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  • 并发编程-Future+callable+FutureTask 闭锁机制

    项目中经常有些任务需要异步(提交到线程池中)去执行,而主线程往往需要知道异步执行产生的结果,这时我们要怎么做呢?用runnable是无法实现的,我们需要用callable实现。

    FutureTask 也可以做闭锁,它是 Future 和 callable 的结合体。所以我们有必要来了解 FutureTask 这个类。

    FutureTask 的继承关系类图

    先看 FutureTask 类的继承:

    public class FutureTask<V> implements RunnableFuture<V> 

    它继承自 RunnableFuture,可以看出他是 Runnable 和 Future 的结合体。

    public interface RunnableFuture<V> extends Runnable, Future<V> { /**
         * Sets this Future to the result of its computation
         * unless it has been cancelled.
         */ 
        void run(); 
    }

    我们熟悉的 Runnable 接口:

    public interface Runnable {
        public abstract void run();
    }

    不常见的Future 接口,用来获取异步计算结果:

    public interface Future<V> { /**
         * Attempts to cancel execution of this task.  This attempt will
         * fail if the task has already completed, has already been cancelled,
         * or could not be cancelled for some other reason. If successful,
         * and this task has not started when {@code cancel} is called,
         * this task should never run.  If the task has already started,
         * then the {@code mayInterruptIfRunning} parameter determines
         * whether the thread executing this task should be interrupted in
         * an attempt to stop the task.
         */ 
        boolean cancel(boolean mayInterruptIfRunning); /**
         * Returns {@code true} if this task was cancelled before it completed
         * normally.
         */ 
        boolean isCancelled();//如果任务被取消,返回true /**
         * Returns {@code true} if this task completed.
         */ 
        boolean isDone();//如果任务执行结束,无论是正常结束或是中途取消还是发生异常,都返回true。 /**
         * Waits if necessary for the computation to complete, and then
         * retrieves its result.
         */ 
        V get() throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException; //获取异步执行的结果,如果没有结果可用,此方法会阻塞直到异步计算完成。 /**
         * Waits if necessary for at most the given time for the computation
         * to complete, and then retrieves its result, if available.
         */ 
        V get(long timeout, TimeUnit unit) throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException, TimeoutException; 
        }

    到这里,FutureTask 整个继承关系已经很清楚了。为了更直观一点,我用 starUML 画出它的类继承关系图。

    在类关系图中,我们可以看到 FutureTask 的构造函数,包含了之前没有见过的类型:Callable。我们直接看下它的两个构造函数实现,进一步了解看看:

    //构造函数1 
    public FutureTask(Runnable runnable, V result) { 
        this.callable = Executors.callable(runnable, result); 
        this.state = NEW; // ensure visibility of callable 
    } 
    //构造函数2
    public FutureTask(Callable<V> callable) { 
        if (callable == null) 
            throw new NullPointerException(); 
        this.callable = callable;
         this.state = NEW; // ensure visibility of callable 
    }

    这里已经非常清楚了,最终都是赋值给 FutureTask 的内部变量 callable。它是一个接口,包含一个有返回值的函数 call()。

    public interface Callable<V> { /**
         * Computes a result, or throws an exception if unable to do so.
         *
         * @return computed result
         * @throws Exception if unable to compute a result
         */
        V call() throws Exception; 
    }

    通过上面的讲解,我们已经知道 Future,FutureTask,Callable,Runnable的关系了。那么,说了这么多主要是想干嘛呢?

    没错,主要就是为了线程执行完成后能够返回结果。我们知道,Runnable 接口执行完成后,是没法返回结果的。所以,我们如果想要能够返回执行的结果,必须使用 callable 接口。


    应用场景

    比如我们有个耗时的计算操作,现在创建一个子线程执行计算操作,主线程通过 FutureTask.get() 的方式获取计算结果,如果计算还没有完成,则会阻塞一直等到计算完成。

    下面我们直接编写代码来实现上面的应用场景。
    使用 Callable + FutureTask 获取执行结果:

    import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
    import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
    import java.util.concurrent.FutureTask;
    
    public class FutureTaskTest {
        // 创建一个Future对象,并把Callable的实现传给构造函数
        private static final FutureTask<Integer> future = new FutureTask<Integer>(new CallableTest());
    
        public static void main(String[] args) {
            // 创建一个线程
            final Thread thread = new Thread(future);
            // 启动线程
            thread.start();
            try {
                Thread.sleep(1000);
                System.out.println("Main thread is running");
                // 获取计算结果,会阻塞知道计算完毕
                System.out.println("get the sub thread compute result : " + future.get());
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            } catch (ExecutionException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            System.out.println("main thread is end");
        }
    
        // 实现Callable接口,耗时操作
        static class CallableTest implements Callable<Integer> {
            @Override
            public Integer call() throws Exception {
                int ret = 0;
                Thread.sleep(1000);
                System.out.println("sub thread is computing");
                for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
                    ret += i;
                }
                System.out.println("sub thread is finish compute");
                return ret;
            }
        }
    }

    运行结果:

    另外一种方式,是使用 Callable + Future + ExecutorService 的方式。ExecutorService继承自Executor,它的目的是为我们管理Thread对象,从而简化并发编程,Executor使我们无需显示的去管理线程的生命周期。

    在ExecutorService接口中声明了若干个submit方法的重载版本:

    <T> Future<T> submit(Callable<T> task);
    <T> Future<T> submit(Runnable task, T result);
    Future<?> submit(Runnable task); 

    第一个submit方法里面的参数类型就是Callable。

    示例如下:

    import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
    import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
    import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
    import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
    import java.util.concurrent.Future;
    import java.util.concurrent.FutureTask;
    
    public class FutureTaskTest {
        public static void main(String[] args) {
            // 返回一个线程池,通常都和这种线程宽架搭配
            ExecutorService threadPool = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();
            System.out.println("Main thread is running");
            // 提交给线程,返回一个Future类,并执行
            Future<Integer> future = threadPool.submit(new CallableTest());
            try {
                Thread.sleep(1000);
                // 获取计算结果,会阻塞知道计算完毕
                System.out.println("get the sub thread compute result : " + future.get());
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            } catch (ExecutionException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            System.out.println("main thread is end");
        }
    
        // 实现Callable接口,耗时操作
        static class CallableTest implements Callable<Integer> {
            @Override
            public Integer call() throws Exception {
                int ret = 0;
                Thread.sleep(1000);
                System.out.println("sub thread is computing");
                for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
                    ret += i;
                }
                System.out.println("sub thread is finish compute");
                return ret;
            }
        }
    }

    执行结果:

    转自:https://blog.csdn.net/amd123456789/article/details/80522855

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/qjm201000/p/10212888.html
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