luogu4180 次小生成树Tree 树上倍增

题目：求一个无向图的严格次小生成树（即次小生成树的边权和严格小于最小生成树的边权和）

首先求出图中的最小生成树。任意加一条树外边都会导致环的出现。我们现在目标是在树外边集合B中，找到边b∈B，a∈b所在环，b->weight - a->weight最小且不为0。

首先，依题意，a->weight应当是环内所有边中最大或第二大（最大可能a->weight==b->weight）的。如何找呢？我们采用树上倍增的方法。定义cur->Elder[k]为cur的第k辈祖先，MaxW[k]为cur与cur->Elder[k]路径中的最长边，MaxW2[k]为cur与cur->Elder[k]路径中的严格次长边（MaxW2[k]<MaxW[k]）。枚举b时，求b->From和b->To的最近公共祖先。因为求LCA的过程基础便是cur=cur->MaxW[k]，于是取在此过程中MaxW与MaxW2的最大值，便可求出答案。

如何求MaxW和MaxW2?有递归式：

cur->MaxW[i] = max(cur->MaxW[i - 1], cur->Elder[i - 1]->MaxW[i - 1]);
        
        if (cur->MaxW[i - 1] == cur->Elder[i - 1]->MaxW[i - 1])
            cur->MaxW2[i] = max(cur->MaxW2[i - 1], cur->Elder[i - 1]->MaxW2[i - 1]);
        if (cur->MaxW[i - 1] < cur->Elder[i - 1]->MaxW[i - 1])
            cur->MaxW2[i] = max(cur->MaxW[i - 1], cur->Elder[i - 1]->MaxW2[i - 1]);
        if (cur->MaxW[i - 1] > cur->Elder[i - 1]->MaxW[i - 1])
            cur->MaxW2[i] = max(cur->MaxW2[i - 1], cur->Elder[i - 1]->MaxW[i - 1]);

初值：

cur->MaxW[0] = cur->ToFa ? cur->ToFa->Weight : 0;
    cur->MaxW2[0] = -INF;

完整代码：

#include <cstdio>
#include <cstring>
#include <cassert>
#include <algorithm>
#include <cmath>
using namespace std;

#define LOOP(i,n) for(int i=1; i<=n; i++)
const int MAX_NODE = 100010, MAX_EDGE = 300010 * 2, MAX_FA = 18,
INF = 0x3f3f3f3f;

struct Node;
struct Edge;

struct Node
{
    int Id, Depth;
    Edge *Head, *ToFa;
    Node *Elder[MAX_FA], *Prev;
    int MaxW[MAX_FA], MaxW2[MAX_FA];
}_nodes[MAX_NODE];
Node *GRoot;
int _vCount;

struct Edge
{
    Node *From, *To;
    Edge *Next, *Rev;
    int Weight;
    bool InTree;
    Edge(){}
    Edge(Node *from, Node *to, Edge *next, int weight)
        :From(from),To(to),Next(next),Weight(weight),InTree(false){}
}*_edges[MAX_EDGE];
int _eCount;

int Log2(int x)
{
    int cnt = 0;
    while (x /= 2)
        cnt++;
    return cnt;
}

void Init(int vCount)
{
    _eCount = 0;
    _vCount = vCount;
    GRoot = 1 + _nodes;
    memset(_nodes, 0, sizeof(_nodes));
}

Edge *AddEdge(Node *from, Node *to, int w)
{
    Edge *e = _edges[++_eCount] = new Edge(from, to, from->Head, w);
    from->Head = e;
    return e;
}

void Build(int uId, int vId, int w)
{
    Node *u = uId + _nodes, *v = vId + _nodes;
    u->Id = uId;
    v->Id = vId;
    Edge *e1 = AddEdge(u, v, w), *e2 = AddEdge(v, u, w);
    e1->Rev = e2;
    e2->Rev = e1;
}

