并列句

前言

I love you, you love him.   

1个英文句子中只能出现1个谓语动词，英文逗号不能连接2个句子。所以这句话是有语法错误的。

那怎么修改这个病句呢？

使用2个简单句（英文句号是可以断开2句话）

I love you from  the bottom of my heart. By contrast, you do not love me.

使用非谓语动词：保留1个主要的动词其他动词全部变成

I loving you, you love him.

使用并列句

I love you from the bottom of my heart but you love him.

使用主从复合句

Although I love you from the bottom of my heart, you love him.

英语多长句：

学英语之所以难，谓语动词是始作俑者。

英汉有1个非常明显的差异，就是英语一句话只能有出现1个谓语动词，而使用英语写作的人却总喜欢把好几句话合并组成1句话。

这就开始出现了非谓语动词、并列句、从句。

英语注重形合： 倾向于通过各种介词、连词、从句引导词连接上下文。

汉语注重意合：倾向于通过意思连接上下文。

来感受一下英汉差异。

汉

枯藤老树昏鸦，小桥流水人家，古道西风瘦马。夕阳西下，断肠人在天涯。

 英

in the distance:在远处

withered vines：枯萎的藤

at the dusk: 在黄昏

Besides:除…之外(还) adv.况且;再说;此外;以及;也

Cottage:小屋;(尤指)村舍，小别墅

At the moment: 此刻;目前;眼下

At the moment when... :在那.....一刻

In the end of the world:  天涯，在世界的尽头，世界末日

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

There, in the distance, are withered vines around the old tree, and a crowd of crows are sitting on it at the dusk.

Not far from it, there exits a small bridge with running water under it near a cottage.

Besides, A lean horse is walking on an ancient path in the west wind.

At the moment when the sun is setting, a heartbroken/homesick man is far from home/in the end of the world.

加了很多介词，逻辑关系描述的好细致！！有点像编程。

所以我们在初中就开始学不同介词，on/under/through/at/in去描述位置关系和逻辑关系。

什么描述点、描述面、描述穿越空间的。这确实也是学习英语的基础。

否则没有副词、介词、连词，歪果仁很难理解你的表达和描述~~~英语还谈什么形合？用什么去形合？

并列句

并列句就是使用连词（conj）连接两个或者两个以上的句子。

He always takes everything seriously, so he can achieve success effortlessly.
他认真对待每一件事情，所以他可以轻而易举地取得成功。

As you are trapped in a dilemma, those who don't understand you and who don't accompany you will not deserve your love.
当你被陷入困境时，那些无法理解你人，那些不能陪伴你的人，他们全都不值得你的爱。

ps:所以当我们败走华容道时，是不是也该笑一笑呢？起码它让你意识到了自己的不足，让你明白了什么是亲情、爱情、友情？哈哈哈~

 

连词（conjunction）

英语的连词就是可以按照一定的逻辑，把2个以上的句子连接起来的词。

哈哈~~~~是不是有点像编程语言里面的逻辑运算符吗？ 

1.表示平行关系的连词(和)

and, no only...but also....，both...and...，either...or.....，neither....nor....

 

2.表示转折关系的连词（但是）

but, while, yet, whereas

 

3.选择关系（或者）

or, whether..or...

There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general
or to the research technique appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.

目前我们对这一方法还没有完全一致的观点，它指得是一般的历史研究所特有的概念还是 适用于不同历史研究分支的研究方法。

4.因果关系（因为/所以）

 For, because、so

 

其他逻辑关系词

不仅仅是连词可以表达逻辑关系，副词和介词也可以。

1.平行关系（和）

副词：similarly,equally,likewise,simultaneously

介词短语：at the same time, in the meanwhile

 

2.转折关系(但是)

副词：nevertheless, nonetheless, conversely,contrarily,unexpectedly, unfortunately

介词短语：on the contrary, in/by contrast

 

3.选择（或者）

副词：alternatively

 

4.因果（所以）

副词：therefore, thus,consequently

介词短语：as a result, as a consequence

 

5.递进关系

副词：then,besides, additionally,subsequently（随后;后来;之后;接着）

介词短语：in addition

 

连词和其他逻辑关系词区别

连词（conj）和逻辑关系词（adv/prep）连接句子时有什么区别呢？

1.连词前有没有英文逗号均可。

2.而其他的逻辑关系词(副词、介词短语)

前面要么用逗号断成2个句子。

要么使用and+其他逻辑关系词，并且and 没有意思。

 

并列句的省略

在阅读并列句中无法通顺理解整个句子。你就该怀疑是不是在连词之后存在省略现象了！

在并列句中连词前后2部分之间一定存在交集，且连词前后两部分是不完全不对称。

在并列长难句中我们可以根据连词前面的部分，推测出连词之后省略了什么！！

并列句省略现象

如果你在连词后面，找不到与连词后面想对应的句子成分 。=并列句省略现象。

He（主语） was beaten and she（主语）.

