1.寻找国内镜像源
https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/help/ubuntu/
2.配置source list源
sources.list系统自带的，源是来Ubuntu的官网！安装包比较慢，所以最好切换成国内的
python@ubuntu:~$ cd /etc/apt
python@ubuntu:/etc/apt$ sudo cp sources.list sources.list.bak
python@ubuntu:/etc/apt$ vim sources.list
# 默认注释了源码镜像以提高 apt update 速度，如有需要可自行取消注释 deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial main restricted universe multiverse # deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial main restricted universe multiverse deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-updates main restricted universe multiverse # deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-updates main restricted universe multiverse deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-backports main restricted universe multiverse # deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-backports main restricted universe multiverse deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-security main restricted universe multiverse # deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-security main restricted universe multiverse # 预发布软件源，不建议启用 # deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-proposed main restricted universe multiverse # deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
另：阿里云软件源
#我的配置文件源 # deb cdrom:[Ubuntu 16.04 LTS _Xenial Xerus_ - Release amd64 (20160420.1)]/ xenial main restricted deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial main restricted #Added by software-properties # See http://help.ubuntu.com/community/UpgradeNotes for how to upgrade to # newer versions of the distribution. deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial main restricted deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial multiverse universe #Added by software-properties # deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial main restricted ## Major bug fix updates produced after the final release of the ## distribution. deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates main restricted deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates multiverse restricted universe main #Added by software-properties # deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates main restricted ## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu ## team, and may not be under a free licence. Please satisfy yourself as to ## your rights to use the software. Also, please note that software in ## universe WILL NOT receive any review or updates from the Ubuntu security ## team. deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial universe # deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial universe deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates universe # deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates universe ## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu ## team, and may not be under a free licence. Please satisfy yourself as to ## your rights to use the software. Also, please note that software in ## multiverse WILL NOT receive any review or updates from the Ubuntu ## security team. deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial multiverse # deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial multiverse deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates multiverse # deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates multiverse ## N.B. software from this repository may not have been tested as ## extensively as that contained in the main release, although it includes ## newer versions of some applications which may provide useful features. ## Also, please note that software in backports WILL NOT receive any review ## or updates from the Ubuntu security team. deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-backports main restricted universe multiverse deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-backports main restricted universe multiverse #Added by software-properties # deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ xenial-backports main restricted universe multiverse ## Uncomment the following two lines to add software from Canonical's ## 'partner' repository. ## This software is not part of Ubuntu, but is offered by Canonical and the ## respective vendors as a service to Ubuntu users. # deb http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu xenial partner # deb-src http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu xenial partner deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-security main restricted deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-security multiverse restricted universe main #Added by software-properties # deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-security main restricted deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-security universe # deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-security universe deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-security multiverse # deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-security multiverse
3. 更新源
python@ubuntu:/etc/apt$ sudo apt-get update 命中:1 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu xenial InRelease 命中:2 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu xenial-updates InRelease 命中:3 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu xenial-backports InRelease 命中:4 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu xenial-security InRelease 正在读取软件包列表... 完成
测试：安装sl包 python@ubuntu:/etc/apt$ sudo apt-get install sl python@ubuntu:/etc/apt$ sl
4.其他 命令
sudo apt-get update 更新源 sudo apt-get install package 安装包 sudo apt-get remove package 删除包 sudo apt-cache search package 搜索软件包 sudo apt-cache show package 获取包的相关信息，如说明、大小、版本等 sudo apt-get install package --reinstall 重新安装包 sudo apt-get -f install 修复安装 sudo apt-get remove package --purge 删除包，包括配置文件等 sudo apt-get build-dep package 安装相关的编译环境 sudo apt-get upgrade 更新已安装的包 sudo apt-get dist-upgrade 升级系统 sudo apt-cache depends package 了解使用该包依赖那些包 sudo apt-cache rdepends package 查看该包被哪些包依赖 sudo apt-get source package 下载该包的源代码 sudo apt-get clean && sudo apt-get autoclean 清理无用的包 sudo apt-get check 检查是否有损坏的依赖