Node *GetRoot(Node *cur)
{
    return cur->Prev ? cur->Prev = GetRoot(cur->Prev) : cur;
}

void Join(Node *a, Node *b)
{
    a->Prev = b;
}

bool CmpEdge(Edge *a, Edge *b)
{
    return a->Weight < b->Weight;
}

long long MinW;
void Kruskal()
{
    MinW = 0;
    sort(_edges + 1, _edges + _eCount + 1, CmpEdge);
    int ans = 0, cnt = 0;
    LOOP(i, _eCount)
    {
        if (cnt == _vCount)
            break;
        Edge *e = _edges[i];
        Node *root1 = GetRoot(e->From), *root2 = GetRoot(e->To);
        if (root1 != root2)
        {
            cnt++;
            e->InTree = true;
            MinW += (long long)e->Weight;
            Join(root1, root2);
        }
    }
}

void Dfs(Node *cur)
{
    cur->MaxW[0] = cur->ToFa ? cur->ToFa->Weight : 0;
    cur->MaxW2[0] = -INF;
    int topFa = Log2(cur->Depth);
    for (int i = 1; i <= topFa && cur->Elder[i - 1]; i++)
    {
        cur->Elder[i] = cur->Elder[i - 1]->Elder[i - 1];
        cur->MaxW[i] = max(cur->MaxW[i - 1], cur->Elder[i - 1]->MaxW[i - 1]);
        
        if (cur->MaxW[i - 1] == cur->Elder[i - 1]->MaxW[i - 1])
            cur->MaxW2[i] = max(cur->MaxW2[i - 1], cur->Elder[i - 1]->MaxW2[i - 1]);
        else if (cur->MaxW[i - 1] < cur->Elder[i - 1]->MaxW[i - 1])
            cur->MaxW2[i] = max(cur->MaxW[i - 1], cur->Elder[i - 1]->MaxW2[i - 1]);
        else if (cur->MaxW[i - 1] > cur->Elder[i - 1]->MaxW[i - 1])
            cur->MaxW2[i] = max(cur->MaxW2[i - 1], cur->Elder[i - 1]->MaxW[i - 1]);
    }
    for (Edge *e = cur->Head; e; e = e->Next)
    {
        if (!e->To->Depth && (e->InTree || e->Rev->InTree))
        {
            e->To->ToFa = e;
            e->To->Elder[0] = cur;
            e->To->Depth = cur->Depth + 1;
            Dfs(e->To);
        }
    }
}

void GetReady()
{
    GRoot->Depth = 1;
    Dfs(GRoot);
}

void Update(int& ans, Node *a, int i, int w)
{
    ans = max(ans, a->MaxW[i] < w ? a->MaxW[i] : a->MaxW2[i]);
}

int GetAltEdgeW(Edge *e)
{
    int ans = -INF, w = e->Weight;
    Node *a = e->From, *b = e->To;
    if (a->Depth < b->Depth)
        swap(a, b);
    for (int i = Log2(a->Depth-b->Depth); i >= 0; i--)
    {
        if (a->Elder[i] && a->Elder[i]->Depth >= b->Depth)
        {
            Update(ans, a, i, w);
            a = a->Elder[i];
        }
    }
    assert(a->Depth == b->Depth);
    if (a == b)
        return ans;
    for (int i = Log2(a->Depth); i >= 0; i--)
    {
        if (a->Elder[i] && a->Elder[i] != b->Elder[i])
        {
            Update(ans, a, i, w);
            Update(ans, b, i, w);
            a = a->Elder[i];
            b = b->Elder[i];
        }
    }
    Update(ans, a, 0, w);
    Update(ans, b, 0, w);
    return ans;
}

long long Proceed()
{
    int delta = INF;
    for (int i = 1; i <= _eCount; i++)
        if (!_edges[i]->InTree && !_edges[i]->Rev->InTree)
            delta = min(delta, _edges[i]->Weight - GetAltEdgeW(_edges[i]));
    return (long long)delta + MinW;
}

int main()
{
#ifdef _DEBUG
    freopen("c:\noi\source\input.txt", "r", stdin);
#endif
    int totNode, totEdge, uId, vId, w;
    scanf("%d%d", &totNode, &totEdge);
    Init(totNode);
    for (int i = 1; i <= totEdge; i++)
    {
        scanf("%d%d%d", &uId, &vId, &w);
        Build(uId, vId, w);
    }
    Kruskal();
    GetReady();
    printf("%lld
", Proceed());
    return 0;
}