他被打了，她也是。

你在连词后面找不到谓语部分就是句子省略的部分。

He was beaten and she was beaten.

他被打了，她被打了。=他们两口子都被打了。

连词后面有的句子成分，在连词前面一定会有吗？

前面我提到，连词前后是不完全对称关系，但不是完全对称关系。

连词前有的句子成分，就一定可以在连词后面找到，但是在连词后有的句子成分，你不一定可以在连词前面找到。

Until these issues are resolved, a technology(N.) of behavior(定语) will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way（N.） to solve our problems（定语）. 

直到问题被解决，行为技术将被继续被拒绝，很有很可能将和它一起被拒绝的是解决我们问题的唯一方法。

你会发现你在连词之前找不到 with it possibly 对应的部分。

既然找不到，我就不找了！我在连词之前找到了名词、定语对应的部分也很好！

Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems will continue to be rejected. 

直到问题被解决，行为技术将被继续拒绝，解决我们问题的唯一方法也将有可能被拒绝。

连词前后2部分虽然不是绝对的，但是2部分之间一定存在交集的。

也就是说你至少可以在连词后面找到1个部分和连词前面进行对应。

如果连词前后根本存在交集，那怎么去找连词后面哪1个句子成分被省略了？？？？？？没法推测了！！！！

As families move away from their stable community, their friends of may years, and their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliabl

随着家人离开他们稳定的社区，离开了他们多年的亲朋好友，小道消息被切断了，随之而去的也有想要知道这些小道消息的信心。

PS:

小道消息只在熟人（彼此信任的人）之间传播。如果你已经离开老家多年了，你对你们村的事儿知道也就少了。即使你想知道村里的人也不一定会告诉你。

写作

1.有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎

Friends coming from far away visit me, so I am very happy.

Friends coming from afar so it is a joy for me.

Friends coming from afar consequently it is a joy for me.

2个简单句

Friends coming from afar. Consequently, it is a joy for me.

and+副词

Friends coming from afar and consequently it is a joy for me.

 

2.都说我如水多变，可我也清澈不变。

clarity：n. 清晰;清楚;明确;清晰的思维(或理解)能力;(画面、物质或声音的)清晰，清澈

I am said changeable like water, and on the contrary, my clarity remains the same.

 

3.很多人都想不劳而获，也许他们忽略了没有牺牲就没有好的结果。

no pain,no gain: 一分耕耘一份收获

A host of people desire to achieve what they want without any effort, and however they may just ignored that no pain,no gain.

A host of people desire to achieve what they want without any effort, whereas they may just ignored that nothing good comes without sacrifice.

4.你还记得那天吗？我没有通过英语四级考试，一个人在雨中哭泣，这时你来的我的身边拍拍我的肩膀告诉我，人生没有终点。

Do you still remember that day? I filed to the CET 4.

As a result I was shedding tears in the rain.

At the very moment, you came up to touch my shoulder

Then you told me "there's no destination in the life".

 

4.谈谈养宠物的缺点是什么？

Pets can not only be injurious to their neighbors and strangers.

but also make our home environment rather nasty.

养宠物不仅对我们的邻居和陌生人造成威胁还很脏。

 

5.既然盗版光盘对大学生来说是容易得到的，那为什么我们还要支持正版呢？

pirated:adj. verb 盗版、盗版的

genuine : adj.真的;名副其实的;真诚的;诚实的;可信赖的

Pirated CDs are easy to be available for university students so why they support the genuine ones ?

Pirated CDs are easy to own for university students, and therefor why do they support the genuine ones?

 

阅读理解

并列句的核心是在写作的时候分析两个句子的逻辑关系、阅读是发现句子省略的部分。

1.并列句的省略：并列连词前后的词性、单复数、时态和语态一般情况下是一致的。

He went shopping, bought some gifts and visited his old flame.

Humans can learn languages by making mistakes and correcting them.

 

fleeting: adj.短暂的;闪现的

On 14th February, 2, a BFF(Best Friend Forever) of mine from high school got married, then I realized the fleeting time and importances of choosing a right girlfriend.

