本文内容:IO流操作文件的细节分析;分析各种操作文件的方式。
读写一个文件
从一个示例开始分析,如何操作文件:
/**
* 向一个文件中写入数据
* @throws IOException
*/
private static void writeFile() throws IOException {
File file = new File("D://tmp/a.txt");
try (OutputStream outputStream = new FileOutputStream(file, false)) {
outputStream.write("ABC".getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
}
}
/**
* 从一个文件中读取数据
* @throws IOException
*/
private static void readFile() throws IOException {
File file = new File("D://tmp/a.txt");
try (FileInputStream inputStream = new FileInputStream(file)) {
StringBuilder stringBuffer = new StringBuilder();
int count;
while ((count = inputStream.read()) != -1) {
stringBuffer.append((char) count);
}
System.out.println(stringBuffer.toString());
}
}
文件写入
向一个文件写入数据时,首先新建一个文件,然后定义一个输出流,为什么数输出流?Java里的API都是面向JVM的,输入和输出也是面向jvm的,输入就是向jvm中输入,输出就是从jvm中输出;
outputStream.write() 方法将一个字节数组写入到a.txt中,执行完该方法后文件中就有内容了。程序是如何写进去的?
/**
* Opens a file, with the specified name, for overwriting or appending.
* @param name name of file to be opened
* @param append whether the file is to be opened in append mode
*/
private native void open0(String name, boolean append)
throws FileNotFoundException;
/**
* Writes the specified byte to this file output stream.
*
* @param b the byte to be written.
* @param append {@code true} if the write operation first
* advances the position to the end of file
*/
private native void write(int b, boolean append) throws IOException;
/**
* Writes a sub array as a sequence of bytes.
* @param b the data to be written
* @param off the start offset in the data
* @param len the number of bytes that are written
* @param append {@code true} to first advance the position to the
* end of file
* @exception IOException If an I/O error has occurred.
*/
private native void writeBytes(byte b[], int off, int len, boolean append)
throws IOException;
private native void close0() throws IOException;
从源码上看,文件写入需要三个步骤:1、打开一个文件,也就是获取文件的句柄;2、向文件中输出字节流;3、关闭输出流,释放资源;
open0(String name, boolean append) 这个本地方法就是打开文件的方法,调用了操作系统的API。
write(int b, boolean append)这个本地方法是最终的写入的方法,参数有两个:b[],append; b代表的是一个字节数组,append代表是否添加,false则会覆盖初始文件。
文件读取
与写入文件类似,文件读取同样也是相对与jvm,文件读取是向jvm中输入,所以是InputStream;
private native int read0() throws IOException;
/**
* Reads a subarray as a sequence of bytes.
* @param b the data to be written
* @param off the start offset in the data
* @param len the number of bytes that are written
* @exception IOException If an I/O error has occurred.
*/
private native int readBytes(byte b[], int off, int len) throws IOException;
读取文件也是两种方法,一个字节一个字节地读,也能安装字节数组去读。步骤与文件写入类似:1、打开一个文件,也就是获取文件的句柄;2、从文件中读取字节流;3、关闭输入流,释放资源;
细节分析
字节数组读写的问题
按照字节写入,是直接调用native方法获取文件句柄操作文件,并且是直接写入字节数组,但是如果是写入中文,就不一样了,UTF-8编码中汉字是3个字节,英文字母是1个字节;当然不同的编码方式还不一样。这样写入不会有问题,但是读取的时候,问题就来了,汉字是3个字节,不管是按照字节数组还是字节去读,都可能只读取了一个汉字的一半,这样读取出来的字节数组转成可视化的内容就会出现乱码。
如果是从一个输入流到另外一个输出流,比如文件导出,就可以使用输入流读取的字节数组直接放到输出流中去。注意:读取到文件最后会返回-1,可以以此为分界点。
private static void writeFile0() throws IOException {
File fileA = new File("D://tmp/a.txt");
File fileB = new File("D://tmp/b.txt");
try (FileInputStream inputStream = new FileInputStream(fileA);
OutputStream outputStream = new FileOutputStream(fileB)) {
int count;
byte[] bytes = new byte[64];
while ((count = inputStream.read(bytes)) != -1) {
outputStream.write(bytes, 0, count);
}
}
}
按照字符读取
在Java API中提供了另外一种方式操作文件,那就是按照字符读取,也能按行读取。这种读取方式在文件和jvm中间加了一层缓冲区。
private static void readFile1() throws IOException {
File file = new File("D://tmp/a.txt");
try (FileReader fileReader = new FileReader(file)) {
BufferedReader bufferedReader = new BufferedReader(fileReader);
int count;
StringBuilder stringBuilder = new StringBuilder();
while ((count = bufferedReader.read()) != -1) {
// 还可以按行读取bufferedReader.readLine();
stringBuilder.append((char) count);
}
System.out.println(stringBuilder.toString());
}
}