

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/hanyifeng/p/5440274.html
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