2月14号那天我的好兄弟结婚了，然后让我意识到了时间不等人和找一个合适的女朋友的重要性。

省略：and应该是married, and then I realized the fleeting time.

The little boy found a thief and he called the police at once.

 

in private: 私下

He is not only a nice teacher in class but also a nice friend to his students in private.

省略了：主、谓

He is not only a nice teacher in class but also he is a nice friend to his students in private.

课堂上我们是师生关系，私下咱们就是好哥们。

 

Failing hips：髋骨

clinical: adj.临床的;临床诊断的;冷淡的;无动于衷的;无同情心的;简陋的;无装饰的

clinical medicine： 临床医学

clinical depression：临床抑郁症

cataracts: 白内障

Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, and cataracts removed in 3--minute surgical procedure and any terminal diseases we found cured.

坏死的髋关节可以被置换，临床性的抑郁症可以被控制，白内障在30分钟内就可以被去除。

省略谓语动词 can be

Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression can be controlled, cataracts can be removed in 3--minute surgical procedure and any terminal diseases we found can be cured.

PS.I hope any terminal diseases we found can be cured.

 

modest: adj.些许的;不太大(或太贵、太重要等)的;谦虚的;谦逊的;庄重的;朴素的;不性感的

He is rich, but leads a modest life.

他很有钱但却过着简谱的生活。

省略了主语: he

He is rich, but he leads a modest life.

 

Do you still remember all these days when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we did not know for sure.

你是否还记得当年科学家们提出了吸烟可以致死？ 但是那时怀疑者们一直持怀疑态度并抱有侥幸心理。

省略宾语从句：smoking would kill us

Do you still remember all these days when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we did not know smoking would kill us for sure.

 

centralized control: 集中控制

Under modern condition, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts.

在现代条件下，这需要各种集中控制措施，所以这还需要专家的帮助，比如说经济学家和运筹学家。

省略了主、谓

Under modern condition, this requires varying measures of centralized control

and hence this requires the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts.

 

physically attractive individuals：颜值高的人

The data suggest, for example, that physically attractive individuals are more likely to be treated well by their parents, sought out as friends, an pursued romantically.

数据表明，颜值高的人有很多天生的潜在优势，他们更有可能被父母优待、他们很容易交到朋友、他们很容易被异性追求。

这是一个由多个句子并列的句子。

省略了主、谓

The data suggest, for example, that

physically attractive individuals are more likely to be treated well by their parents,

physically attractive individuals are more likely to be sought out as friends,

and

physically attractive individuals are more likely to be pursued romantically.

 

peculiar to:特有

appropriate to ：适合于 

There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research technique appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.

省略了主谓

There is no agreement

whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general

or methodology refers to the research technique appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.

目前我们对这一方法还没有完全一致的观点，它指得是一般的历史研究所特有的概念？还是它适用于不同历史研究分支的研究方法？

 

在过去的一千年里，乌镇的水系和生活方式并未经历多少变化，是一座展示古文明的博物馆。

In the past thousand years, the lifestyle and water system of Wuzhen have not undergone many changes. Therefor, it is a museum to show ancient culture now.

 

由于这种传统，许多年轻人婚后继续和父母同住。今天这个传统正在改变。

As a result of = because of 由于

As a result of this convention, many young people continue to live with their parents after marriage. By contrast, today, the convention, is changing.

 

资金还用于购置音乐和绘画器材。现在农村和山区的儿童可以和沿海城市的儿童一样上音乐和绘画课了。

As a consequence: 因此

The fund is also used to purchase equipment for painting and music so rural can have music and painting classes as well as urban children.

The fund is also used for purchasing facilities of music and painting. As a consequence, nowadays the children in rural areas can have music and painting classes as well as children in coastal cities.

 

你们可以多增加一些英语书籍，因为如果大学生能把英语学好，他们能在以后的工作里更好的提升自己。

More English books could be added because university students might improve themselves a lot in their future work if they can study English well.

 

中国家庭十分重视孩子的教育。许多父母认为应该努力工作，确保孩子受到良好的教育。

attach great importance to = 高度重视

Chinese families attach great importance to their children's education. As a result, many parents argue that they should work hard to make sure that their kids get a better education.

 

穿自己的鞋不仅舒服，还可以不考虑别人的感受。

Wearing your own shoes is not only comfortable but also ensures that you don't need to care about other's feelings.

Wearing your own shoes is not only comfortable but also ensures that feelings of others can be ignored.

 

 

参考