1.获取表的基本字段属性
-- 获取SqlServer中表结构
SELECT syscolumns.name,systypes.name,syscolumns.isnullable,
syscolumns.length
FROM syscolumns, systypes
WHERE syscolumns.xusertype = systypes.xusertype
AND syscolumns.id = object_id ( ' 你的表名 ' )
运行效果
2.如果还想要获取字段的描述信息则
--获取SqlServer中表结构 主键，及描述
declare @table_name as varchar(max)
set @table_name = '你的表名'
select sys.columns.name, sys.types.name, sys.columns.max_length, sys.columns.is_nullable,
(select count(*) from sys.identity_columns where sys.identity_columns.object_id = sys.columns.object_id and sys.columns.column_id = sys.identity_columns.column_id) as is_identity ,
(select value from sys.extended_properties where sys.extended_properties.major_id = sys.columns.object_id and sys.extended_properties.minor_id = sys.columns.column_id) as description
from sys.columns, sys.tables, sys.types where sys.columns.object_id = sys.tables.object_id and sys.columns.system_type_id=sys.types.system_type_id and sys.tables.name=@table_name order by sys.columns.column_id
运行效果 
3.单独查询表的递增字段
-- 单独查询表递增字段
select [ name ] from syscolumns where
id = object_id (N ' 你的表名 ' ) and COLUMNPROPERTY (id,name, ' IsIdentity ' ) = 1
运行效果
4.获取表的主外键
-- 获取表主外键约束
exec sp_helpconstraint ' 你的表名 ' ;
运行效果